Thesis (M.C.T.M. (Tropical Pediatrics))--Mahidol University, 2004.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 19, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Würzburg. / Erscheinungsjahr an der Haupttitelstelle: 2005.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry, Microbiology & Biotechnology)) - Rhodes University, 2007.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-10-11T22:26:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeskaSantanaDeSenaPereira_TESE.pdf: 4424545 bytes, checksum: 27d11137997bb962be78ddc99763e2fe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-17T22:34:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeskaSantanaDeSenaPereira_TESE.pdf: 4424545 bytes, checksum: 27d11137997bb962be78ddc99763e2fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T22:34:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValeskaSantanaDeSenaPereira_TESE.pdf: 4424545 bytes, checksum: 27d11137997bb962be78ddc99763e2fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A resist?ncia aos antimal?ricos dispon?veis no mercado leva ? necessidade do desenvolvimento de novos compostos com novos alvos farmacol?gicos. Os derivados de naftoquinonas s?o descritos como compostos l?deres promissores para o desenvolvimento de f?rmacos antimal?ricos. Em vista disso, n?s avaliamos a atividade antiplasmodial in vitro de tr?s derivados de hidroxinaftoquinonas contra o est?gio intraeritroc?tico assexuado de Plasmodium falciparum, assim como par?metros toxicol?gicos in vitro e in vivo e investigamos um prov?vel mecanismo de a??o relacionado ? via dos isopren?ides atrav?s de marca??es metab?licas de precursores da via com tr?tio radioativo, complementado com estudos de docking com um template da octaprenil pirofosfato sintase. Os derivados de hidroxinaftoquinonas analisados tiveram boa atividade antiplasmodial, com IC50 menor que 20 ?M para a cepa 3D7 e menor que 50 ?M para a cepa Dd2. A janela terap?utica ? segura, com ?ndice de seletividade variando entre 36,7 e 143,0. Os compostos n?o causaram hem?lise nas doses testadas (10 e 50 vezes maiores que as respectivas IC50), e n?o desencadearam sinais de toxicidade no teste de toxicidade aguda in vivo apesar de o composto 4a ter promovido esteatose hep?tica e hemorragia no tecido renal. Considerando um prov?vel mecanismo de a??o, os derivados de hidroxinaftoquinonas parecem inibir a s?ntese dos precursores isopr?nicos, principalmente a menaquinona e o tocoferol e os estudos de docking revelaram nove poss?veis intera??es com alta energia em quatro s?tios de liga??o diferentes com um template da octaprenil pirofosfato sintase. Em nossos resultados, o composto 4c foi o mais promissor, visto que possuiu o menor IC50 no teste antiplasmodial in vitro, menor citotoxicidade in vitro e toxicidade aguda in vivo, al?m de ter inibido os tr?s produtos da via dos isopren?ides testados, podendo ser considerado um candidato padr?o para o processo de ?hit-to-lead. / The resistance to antimalarial drugs available on the market leads to the need for the development of new compounds with novel pharmacological targets. The naphthoquinone derivatives are described as promising compounds leading to the development of antimalarial drugs. That said, we evaluated the antiplasmodial in vitro activity of three derivatives of hydroxy-naphthoquinones against asexual intraeritrocitic stage of Plasmodium falciparum, as well as toxicological in vitro and in vivo parameters and investigate a possible mechanism of action related to the isoprenoid pathway through metabolic markers via the precursors of radioactive tritium, complete with docking studies with a template of octaprenil pyrophosphate synthase. Hydroxy-naphthoquinones derivatives analyzed had good antiplasmodial activity with IC50 less than 20 ?M for 3D7 strain and less than 50 ?M for Dd2 strain. The therapeutic window is safe with selectivity index ranging between 36.7 and 143.0. The compounds did not cause hemolysis at the doses tested (10 and 50 times greater than their IC50), and not triggered signs of toxicity in acute toxicity test in vivo even though the compound 4a have promoted hepatic steatosis and haemorrhage in kidney tissue. Whereas a likely mechanism of action, the hydroxy-naphthoquinones derivatives appear to inhibit the synthesis of isoprenic precursors, especially menaquinone and tocopherol and docking studies revealed nine possible interactions with high energy in four different binding sites with a template of octaprenil pyrophosphate synthase. In our results, the compound 4c was the most promising, since it possessed the lowest IC50 in antiplasmodial test in vitro, lower cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo acute toxicity, and has inhibited the three via the tested isoprenoid products, might be considered a standard candidate for the process "hit-to-lead.

