Equipamentos de plasma são muito utilizados para polimerização de filmes finos, orgânicos e inorgânicos. Filmes finos têm uma vasta gama de aplicações no desenvolvimento de dispositivos MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems), tais como sensores, detectores, pré-concentradores, etc. Portanto, neste trabalho é apresentado um equipamento de polimerização por plasma com características distintas, o que permite seu uso para obtenção de novos filmes finos e/ou compósitos em uma única etapa de fabricação. Os filmes obtidos são formados por partes orgânicas distintas, ou mesmo por regiões adsorventes ou repelentes. Alguns filmes possuem partículas orgânicas em mistura com o filme fino, o que facilita o controle da rugosidade e da área superficial, permitindo seu uso em sistemas de retenção. O projeto do reator permite deposições por plasma introduzindo, simultaneamente e sem interrupção do processo, reagentes incompatíveis em plasma ou mesmo a formação seqüencial de camadas, sem a necessidade de abertura do reator entre as etapas do processo (etapa única). O projeto da câmara de plasma foi simulado usando FEMLAB 3.2® e caracterizado utilizando traçadores. Simularam-se fluxo de gás e partículas além de campo elétrico e magnético. As simulações e resultados experimentais mostraram boa coerência. O fluxo permaneceu sem grande vorticidade em toda a faixa de trabalho e o campo magnético foi adequado para o confinamento do plasma. Foram depositados filmes úteis para desenvolvimento de sensores e adsorventes, resistentes a corrosão ou compósitos. Foram polimerizados por plasma: hexametildisilazana (HMDS) com produção de filme hidrofóbico e adsorvente; metil-nonafluoro(iso)butil-éter (HFE 7100®), obtendo-se filmes com características adsorventes, mas oleofóbicos e medianamente hidrofílicos e 2,3-dihidrodecafluoropentano (Vertrel®) com formação de filmes com boa resistência à corrosão além de facilidade de adsorção. Partículas de amido foram recobertas com filme a base de HMDS e de HFE 7100 e mostraram boas propriedades para retenção de moléculas orgânicas de tamanho médio. Neste equipamento, filmes à base de HMDS mostraram-se úteis para retenção de compostos orgânicos, em fase líquida ou gasosa. Espectroscopia de infravermelho, da produção simultânea de filme a base de HMDS e de Vertrel, mostrou espécies de flúor e silício e eventualmente CO, porém CHn é a espécie em menor intensidade. Microscopia óptica dos filmes revela boa aderência em metais e acrílico e, para os fluorados, resistência a solventes orgânicos e à exposição a solução aquosa ácida ou básica. Intermixing e dupla camada só são obtidas em condições muito estreitas, entretanto, existe a possibilidade de formação de ilhas. Microbalança de quartzo mostrou que 2-propanol permeia no filme formado por intermixing de HFE7100 e HMDS, porém não existe nenhuma sensibilidade a n-hexano. Um microreator fabricado, com microcanais de 73 cm de comprimento, pôde reter aproximadamente 9.10-4 g/cm2 de 2-propanol em fase gasosa, usando-se o filme obtido por intermixing. Portanto, o filme é um bom candidato a preconcentração de compostos orgânicos voláteis em ambiente corrosivo. Uma microestrutura produzida com as partículas de amido recobertas foi proposta para avaliar em fluxo contínuo a contaminação de soluções aquosas. Foi possível determinar a contaminação na proporção de 1:200 em vol. de 2-propanol, com saturação em 25% em vol. / Plasma equipment is quite useful for polymerization of organic/inorganic thin films. Thin films have a vast range of applications as sensor, detectors, preconcentrators and so on. In this work plasma polymerization equipment is presented with innovative characteristics that it should allow the obtaining of new fine films and composites. These films can be formed not only with different organic parts but also with areas adsorbents and repellents. Some films will present particles, ceramic or metallic, in mixture with the organic thin film, which will facilitate the control of the roughness and of the superficial area, allowing its use in retention systems. The design of the reactor allows plasma depositions introducing more than one reactant simultaneously and without process interruption, or even sequential formation of