For many decades both UK and US politicians have encouraged homeownership supported by mortgage lending. Exuberant borrowing has fuelled housing booms and is central to many recent financial problems. As a consequence macroprudential policies have been developed to improve financial stability using a mixture of measures to deter excessive lending including loan-to-value and debt-to-income restrictions. This thesis considers macroprudential policymaking generally and, more specifically, this latter group of macroprudential measures. It concludes that it is unlikely that these measures can be used to any significant extent in western democracies. At its heart is their political legitimacy and the potential consequences for the institutions promulgating such policies since a major use of these limits would have a direct and very visible effect on home ownership aspirations. Further, the evidence indicates that these measures may well be ineffective. This thesis suggests that conduct of business regulatory policy and the use of mortgage affordability verification may be more effective. However, the successful employment these measures for macroprudential purposes may be hindered by the structure of UK financial services regulation. Moreover, there is a challenge in that historically, UK conduct of business regulation has often failed. Nevertheless, in the area of mortgage affordability, there may be opportunities to use innovative regulatory policies to reduce these risks going forward. Further, there may be lessons for the UK from the US's approach of using the concept of the "qualified mortgage" and, additionally, in considering the role of sound conduct of business policies such as those are used by the US Veterans Administration. Nevertheless, the failure to build sufficient homes over the last forty years is at the heart of UK financial instability. Macroprudential policy may have the unequal task of attempting to suppress house price booms. This raises political issues and highlights the constraints on macroprudential policy with limits on its ability to influence fiscal and socio-economic policy. This thesis seeks to influence the debate on what can be done to help to ensure financial stability.

This study examines agricultural productivity and farmers' welfare in West Timor, Indonesia. The driving force behind this study is to understand why the welfare of farmers has lagged behind others despite significant growth in the agricultural sector. The main research problem in this study is that while agricultural production has increased significantly in West Timor, the welfare of farmers has not increased as fast as that of non-farmers. To reduce the gap in income between farmers and nonfarmers, the growth of income of West Timor's farmers, as the indicator of their welfare, has to accelerate at least as fast as the growth of non-farmers' income. This target might be achieved if there is an appropriate policy of agricultural development implemented by the government. For this reason, evaluation of the structure of agricultural production, as well as the welfare of the farmers of West Timor, is an important issue that needs to be addressed. This study analyses the structure of agricultural production and the welfare of farmers in West Timor. An econometric method (Three Stage Least Squares) was used in modelling the agricultural system to evaluate the structure of the agricultural production as well as farmers' welfare in West Timor. A simultaneous equations model which consists of eight structural and four identity equations was constructed for the analysis of the structure, the estimation of elasticities from the regression coefficients and the subsequent policy analysis. The data used for the analysis are secondary data published by the Indonesian government. / All data used in the model were time series data from 1979 to 1998 and gathered in the period between January and July 1999. The results of this research found that technical factors such as water availability. pasture capacity and irrigation channels influence the production of agriculture more than economic factors such as the price of products and cost of inputs. Too, population growth and the availability of socio-economic institutions such as cooperatives at the village level. have a significant influence on the agricultural production. Although technical factors influence the production of agriculture more than economic factors, subsequent policy analysis shows that an increase in agricultural credit as well as a reduction in the cost of production will still have a positive impact on the production of agriculture. A policy to increase the price of agricultural commodities at the farm gate, especially the price of live cattle and rice, will increase the profit of farmers, further motivating them to increase their overall production. There are six scenarios of the policy alternatives that are simulated in this study. These are: (1) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the size of irrigated areas, (2) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the amount of credit, (3) the scenario of a 35 per cent decrease in total cost per hectare of maize cultivation, (4) the scenario of a 10 units increase in the number of cooperatives, (5) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of live cattle at the farm gate, and (6) the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of rice at the farm gate. / The results of the policy analysis found that the largest positive impact on the agricultural sector output as well as farmers per capita income is derived from the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the size of irrigated area. The scenarios of increasing amount of agricultural credit and the number of co-operatives have also generated a large positive impact on the agricultural sector output, but with a high increase in farmer population growth. Two other scenarios that have a large impact on the agricultural sector output as well as farmers' per capita income are the scenario of a 10 per cent increase in the price of live cattle and the price of rice. Based on the results of the policy analysis, two main policies that might be undertaken by the government to promote the growth of the agricultural sector and farmers' per capita income are expansion of irrigated areas and improving farmers' access to agricultural credit.