Orientador: Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani / Coorientador : Marilia Valli / Banca: Nivaldo Boralle / Banca: Amanda Danuello Pivatto / Resumo: Na presente pesquisa foram sintetizados vários derivados piridínicos objetivando a descoberta de constituintes com atividade antiparasitária potencial. Estes compostos foram planejados a partir do alcaloide (-)-espectalina isolado de Senna spectabilis (Fabaceae), empregando alguns processos usuais da química medicinal como a simplificação molecular, isosterismo clássico e funcional. Deste procedimento experimental, foram sintetizados 18 substâncias, sendo todas obtidas por meio de reações simples, a partir de compostos comerciais. Das substâncias sintéticas produzidas, 14 foram submetidas à avaliação para atividade em Trypanosoma cruzi, visando potenciais antichagásicos, e em Leishmania infantum para identificar potenciais leishmanicidas. Os compostos testados mostraram-se inativos na inibição destes protozoários. Contudo, dois análogos (48 e 52) apresentaram atividade inibitória das cepas de Plasmodium falciparum, com CI50 = 5,0 µM e índice de seletividade bastante interessante (IS >50). / Abstract: In the present research, several pyridine derivatives were synthesized aiming at the discovery of new constituents with potential antiparasitic activity. All compounds were planned from the (-)-spectaline alkaloid isolated from Senna spectabilis (Fabaceae), employing some usual medicinal chemistry procedures, such as molecular simplification, classical and functional isosterism. From this experimental procedure, 18 compounds were synthesized, and all of these were obtained by means of simple reactions, from commercial compounds. Of the synthetic substances produced, 14 were evaluated for activity in Trypanosoma cruzi, aimed at the search for potential antichagasics, and against Leishmania infantum to identify potential leishmanicidal derivatives. All compounds tested were inactive to the inhibition of these protozoa. However, two analogues (48 and 52) showed inhibitory activity against Plasmodium falciparum strains, with IC50 = 5.0 μM and an interesting selectivity index (IS> 50). / Mestre

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Malaria remains the most important parasitic disease worldwide. It is estimated that over 500 million infections and more that 2.7 million deaths arising from malaria occur each year. Most (90%) of the infections occur in Africa with the most affected groups being children of less than five years of age and women. this dire situation is exacerbated by the emrggence of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The work reported in this thesis focuses on improving the purification of PfHPRT by investigating the characteristics of anion exchange DE-52 chromatography (the first stage of purification), developing an HPLC gel filtration method for examining the quaternary structure of the protein and possible end stage purification, and initialcrystalization trials. a homology model of the open, unligaded PfHPRT is constructed using the atoomic structures of human, T.ccruz and STryphimurium HPRT as templates. / South Africa

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus with mortality rates of more than a million annually, hence a major global public health concern. Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) accounts for over 90% of malaria incidence. Increased resistance to antimalarial drugs by the Plasmodium parasite, coupled with the lack of an effective malaria vaccine necessitates the urgent need for new research avenues to develop novel and more potent antimalarial drugs. This study focused on falcipains, a group of P. falciparum cysteine proteases that belong to the clan CA and papain family C1, that have emerged as potential drug targets due to their involvement in a range of crucial functions in the P. falciparum life cycle. Recently, falcipain-2 has been validated as a drug target but little is known of its Plasmodium orthologs. Currently, there are several falcipain inhibitors that have been identified, most of which are peptide based but none has proceeded to drug development due to associated poor pharmacological profiles and susceptibility to degradation by host cysteine proteases. Non-peptides inhibitors have been shown to be more stable in vivo but limited information exists. In vivo studies on falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 inhibitors have also been complicated by varying outcomes, thus a good understanding of the structural variations of falcipain Plasmodium orthologs at the active site could go a long way to ease in vivo results interpretation and effective inhibitor design. In this study, we use bioinformatics approaches to perform comparative sequence and structural analysis and molecular docking to characterize protein-inhibitor interactions of falcipain homologs at the active site. Known FP-2 and FP-3 small molecule nonpeptide inhibitors were used to identify residue variations and their effect on inhibitor binding. This was done with the aim of screening a collection of selected non-peptide compounds of South African natural origin to identify possible new inhibitor leads. Natural compounds with high binding affinities across all Plasmodium orthologs were identified. These compounds were then used to search the ZINC database for similar compounds which could have better binding affinities across all selected falcipain homologs. Compounds with high binding affinities across all Plasmodium orthologs were found.