layers, without the need of chamber opening among process steps, i. e., in a single step. It was simulated and characterized parts of the equipment, such as: gas flow and particles admission; electric and magnetic fields profiles. Therefore, a new plasma chamber with atypical geometry was simulated and projected and manufactured to obtain multiple layers and/or composites. The simulation and experimental results showed good coherence. The gas flow stayed without great vorticity in the all range of the work and the magnetic field was adequate for plasma confinement. As the main objective of this work is the production and characterization of news materials, thin films were deposited with purpose of being adsorbent; corrosion resistant; and composite, all useful for development of sensor. It was plasma polymerized: hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), a well known organic silicon compound, methyl nonafluoro (iso) butyl ether: should have good resistance to the corrosion besides easiness of adsorption; and 2,3-dihydrodecafluoropentane: adsorbent, hydrophobic and oleophobic. Particles (starch 5mm), were recovered with HMDS and HFE 7100 and showed good properties for retention of medium size organic molecules, such as dye. The results were useful for retention of organic compounds, in liquid or gaseous phase. Not only, HMDS is possible in any configuration of electrodes and the obtained films are hydrophobic but also, fluorinated compounds polymerized, however, intermixing and couple layer is only obtained in very narrow conditions, but the possibility of formation of islands exists. The chemical characterization was determined for infrared spectroscopy, it showed species composed by fluorocompounds, and eventually CO, however CHn is the smallest species. The hydrophobic character, organophylic and oleophobic were obtained through contact angle measurements. Optical Microscopy not only reveals good adherence in metals and acrylic but also resistance to organic solvents, acid and exhibition of basic aqueous solution. A manufactured micro-reactor, with micro channels of 73 cm of length, can keep approximately 9.10-4 g/cm2 of 2-propanol in gaseous phase. Therefore, the film is a good candidate in organic preconcentration of volatile organic compounds even on corrosive environment.

Combined atomic force microscopy-scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) is capable of providing simultaneous topographical and electrochemical imaging at sample surfaces. Integration of amperometric biosensors at tip-integrated electrodes recessed from the apex of the AFM tip further enhances the versatility of such bifunctional probes. Of particular interest to this work was the detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at a cellular level, since ATP is involved in many biologically relevant processes. There are challenges concerning the integration of biosensors into bifunctional AFM-SECM probes. This thesis focuses on addressing and advancing several of these limitations. Thin insulation layers are important for AFM-SECM based applications to enhance AFM and SECM performance. Plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon membranes are introduced as novel thin film insulation materials for AFM-SECM probes. Insulation layers with a thickness of < 300 nm were found to exhibit excellent insulating properties and satisfying temporal stability for successful application in AFM-SECM experiments. Furthermore new approaches for increasing the electrode area in conventionally focused ion beam (FIB) fabricated AFM-SECM probes were implemented, since enhancement of the current response in conjunction with biosensing experiments is required. Ion beam induced deposition (IBID) was used to generate platinum carbon (PtC) deposits at AFM-SECM probes, thereby successfully increasing the tip-integrated electrode area. PtC composites were thoroughly characterized in terms of their physical and electrochemical properties. Since a high carbon fraction in the PtC composite was inhibiting the charge transfer kinetics at the electrode surface for certain analytes, several pre-treatment strategies were investigated including annealing, UV/ozone treatment, and FIB milling. FIB milling proved to