Equidistant, uniform seed placement is important in lettuce production as seeds are densely planted within the row, typically only about 5 cm apart. When seeds are sown too close together, it is time consuming to thin seedlings to the desired plant spacing of 20 to 30 cm by hand and very difficult to do mechanically. The overall goal of the project was to improve lettuce seed placement accuracy and reduce the percentage of seeds spaced closely together. Specific objectives were: 1) to compare vacuum and belt-type planters to determine which style of planter provides better planting performance, 2) to evaluate belt planter seeding performance with different types of furrow openers, and 3) to develop practical modifications for vacuum planters to improve lettuce seed placement accuracy. Three vacuum planter configurations, an unmodified and two reduced seed drop height designs and a belt planter equipped with two types of furrow openers were tested in situ with pelleted lettuce seed at four travel speeds ranging from 1.6 to 4.0 kph. Belt planter performance was significantly better than that of the vacuum planter. Vacuum and belt planters both provided acceptable levels of performance at speeds below 2.4 kph, but at higher speeds, seed placement accuracy declined rapidly. No differences in planter performance were found between the two belt planter configurations tested. The mid-level drop height vacuum planter configuration had significantly better seed placement precision and fewer closely spaced seed spacings as compared to the unmodified vacuum planter. These findings illustrate the significant effect planter type, travel speed, and drop height have on planter performance. They also contradict the common perception that vacuum planters deliver seed more precisely and with fewer closely-spaced seeds as compared to belt planters. Further study is needed to determine the extent to which planter performance affects hand thinning labor costs, automated machine performance, final plant stand uniformity, and crop yield.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1960 H35

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 H48 / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:52:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 germino_r_me_botfca.pdf: 456472 bytes, checksum: 42cad9c8d5700d79e139d6a62b9f0426 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O sistema de produção agrícola exige tecnologias cada vez mais aperfeiçoadas para seu desenvolvimento sustentável, tendo o sistema plantio direto contribuído diretamente nesse sentido, com o aperfeiçoamento de máquinas e equipamentos que melhor se adaptam as suas condições preliminares de implantação. Nesse quadro, as semeadoras-adubadoras são os equipamentos que sofrem as mais variadas modificações em sua constituição, pois nesse sistema o principio básico é o revolvimento somente na linha de semeadura, fazendo com que esses equipamentos realizem operações conjugadas associando qualidade e otimização dos recursos disponíveis. Uma técnica que vem sendo adotada pelos produtores é a substituição (nas semeadoras) dos discos duplos para deposição de adubos pelas hastes sulcadoras em maiores profundidades, com o objetivo de romper as camadas compactadas de solo, adiando assim o uso de escarificadores e subsoladores. Nesse sentido o presente estudo que foi realizado em condições de campo, com o objetivo de comparar dois modelos de hastes sulcadoras, uma comercial e uma experimental, para semeadoras adubadoras de plantio direto, determinado as forças atuantes e os momentos (Fx: força horizontal, Fy: força vertical, Fz: força lateral, My: momento transversal e Fz: momento longitudinal), variando quatro profundidades de trabalho (130mm, 230 mm, 280 mm e 330 mm) com e sem a utilização de disco de corte de palha. A haste Experimental apresentou maiores valores de força horizontal média (Fx), força vertical média (Fy), força lateral média (Fz), força horizontal máxima (Fx max), força vertical máxima (Fy max), força média por área de solo mobilizado (Fx/ASM), força horizontal específica (Fx esp.) momento transversal médio (My), momento longitudinal médio (Mz), momento transversal máximo (My max)... / The agricultural system demands technologies more and more improved for its sustainable development, and agricultural system called no till has been contributed directly in that sense, with the improvement of machines and equipments that could be used with soil previous coverage. In this way row preparation shank are the equipments that suffer the most varied modifications in your constitution, because the basic concept is to revolve only the furrow, so those equipments have to have conjugated operations in consortium with quality and the improvement of the available resources. A technique that has been adopted by the farmers is the change (in the furrow openers) of the double disks for fertilizers deposition for a row preparation shank in higher depths. The objective of this change is to break the compacted layers of soil, postponing the usage of subsoiler and chisel plow witch are more expensive operations. In that sense the present study was accomplish in field conditions, with the objective of comparing two models of preparation shank for no till system, certain the active forcers and moments (Fx: horizontal force, Fy: vertical forces, Fz: lateral force, My: traverse moment and Mz: longitudinal moment), varying four work depths (130 mm, 230 mm, 280 mm and 330 mm) with and without the use of soil and residue cut disk. The experimental row preparation shank showed higher horizontal medium force values (Fx), vertical medium force (Fy), lateral medium force (Fz), horizontal maximum force (Fx max.), horizontal medium force by disturbed soil area (Fx/DSA), horizontal force by soil depth ( Fx sd) transverse medium moment (My), longitudinal medium moment (Mz), transverse maximum moment (My max.), longitudinal maximum moment (Mz max.), mximum power (P max.) e medium power (Pm). The showed differences ( row preparation shank) are related to their building structure. When we worked at... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Sérgio Hugo Benez / Banca: Silvio José Bicudo / Banca: Rubens Siqueira / Resumo: O sistema de produção agrícola exige tecnologias cada vez mais aperfeiçoadas para seu desenvolvimento sustentável, tendo o sistema plantio direto contribuído diretamente nesse sentido, com o aperfeiçoamento de máquinas e equipamentos que melhor se adaptam as suas condições preliminares de implantação. Nesse quadro, as semeadoras-adubadoras são os equipamentos que sofrem as mais variadas modificações em sua constituição, pois nesse sistema o principio básico é o revolvimento somente na linha de semeadura, fazendo com que esses equipamentos realizem operações conjugadas associando qualidade e otimização dos recursos disponíveis. Uma técnica que vem sendo adotada pelos produtores é a substituição (nas semeadoras) dos discos duplos para deposição de adubos pelas hastes sulcadoras em maiores profundidades, com o objetivo de romper as camadas compactadas de solo, adiando assim o uso de escarificadores e subsoladores. Nesse sentido o presente estudo que foi realizado em condições de campo, com o objetivo de comparar dois modelos de hastes sulcadoras, uma comercial e uma experimental, para semeadoras adubadoras de plantio direto, determinado as forças atuantes e os momentos (Fx: força horizontal, Fy: força vertical, Fz: força lateral, My: momento transversal e Fz: momento longitudinal), variando quatro profundidades de trabalho (130mm, 230 mm, 280 mm e 330 mm) com e sem a utilização de disco de corte de palha. A haste Experimental apresentou maiores valores de força horizontal média (Fx), força vertical média (Fy), força lateral média (Fz), força horizontal máxima (Fx max), força vertical máxima (Fy max), força média por área de solo mobilizado (Fx/ASM), força horizontal específica (Fx esp.) momento transversal médio (My), momento longitudinal médio (Mz), momento transversal máximo (My max)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The agricultural system demands technologies more and more improved for its sustainable development, and agricultural system called no till has been contributed directly in that sense, with the improvement of machines and equipments that could be used with soil previous coverage. In this way row preparation shank are the equipments that suffer the most varied modifications in your constitution, because the basic concept is to revolve only the furrow, so those equipments have to have conjugated operations in consortium with quality and the improvement of the available resources. A technique that has been adopted by the farmers is the change (in the furrow openers) of the double disks for fertilizers deposition for a row preparation shank in higher depths. The objective of this change is to break the compacted layers of soil, postponing the usage of subsoiler and chisel plow witch are more expensive operations. In that sense the present study was accomplish in field conditions, with the objective of comparing two models of preparation shank for no till system, certain the active forcers and moments (Fx: horizontal force, Fy: vertical forces, Fz: lateral force, My: traverse moment and Mz: longitudinal moment), varying four work depths (130 mm, 230 mm, 280 mm and 330 mm) with and without the use of soil and residue cut disk. The experimental row preparation shank showed higher horizontal medium force values (Fx), vertical medium force (Fy), lateral medium force (Fz), horizontal maximum force (Fx max.), horizontal medium force by disturbed soil area (Fx/DSA), horizontal force by soil depth ( Fx sd) transverse medium moment (My), longitudinal medium moment (Mz), transverse maximum moment (My max.), longitudinal maximum moment (Mz max.), mximum power (P max.) e medium power (Pm). The showed differences ( row preparation shank) are related to their building structure. When we worked at... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The New England Planters were the largest wave of Protestant migration into Nova Scotia prior to the American Revolution. Sponsored by the British government, they represent an attempt to make Nova Scotia a securely British colony in the wake of the Seven Years’ War and the Acadian deportation. Examining the experiences of several families, this thesis argues that the Planters, despite taking up lands in Nova Scotia, remained unsettled. The migration was staggered over a number of years, and Planters maintained close ties with New England. However, the Planters were unable to recreate New England culture completely. Increasing numbers of settlers from the British Isles and revolutionary suspicion marked out Planter Nova Scotia as a separate space, despite the close ties that individual Planters maintained with their homelands. The Revolution forced Planters to choose, but until then many existed between the worlds of Nova Scotia and New England.