A lessor understood co-chaperone, the Hsp70/Hsp90 organising protein (Hop), has been found to play an important role in modulating the activity and co-interaction of two essential chaperones; Hsp90 and Hsp70. The best understood aspects of Hop so far indicate that residues in the concave surfaces of the three tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains in the protein bind selectively to the C-terminal motifs of Hsp70 and Hsp90. Recent research suggests that P. falciparum Hop (PfHop), PfHsp90 and PfHsp70 do interact and form complex in the P. falciparum trophozooite and are overexpressed in this infective stage. However, there has been almost no computational research on malarial Hop protein in complex with other malarial Hsps.The current work has focussed on several aspects of the in-silico characterisation of PfHop, including an in-depth multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the protein; which showed that Hop is very well conserved across a wide range of available phyla (four Kingdoms, 60 species). Homology modelling was employed to predict several protein structures for these interactions in P. falciparum, as well as predict structures of the relevant TPR domains of Human Hop (HsHop) in complex with its own Hsp90 and Hsp70 C-terminal peptide partners for comparison. Protein complex interaction analyses indicate that concave TPR sites bound to the C-terminal motifs of partner proteins are very similar in both species, due to the excellent conservation of the TPR domain’s “double carboxylate binding clamp”. Motif analysis was combined with phylogenetic trees and structure mapping in novel ways to attain more information on the evolutionary conservation of important structural and functional sites on Hop. Alternative sites of interaction between Hop TPR2 and Hsp90’s M and C domains are distinctly less well conserved between the two species, but still important to complex formation, making this a likely interaction site for selective drug targeting. Binding and interaction energies for all modelled complexes have been calculated; indicating that all HsHop TPR domains have higher affinities for their respective C-terminal partners than do their P. falciparum counterparts. An alternate motif corresponding to the C-terminal motif of PfHsp70-x (exported to the infected erythrocyte cytosol) in complex with both human and malarial TPR1 and TPR2B domains was analysed, and these studies suggest that the human TPR domains have a higher affinity for this motif than do the respective PfHop TPR domains. This may indicate potential for a cross species protein interaction to take place, as PfHop is not transported to the human erythrocyte cytosol.

Submitted by Nuzia Santos (nuzia@cpqrr.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-10T19:15:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_LaraCottaAmaral.pdf: 1571356 bytes, checksum: d96cdf3ef9b085b1c5f6bb55657eaaac (MD5) Dissertacao_LaraCottaAmaral.pdf: 1571356 bytes, checksum: d96cdf3ef9b085b1c5f6bb55657eaaac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nuzia Santos (nuzia@cpqrr.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-10T19:15:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_LaraCottaAmaral.pdf: 1571356 bytes, checksum: d96cdf3ef9b085b1c5f6bb55657eaaac (MD5) Dissertacao_LaraCottaAmaral.pdf: 1571356 bytes, checksum: d96cdf3ef9b085b1c5f6bb55657eaaac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nuzia Santos (nuzia@cpqrr.fiocruz.br) on 2015-04-10T19:15:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_LaraCottaAmaral.pdf: 1571356 bytes, checksum: d96cdf3ef9b085b1c5f6bb55657eaaac (MD5) Dissertacao_LaraCottaAmaral.pdf: 1571356 bytes, checksum: d96cdf3ef9b085b1c5f6bb55657eaaac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T19:15:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_LaraCottaAmaral.pdf: 1571356 bytes, checksum: d96cdf3ef9b085b1c5f6bb55657eaaac (MD5) Dissertacao_LaraCottaAmaral.pdf: 1571356 bytes, checksum: d96cdf3ef9b085b1c5f6bb55657eaaac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil / O diagnóstico adequado de malária permanece como um dos pilares dos programas de controle da doença no mundo, já que um diagnóstico eficiente permite a identificação precoce de casos e definição do esquema terapêutico, contribuindo para interrupção do ciclo biológico do parasito. A microscopia óptica (MO), atual diagnóstico de referência para malária, tem apresentado limitações, principalmente em casos de co-infecções e baixas parasitemias. Assim sendo, busca-se por técnicas mais sensíveis e específicas para auxiliar a MO, sendo os métodos baseados na reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) considerados mais adequados para identificação de indivíduos com infecção submicroscópica. Entretanto, os vários protocolos de PCR apresentados até o momento tem se baseado no gene da subunidade menor do RNA ribossomal 18S dos plasmódios (18S rRNA), que se encontra em poucas cópias no genoma destes parasitos. Recentemente, foram descritas sequências não ribossomais para identificação de Plasmodium vivax (Pvr47) e