be the most promising procedure improving charge transfer properties at the electrode along with fabrication compatibility at AFM-SECM probes. The last part of this thesis aimed at providing fundamental studies on AFM-SECM application at live epithelial cell monolayers. AFM was used in different imaging modes to characterize the topography of epithelial cells. ATP detection at epithelial cells was achieved with amperometric biosensors combined with non-invasive SECM. Biosensors were further miniaturized at batch-fabricated AFM-SECM probes enabling laterally-resolved detection of ATP at epithelial cells. Additionally, PtC composite materials were evaluated for applicability as transducer platforms for enzymatic biosensors.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines neuartigen Abscheideverfahrens für Dünnschichten aus Polymer-Metall-Nanokompositen sowie die Charakterisierung sensorischer und antibakterieller Eigenschaften von ersten, mit diesem System abgeschiedenen Komposit-Schichten . Durch den Einbau eines rotierenden Probenhalters zwischen den beiden Plasmaquellen ist es möglich, Plasmapolymere und metallische Nanopartikel als Einzelschichten, Komposite oder Multischichten abzuscheiden. Mit der Gasflusssputterquelle werden Silber-Nanopartikel einer Größe von 1,8…20 nm mit einer Verteilungsbreite der gewichteten Normalverteilung von 0,1…2,7 nm durch Kathodenzerstäubung und anschließende Agglomeration der Cluster in der Gasphase generiert. Die Entladungsbedingungen, welche durch die Elektronentemperatur und -dichte charakterisiert werden, zeigen eine sprunghafte Änderung bei Drücken von 70…85 Pa und einer Spannung von 550 V. Ab einem Gasfluss von 3 slpm kehrt sich die Proportionalität zwischen zugeführter elektrischer Leistung und Elektronentemperatur um. Dies wird durch die vermehrte Emission von Sekundärelektronen erklärt. Die abgeschiedenen Partikel sind aus verschieden orientierten Clustern aufgebaut. Durch Kühlung des Substrates wurde nachgewiesen, dass eine Agglomeration auf dem Substrat nur bei Gasflüssen von 5 slpm stattfindet. Anhand der Auswertung von faktoriellen Versuchsplänen wurde gezeigt, dass der Gasfluss auf die Partikelgröße und Abscheiderate den größten Einfluss hat. Die Präkursoren Styrol, Methylmethacrylat und 3-Methyl-1,2-butadien wurden durch Plasmapolymerisation in einer 60 MHz-Linearquelle als dünne, homogene Schichten im nm-Bereich abgeschieden. Aus den Emissionsspektren von Argon konnten, unter Verwendung des Stoß-Strahlungs-Modells, Elektronendichten von 6*1010…1,5*1011 cm-3 und Elektronentemperaturen von 3…9 eV in Abhängigkeit von der Verweilzeit der Monomermoleküle im Plasma sowie des Energieeintrages berechnet werden. Die Elektronen haben bei Energieeinträgen oberhalb von 6*107 J/kg genügend Energie, um -Bindungen des Kohlenstoffs in der Gasphase zu spalten. Die freien Radikale initiieren Oxidationsreaktionen, was zur Bildung von Carbonylverbindungen in Schichten aus Styrol- und Isoprenplasmapolymeren führt. Die mit XPS-Messungen gefundenen hohen Sauerstoffgehalte der Plasmapolymer-Schichten konnten durch Kontaktwinkelmessungen bestätigt werden. Die Quellungsmessungen in organischen Lösungsmitteln (Aceton, Ethanol, Chloroform, Toluol) mit reflektometrischer Interferenzspektroskpie bestätigen die Tendenzen der Kontaktwinkelmessung im Fall von Styrol und Methylmethacrylat. Die Abscheiderate der Plasmapolymere wird besonders durch den Energieeintrag beeinflusst. Dabei zeigt sich nur bei Isopren eine deutliche Auswirkung der Abbaureaktionen.Die Härte der Isopren-Schichten korreliert ebenfalls mit der Elektronendichte. Die Perkolationsschwelle der Silber-Plasmapolymer-Nanokomposite liegt bei einem Füllgrad von 57 %, was typisch für Partikel mit geringem Aspektverhältnis ist. Die Schichten reagieren selektiv auf Dämpfe der Lösungsmittel. Bisher war die Langzeitstabilität von Membranen zur Trinkwasseraufbereitung durch Ultrafiltration durch das starke Wachstum von Mikroorganismen auf der Membranoberfläche eingeschränkt. Dies konnte durch die Beschichtung mit Silber-MMA-Kompositen verbessert werden. Durchflussmessungen an behandelten Membranen sowie elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen bestätigen die gute antibakterielle Wirkung der Beschichtung.