Literature and the cooperative movement in Malawi shows that the first cooperative was established in 1947. Since the economy of the country depends on agriculture, most cooperatives were strongly developed in the fields of agricultural production, and processing and marketing. The first coffee cooperative was registered in 1950, known as the Nchenachena Coffee Producers Cooperative Society. After Malawi 's independence in 1964, agricultural cooperatives were dissolved and government formed the Farmers Marketing Board (FMB) to take over all marketing activities of all crops, including coffee. The FMB was replaced by the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC) in 1967. After the dissolution of agricultural cooperatives, government saw the need for crop development and established Smallholder Coffee Authority in 1971. The Smallholder Coffee Authority worked up to 1999 when it collapsed because of administrative and financial problems. Due to the failure of the Smallholder Coffee Authority, the government of Malawi reintroduced agricultural cooperatives in 1999. Mzuzu Coffee Planters ' Cooperative Union was formed in 2006 following the re-introduction of cooperatives. The union is mandated to promote sustainable production, processing and marketing of Arabica coffee on behalf of the farmers. Since its inception, the output of coffee for export from the Mzuzu Coffee Planters Cooperative Union has increased from 156 tonnes in 2006 to over 400 tonnes in 2009. The increase in coffee exports was not by mere chance but a number of factors contributed to this success. The main reasons for this success were: • Strong prior relationship between the growers and the buyers • The uniqueness of the cooperative business model • The unique taste and quality of coffee grown • The introduction of a different approach to farming coffee Currently there is high demand for organic coffee and this could be a niche market that is not only rewarded with premium prices but also creates environmental friendly business. The union considers Fair Trade market as an alternative approach to conventional trade, aiming at improving the livelihoods of smallholder producers by improving payments, giving them fair prices and providing continuity in trading relationships.

In 1824 a young Virginia aristocrat named Richard Thompson Archer migrated to Mississippi. Joining in the boom years of expansion in the Magnolia State in the 1830s, Archer built a vast cotton empire. He and his wife, Ann Barnes, raised a large family at Anchuca, their home plantation in Claiborne County, Mississippi. From there Richard Archer ruled a domain that included more than 500 slaves and 13,000 acres of land. On the eve of the Civil War he was one of the wealthiest men in the South. This work examines the life of Richard Archer from his origins in Amelia County, Virginia, to his death in Mississippi in 1867. It takes as its thesis the theme of Archer's life: his burdens as proprietor of a vast cotton empire and as father figure and provider for a large extended family. This theme weaves together the strands of Archer's life, including his rise to the position of great planter, his duties as husband and father, and his political beliefs and activities. Archer's story is told against the background of the history of Mississippi and of the South, from their antebellum heyday, through the Civil War, and into the early years of Reconstruction. Archer was an aristocrat but also a businessman, a paternalist but also a capitalist. He enjoyed his immense wealth and the power of his position, but he maintained a heavy sense of the responsibilities that accompanied that wealth and power. Archer pursued his business and his family interests with unyielding tenacity. To provide for the well- being and security of his large extended family and of his slaves was his life's mission. Although the Civil War destroyed much of Archer's empire and left him in a much reduced financial state, his family survived the war and Reconstruction with several of their plantations intact and with their social position preserved.