Plasmodium falciparum (Pfr364), sendo estas sequências promissoras para o diagnóstico molecular de malária. Baseando-se nestes achados, este trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de Real-Time PCR para validar os alvos Pvr47 e Pfr364 para o diagnóstico de malária vivax e falciparum, respectivamente, com ênfase em infecções mistas e baixas parasitemias. Após padronização com sucesso da técnica de Real-Time PCR (RT-LAMAL), a mesma foi comparada a três outros protocolos moleculares, sendo duas técnicas baseadas no gene 18S rRNA – Nested-PCR (Snounou et al., 1993) e Real-Time PCR (Mangold et al., 2005) – e uma PCR convencional baseada nos alvos Pvr47/Pfr364 (Demas et al., 2011). Para avaliar os protocolos quanto aos seus limites de detecção de infecções únicas e mistas por P. vivax e P. falciparum, foram realizadas titulações de misturas artificiais com diferentes concentrações dos parasitos. Os resultados obtidos nesta etapa revelaram que a PCR-Demas e RT-LAMAL apresentaram os menores limites de detecção para P. vivax e P. falciparum, tanto em infecções únicas quanto mistas, e que o protocolo de RT-Mangold foi incapaz de detectar coinfecções. Posteriormente, os protocolos foram avaliados para o diagnóstico de malária em amostras de campo, incluindo área não endêmica (n=117) e área endêmica para malária (n=163). Os resultados revelaram que os protocolos de RTMangold, PCR-Demas e RT-LAMAL foram mais eficientes na detecção de parasitemias submicroscópicas, porém, o protocolo de RT-Mangold novamente mostrou ser incapaz de detectar infecções mistas. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos demonstraram que os alvos Pvr47/Pfr364 foram mais adequados para o diagnóstico molecular de malária vivax e falciparum do que o gene 18S rRNA. Contudo, o protocolo aqui desenvolvido (RT-LAMAL) se mostra em vantagem à PCR-Demas, com maior rapidez na obtenção de resultados, dispensando a revelação em gel de agarose e uso de brometo de etídeo, além de diminuir a possibilidade de contaminação de reagentes e amostras. Portanto, conclui-se que a RT-LAMAL possui grande potencial para o diagnóstico molecular de certeza de pacientes com infecções mistas e baixas parasitemias. / Accurate diagnosis of malaria remains as one of the pillars for prevention and control of the disease. An efficient diagnostic test may allow early case detection and appropriate treatment, therefore contributing to the interruption of malaria transmission cycle. Because the optical microscopy (OM) – the gold standard of malaria diagnosis – presents significant limitations, mainly in cases of co-infections and low parasitemias, it seems to be essential to develop a more sensitive and specific diagnostic tool. In this context, methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) seem to be more suitable for detecting individuals with submicroscopic malaria infections. Unfortunately, the majority of PCR-based methods still rely on the 18S rRNA gene targets, present in few copies in the parasite genome. Recently, new target DNA sequences were described for the identification of Plasmodium vivax (Pvr47) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pfr364). Due to the importance of these findings, the goal of the present study was to validate the Pvr47 and Pfr364 targets for the diagnosis of vivax and falciparum malaria, focusing on the development of a real-time PCR for detection of mixed infection and sub-microscopic parasitemia. After successful standardization of the Real-Time PCR (RT-LAMAL), this-PCR protocol was compared with three well-established PCR protocols, two of them relied on the gene 18S rRNA – Nested-PCR (Snounou et al., 1993) and Real-Time PCR (Mangold et al., 2005) -- and a third protocol based on the Pvr47/Pfr364 as target for a conventional PCR assay (Demas et al., 2011). In order to evaluate these different PCR-protocols in terms of their limit of detection, titrations of artificial mixtures of DNA plasmodial were performed. The results revealed that the PCRDemas and RT-LAMAL presented the lowest limit of detection for either single or mixed P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. In addition, the RT-Mangold protocol was unable to detect co-infections. To further evaluate the performance of these four PCR protocols for diagnosis of malaria in the field, we analyzed samples from malaria-endemic areas (n=163) as well as from non-endemic area (n = 117). While the results confirmed that PCR-Demas and RT-LAMAL protocols as being more appropriate for the diagnosis of submicroscopic infection, the data demonstrated again that the RT-Mangold protocol was unable to detect mixed infections. Together, the data confirmed Pvr47/Pfr364 targets as more suitable for molecular diagnosis of P. vivax and P. falciparum. Of interest, the Real-time PCR developed here (RTLAMAL) offers several advantages over the traditional PCR-Demas, including faster processing time and decreased risk of contamination. In conclusion, that RT-LAMAL has great potential for molecular diagnosis of patients with mixed infections and low levels of parasitemia.