The work elucidates the novel physical and thermal properties of thin and ultra-thin films of crosslinked polymer and organized microstructures with a special emphasis on surface and interfacial effects and the structure-property relationships. Two major crosslinked polymer coatings have been thoroughly investigated: polymer microstructures fabricated by multi-laser interference lithography (IL), and plasma polymer coatings. We unveiled intriguing thermal properties of plasma polymer films originating from their physical state and exploiting the same for the design of ultrasensitve chemical sensors. A novel paradigm of surface coatings, single and bi-component periodic, porous crosslinked polymeric structures, has been introduced and thoroughly studied. Surface, interfacial, and mechanical properties of these novel class crosslinked polymer coatings clearly demonstrate the enormous potential of the IL microstructures as organized multicomponent polymer systems. When subjected to external or internal stresses the periodic porous structures can exhibit a sudden and dramatic pattern transformation resulting in remarkable change in the photonic, phononic and mechanical properties of these structures. Furthermore, the confinement of these instabilities to localized regions results in complex hierarchical structures. The two polymer coatings (plasma polymers and IL microstructures) with complementary attributes (such as periodic structure, vertical stratification, residual internal stresses, and high surface and interface tunability) enabled us to understand and design novel multifunctional polymer coatings.

Title: Thin films of plasma polymers as stable supports for biomedical applications Author: Ivan Gordeev Institute: Charles University in Prague, Department of Macromolecular Physics Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Doc. Ing. Andrey Shukurov, Ph.D, Charles University in Prague, Department of Macromolecular Physics. Abstract: Plasma polymers have been widely considered for use as bio-active coatings. In biomedicine, the surfaces that withstand accumulation of biofilms are of particular importance. This thesis is focused on development of new plasma-based methods for deposition of bio-resistant (non-fouling) plasma polymers. Poly(ethylene oxide) was the subject material. R.f. magnetron sputtering, plasma-assisted thermal vapour deposition and amplitude modulated atmospheric pressure surface dielectric barrier discharge were the methods adapted to fabricate thin films with tunable chemical composition, cross-link density and biological response. A new insight was gained into the processes of plasma polymerization as well as into composition/structure relationship and its effect on biological properties of resultant films. Keywords: plasma polymerization, PEO, 'non-fouling' properties, protein adsorption, cell adhesion

La réponse biologique d’un matériau est essentiellement reliée à sa surface : cela souligne l’importance du rôle des techniques de modification de surface dans la réalisation d’une réponse biologique adaptée. Ainsi les surfaces fonctionnalisées par des ‘hydrogels’ minces possèdent un énorme potentiel dans diverses applications. En effet, les hydrogels sensibles au pH et à la température peuvent être utilisés dans le but de libérer de façon contrôlée une molécule dans l’environnement biologique. Ces hydrogels peuvent aussi être utilisés en tant que biocapteur de par leurs fonctions disponibles permettant la reconnaissance spécifique de biomolécules cibles. Différents procédés, choisis principalement en fonction du type de matériau et de la surface à fonctionnaliser, peuvent être utilisés pour l’obtention de ce genre de films. Parmi ces procédés, le choix s’est tourné vers l’utilisation de la polymérisation par plasma dont les propriétés de surfaces peuvent être ajustées en fonction des paramètres de la décharge tel que la puissance électrique, le temps de traitement, la composition et la pression du gaz. / For various industrial applications, there is an urgent need to obtain cost effective coatings having the desired functional groups. Among such methods, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure makes it possible to modify the physical properties and the chemical composition of various substrates. It is possible to control the chemical nature of the resulting plasma polymer by using appropriate plasma parameters to provide homogeneous and pinhole free films with good surface coverage and preservation of the functional groups present in the used monomers. In this way different articles show the possibility of using plasma deposition to obtain coatings with different chemically reactive moieties widely used for applications in sensor technology and in life science. It has been established that through the control of the plasma parameters it is possible to produce plasma polymers coatings from acrylic acid with a high fraction of carboxylic functionality retained from the monomer. In this way, atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization has been used to create coating able to be used as biosensor as well as drug delivery.