Morgondagens samhällen står inför stora utmaningar såsom att hantera den ökande mängden intensiva och extrema nederbördstillfällen som förväntas att komma i framtiden. Lösningen finns i att planera och tänka på helheten om hur städerna på bästa sätt kan utformas med hjälp av funktionella öppna dagvattenlösningar för att ge en bra och effekt avrinning. Det gäller också att skapas förståelse att öppna dagvattensystem bidrar med positiva effekter till samhället, t.ex. genom att bli en resurs för stadens vegetation och grönområden och därav åstadkomma grönare och vackrare städer (Hållbar dag- och dränvattenhantering, 2011)och som gynnar folks hälsa(Viklander & Blecken 2012).Det urbana kretsloppet, skriver Butler & Davies (2011), ersätter en del av det naturliga kretsloppet och Lidström (2012) förklarar att det urbana kretsloppet lånar vatten från det naturliga och skapar då en extra loop för vattnets väg genom cirkel. Butler & Davies (2011) förklarar hur viktigt det är att det finns en förståelse kring konsekvenserna som uppstår när en del av det naturliga hydrologiska kretsloppet ersätts med en artificiell del för den urbana miljön. Lidström (2012) skriver att i naturen när det regnar och vattnet faller på en naturlig yta återvänder del av regnvattnet genom evapotranspiration och så vidare. Däremot i den urbana miljön som till viss del har en likande process fast med skillnaden att regn som fallit på en hårdgjord yta i regel blir förorenat genom att olika ytliggande, lyftburna ämnen och partiklar fastnar på vattendroppen. En av de större skillnaderna mellan det urbana och naturliga hyrdrologiska kretsloppet är reningsgraden. I det urbana hyrdrologiska kretsloppet är reningsprocessen i en mer koncentradform: reningsverken. Och i den naturliga hyrdrologiska kretsloppet är naturen i sig själv som renar vattnet. Genom att förmedla kunskap till människor och låta medborgare ha möjlighet att påverka hur införandet av Rain gardens sker kommer mycket av den misstänksamhet och skepsis som tidigare fanns att övergå i positiva åsikter. Mycket tack vare de flertalet mervärden som staden gagnar. De värden som uppstår kommer gynna den sociala aspekten i staden och bidra med ökade samhällsvinter. Bland annat genom att folkhälsan på sikt kan öka, rening av dagvattnet samt fördröjning som uppstår hjälper till att minska belastningen på reningsverken. På så sätt minskar risken för översvämningar i framtiden. / Tomorrow's communities are facing major challenges such as managing the increasing amount of intense and extreme rain water occasions that are expected to increase due to climate changes. The solution is to plan and think about the whole of how cities can best be designed, using functional open storm water solutions to give a good effect and runoff. It is also important to create an understanding that the open storm water systems contribute positive effects to society, such as by becoming a resource for the city's vegetation and green spaces, and hence achieve greener and more beautiful cities (Hållbar dag- och dränvattenhantering, 2011) and that increases people's health (Viklander & Blecken 2012).The urban cycle, writes Butler & Davies (2011), replaces part of the natural cycle and Lidström (2012) explains that the urban cycle borrows water from the natural and then creates an extra loop of water through the circle. Butler & Davies (2011) explains how important it is that there is an understanding of the consequences that occur when a part of the natural hydrologic cycle is replaced with an artificial part of the urban environment.Lidström (2012), writes that in nature, when it rains and the water falls on a natural surface returning part of the rain water through evapotranspiration, and so on. In contrast, in the urban environment that to some extent has a similar process but with the difference that the rain falling on a hard surface usually becomes contaminated by various substances and particles stick to the water droplet. One of the major differences between the urban and natural hydrological cycle is the degree of purification. In the urban hydrological cycle is the purification process in a more concentrated form: treatment plants. And in the natural hydrological cycle is nature itself that purify the water.By imparting knowledge to the citizens and letting them have an opportunity to influence the implementation of Rain gardens in their communities. Thereby might much of the suspicion and skepticism that previously existed might change into constructive opinions towards the plant, much thanks to the added value that the city benefits from the plant. The values received from the plant will benefit the social aspect of the city and contribute to increasing social benefits, including increased public health, sustainable treatment of storm water that helps to reduce the load on treatment plants. This will reduces the risk of flooding in the future.