Equipamentos de plasma são muito utilizados para polimerização de filmes finos, orgânicos e inorgânicos. Filmes finos têm uma vasta gama de aplicações no desenvolvimento de dispositivos MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems), tais como sensores, detectores, pré-concentradores, etc. Portanto, neste trabalho é apresentado um equipamento de polimerização por plasma com características distintas, o que permite seu uso para obtenção de novos filmes finos e/ou compósitos em uma única etapa de fabricação. Os filmes obtidos são formados por partes orgânicas distintas, ou mesmo por regiões adsorventes ou repelentes. Alguns filmes possuem partículas orgânicas em mistura com o filme fino, o que facilita o controle da rugosidade e da área superficial, permitindo seu uso em sistemas de retenção. O projeto do reator permite deposições por plasma introduzindo, simultaneamente e sem interrupção do processo, reagentes incompatíveis em plasma ou mesmo a formação seqüencial de camadas, sem a necessidade de abertura do reator entre as etapas do processo (etapa única). O projeto da câmara de plasma foi simulado usando FEMLAB 3.2® e caracterizado utilizando traçadores. Simularam-se fluxo de gás e partículas além de campo elétrico e magnético. As simulações e resultados experimentais mostraram boa coerência. O fluxo permaneceu sem grande vorticidade em toda a faixa de trabalho e o campo magnético foi adequado para o confinamento do plasma. Foram depositados filmes úteis para desenvolvimento de sensores e adsorventes, resistentes a corrosão ou compósitos. Foram polimerizados por plasma: hexametildisilazana (HMDS) com produção de filme hidrofóbico e adsorvente; metil-nonafluoro(iso)butil-éter (HFE 7100®), obtendo-se filmes com características adsorventes, mas oleofóbicos e medianamente hidrofílicos e 2,3-dihidrodecafluoropentano (Vertrel®) com formação de filmes com boa resistência à corrosão além de facilidade de adsorção. Partículas de amido foram recobertas com filme a base de HMDS e de HFE 7100 e mostraram boas propriedades para retenção de moléculas orgânicas de tamanho médio. Neste equipamento, filmes à base de HMDS mostraram-se úteis para retenção de compostos orgânicos, em fase líquida ou gasosa. Espectroscopia de infravermelho, da produção simultânea de filme a base de HMDS e de Vertrel, mostrou espécies de flúor e silício e eventualmente CO, porém CHn é a espécie em menor intensidade. Microscopia óptica dos filmes revela boa aderência em metais e acrílico e, para os fluorados, resistência a solventes orgânicos e à exposição a solução aquosa ácida ou básica. Intermixing e dupla camada só são obtidas em condições muito estreitas, entretanto, existe a possibilidade de formação de ilhas. Microbalança de quartzo mostrou que 2-propanol permeia no filme formado por intermixing de HFE7100 e HMDS, porém não existe nenhuma sensibilidade a n-hexano. Um microreator fabricado, com microcanais de 73 cm de comprimento, pôde reter aproximadamente 9.10-4 g/cm2 de 2-propanol em fase gasosa, usando-se o filme obtido por intermixing. Portanto, o filme é um bom candidato a preconcentração de compostos orgânicos voláteis em ambiente corrosivo. Uma microestrutura produzida com as partículas de amido recobertas foi proposta para avaliar em fluxo contínuo a contaminação de soluções aquosas. Foi possível determinar a contaminação na proporção de 1:200 em vol. de 2-propanol, com saturação em 25% em vol. / Plasma equipment is quite useful for polymerization of organic/inorganic thin films. Thin films have a vast range of applications as sensor, detectors, preconcentrators and so on. In this work plasma polymerization equipment is presented with innovative characteristics that it should allow the obtaining of new fine films and composites. These films can be formed not only with different organic parts but also with areas adsorbents and repellents. Some films will present particles, ceramic or metallic, in mixture with the organic thin film, which will facilitate the control of the roughness and of the superficial area, allowing its use in retention systems. The design of the reactor allows plasma depositions introducing more than one reactant simultaneously and without process interruption, or even sequential formation of layers, without the need of chamber opening among process steps, i. e., in a single step. It was simulated and characterized parts of the equipment, such as: gas flow and particles admission; electric and magnetic fields profiles. Therefore, a new plasma chamber with atypical geometry was simulated and projected and manufactured to obtain multiple layers and/or composites. The simulation and experimental results showed good coherence. The gas flow stayed without great vorticity in the all range of the work and the magnetic field was adequate for plasma confinement. As the main objective of this work is the production and characterization of news materials, thin films were deposited with purpose of being adsorbent; corrosion resistant; and composite, all useful for development of sensor. It was plasma polymerized: hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), a well known organic silicon compound, methyl nonafluoro (iso) butyl ether: should have good resistance to the corrosion besides easiness of adsorption; and 2,3-dihydrodecafluoropentane: adsorbent, hydrophobic and oleophobic. Particles (starch 5mm), were recovered with HMDS and HFE 7100 and showed good properties for retention of medium size organic molecules, such as dye. The results were useful for retention of organic compounds, in liquid or gaseous phase. Not only, HMDS is possible in any configuration of electrodes and the obtained films are hydrophobic but also, fluorinated compounds polymerized, however, intermixing and couple layer is only obtained in very narrow conditions, but the possibility of formation of islands exists. The chemical characterization was determined for infrared spectroscopy, it showed species composed by fluorocompounds, and eventually CO, however CHn is the smallest species. The hydrophobic character, organophylic and oleophobic were obtained through contact angle measurements. Optical Microscopy not only reveals good adherence in metals and acrylic but also resistance to organic solvents, acid and exhibition of basic aqueous solution. A manufactured micro-reactor, with micro channels of 73 cm of length, can keep approximately 9.10-4 g/cm2 of 2-propanol in gaseous phase. Therefore, the film is a good candidate in organic preconcentration of volatile organic compounds even on corrosive environment.

Thesis in theoretical part is focused on the principle of spectroscopic ellipsometry and formation of thin films by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). In the experimental part we describe the deposition system, ellipsometer and mathematical evaluation of ellipsometric data, materials used for film formation and processing of the samples. Single-layer and multilayer structures of polymeric materials were prepared. We revealed that the optical properties of thin films are independent of film thickness. We also described the effect of the effective power and deposition gas mixture on optical properties of thin films.

Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung eines neuartigen Abscheideverfahrens für Dünnschichten aus Polymer-Metall-Nanokompositen sowie die Charakterisierung sensorischer und antibakterieller Eigenschaften von ersten, mit diesem System abgeschiedenen Komposit-Schichten . Durch den Einbau eines rotierenden Probenhalters zwischen den beiden Plasmaquellen ist es möglich, Plasmapolymere und metallische Nanopartikel als Einzelschichten, Komposite oder Multischichten abzuscheiden. Mit der Gasflusssputterquelle werden Silber-Nanopartikel einer Größe von 1,8…20 nm mit einer Verteilungsbreite der gewichteten Normalverteilung von 0,1…2,7 nm durch Kathodenzerstäubung und anschließende Agglomeration der Cluster in der Gasphase generiert. Die Entladungsbedingungen, welche durch die Elektronentemperatur und -dichte charakterisiert werden, zeigen eine sprunghafte Änderung bei Drücken von 70…85 Pa und einer Spannung von 550 V. Ab einem Gasfluss von 3 slpm kehrt sich die Proportionalität zwischen zugeführter elektrischer Leistung und Elektronentemperatur um. Dies wird durch die vermehrte Emission von Sekundärelektronen erklärt. Die abgeschiedenen Partikel sind aus verschieden orientierten Clustern aufgebaut. Durch Kühlung des Substrates wurde nachgewiesen, dass eine Agglomeration auf dem Substrat nur bei Gasflüssen von 5 slpm stattfindet. Anhand der Auswertung von faktoriellen Versuchsplänen wurde gezeigt, dass der Gasfluss auf die Partikelgröße und Abscheiderate den größten Einfluss hat. Die Präkursoren Styrol, Methylmethacrylat und 3-Methyl-1,2-butadien wurden durch Plasmapolymerisation in einer 60 MHz-Linearquelle als dünne, homogene Schichten im nm-Bereich abgeschieden. Aus den Emissionsspektren von Argon konnten, unter Verwendung des Stoß-Strahlungs-Modells, Elektronendichten von 6*1010…1,5*1011 cm-3 und Elektronentemperaturen von 3…9 eV in Abhängigkeit von der Verweilzeit der Monomermoleküle im Plasma sowie des Energieeintrages berechnet werden. Die Elektronen haben bei Energieeinträgen oberhalb von 6*107 J/kg genügend Energie, um -Bindungen des Kohlenstoffs in der Gasphase zu spalten. Die freien Radikale initiieren Oxidationsreaktionen, was zur Bildung von Carbonylverbindungen in Schichten aus Styrol- und Isoprenplasmapolymeren führt. Die mit XPS-Messungen gefundenen hohen Sauerstoffgehalte der Plasmapolymer-Schichten konnten durch Kontaktwinkelmessungen bestätigt werden. Die Quellungsmessungen in organischen Lösungsmitteln (Aceton, Ethanol, Chloroform, Toluol) mit reflektometrischer Interferenzspektroskpie bestätigen die Tendenzen der Kontaktwinkelmessung im Fall von Styrol und Methylmethacrylat. Die Abscheiderate der Plasmapolymere wird besonders durch den Energieeintrag beeinflusst. Dabei zeigt sich nur bei Isopren eine deutliche Auswirkung der Abbaureaktionen.Die Härte der Isopren-Schichten korreliert ebenfalls mit der Elektronendichte. Die Perkolationsschwelle der Silber-Plasmapolymer-Nanokomposite liegt bei einem Füllgrad von 57 %, was typisch für Partikel mit geringem Aspektverhältnis ist. Die Schichten reagieren selektiv auf Dämpfe der Lösungsmittel. Bisher war die Langzeitstabilität von Membranen zur Trinkwasseraufbereitung durch Ultrafiltration durch das starke Wachstum von Mikroorganismen auf der Membranoberfläche eingeschränkt. Dies konnte durch die Beschichtung mit Silber-MMA-Kompositen verbessert werden. Durchflussmessungen an behandelten Membranen sowie elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen bestätigen die gute antibakterielle Wirkung der Beschichtung.

Le procédé par lequel des forces sont transformées en signaux chimiques joue un rôle fondamental dans de nombreux processus biologiques. Ce travail de thèse a permis de mettre au point de nouvelles surfaces fonctionnelles synthétiques permettant de mimer ce comportement. Il s’agit plus précisément de contrôler l’adsorption d’objets biologiques tels que des protéines ou des cellules sur un support élastique modifié par plasma et présentant des récepteurs spécifiques. Ces récepteurs sont masqués par de longues chaînes de poly(éthylèneglycol) (PEG) qui sont également greffées sur la surface. L'étirement de celles-ci permet d'exhiber les sites d’adsorption ou les sites d'adhésion et de rendre ainsi la surface adhérente. Notre méthode est basée sur la polymérisation plasma de l’anhydride maléique. Cette fonctionnalisation permet de greffer à la surface de films silicones des fonctions carboxylique qui servent de points d’ancrage aux chaînes de PEG. Sur le même principe, la biotine ou les peptides d’adhésion (RGD) sont greffés dans un deuxième temps sur ce substrat. Nous montrons, qu’à l’état non étiré, ces ligands ne sont pas accessibles pour leurs récepteurs. Par contre, à l’état étiré, la surface devient spécifiquement adsorbante pour la streptavidine, l’anti-biotine et adhérente pour les cellules. Ces phénomènes sont parfaitement réversibles. / The process by which forces are converted into chemical signals play a fundamental role in many biological processes. This thesis has to develop new functional synthetic surfaces to mimic this behavior. It is more precisely to control the adsorption of biological objects such as proteins or cells on an elastic support modified by plasma and presenting specific receptors. These receptors are masked by long chains of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) which are also grafted onto the surface. Stretching allows them to exhibit adsorption sites or adhesion sites and thus make the surface adhesive. Our method is based on the plasma polymerization of maleic anhydride. This functionalization can be grafted to the surface of silicone films carboxylic functions which serve as anchors points for the PEG chains. On the same principle, biotin or adhesion peptides (RGD) have been grafted in a second time on this substrate. We show that the non-stretched state, these ligands are not accessible to their receptors. On the other side, in the stretched state, the surface becomes specifically adsorbent to streptavidin, anti-biotin and also adherent for cells. These phenomena are perfectly reversible.