My research will seek to affirm the factors that influenced the pattern and pace of populating a region between present day Prince Albert and North Battleford, Saskatchewan, during the period 1867 and 1931. A settlement boom had occurred in Western Canada during this era, and previous studies have sought to ascertain the factors that accounted for the boom and why the phenomenon had not occurred earlier. To date, studies addressing this issue have considered the Federal Policies for land, immigration and railways, several global push-pull factors, and the physical variables of land capability and climate as the primary factors affecting the settlement boom. </p><p>In examining the history of settlement of Western Canada, no study to date, however, has linked the inventory of land with the flow of immigrants into the region. It is exactly this gap that this study addresses. This study will utilize the inventory of the allocation of agricultural land to the population that first settled the region during this era, and will examine the timing and pace of homestead settlement in relation to the timing of all other forms of land alienation for the purposes of agriculture. These include the land sales of the purchased homesteads; pre-empted homesteads; school districts; the railway companies; land companies; and the Hudsons Bay Company. </p><p>This, furthermore, points to an important conjecture regarding government and railway policies that actually impeded settlement. Lewis (1981), Lewis and Robinson (1984) and Ward (1994) introduced the notion that the late railway branch-lines construction, and the late sale of pre-empted lands, may have acted as impediments to settlement. This suggestion has not been supported one way or another. In addition, the Railways late selection of lands they were entitled to from the railway land grant reserve, and the subsequent late availability of sale of these lands to agriculturists have not been addressed. My research is intends to affirm these premises. The linkages between the different forms of land alienation will be shown here as a factor that contributed to the order and pace of settlement.

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of undocumented immigration on the United States, specifically the economic implications they may carry and the government effectiveness in managing this population. Utilizing the method of qualitative content analysis, this study examined the various aspects of the U.S. economy affected by this population and the nation's past and current immigration policies. The research found the undocumented population to be an expense on the host economy through their use of social and public services, with expenses even higher in the Southwest Border States. It is important to note, however, that there are benefits to providing these services. In addition amnesty-type policies were shown to be ineffective at managing the population due to various deficiencies. The nation's past experience with the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) is a strong example. / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts; / Graduate Center for Social and Public Policy / MA; / Thesis;

My research will seek to affirm the factors that influenced the pattern and pace of populating a region between present day Prince Albert and North Battleford, Saskatchewan, during the period 1867 and 1931. A settlement boom had occurred in Western Canada during this era, and previous studies have sought to ascertain the factors that accounted for the boom and why the phenomenon had not occurred earlier. To date, studies addressing this issue have considered the Federal Policies for land, immigration and railways, several global push-pull factors, and the physical variables of land capability and climate as the primary factors affecting the settlement boom. </p><p>In examining the history of settlement of Western Canada, no study to date, however, has linked the inventory of land with the flow of immigrants into the region. It is exactly this gap that this study addresses. This study will utilize the inventory of the allocation of agricultural land to the population that first settled the region during this era, and will examine the timing and pace of homestead settlement in relation to the timing of all other forms of land alienation for the purposes of agriculture. These include the land sales of the purchased homesteads; pre-empted homesteads; school districts; the railway companies; land companies; and the Hudsons Bay Company. </p><p>This, furthermore, points to an important conjecture regarding government and railway policies that actually impeded settlement. Lewis (1981), Lewis and Robinson (1984) and Ward (1994) introduced the notion that the late railway branch-lines construction, and the late sale of pre-empted lands, may have acted as impediments to settlement. This suggestion has not been supported one way or another. In addition, the Railways late selection of lands they were entitled to from the railway land grant reserve, and the subsequent late availability of sale of these lands to agriculturists have not been addressed. My research is intends to affirm these premises. The linkages between the different forms of land alienation will be shown here as a factor that contributed to the order and pace of settlement.

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No description available.

This study examines the South Korean government's involvement in sport since 1960. The study concerns itself with various organisations, agencies, and the Ministry of Sport. It aims to discover the reality behind sport and politics; lessons that might be learned from sports organisation in Britain; how and why the Korean government has encouraged sport; what are the direction and principles of sport policy with North Korea; how the sports governing bodies have developed in the various Republics; how South Korea might develop more advanced sport policies.

The food vs. fuel debate has heated up since the 2008 global food crisis when major crop prices dramatically increased. Heavily subsidized biofuel production was blamed for diverting food crops from food production and diverting resources from food and feed production, triggering a food crisis globally and leading to increases in the world food insecure population. Few studies have quantified the effects of biofuel policies on world food prices and world food insecurity. This study added the Brazil and China's biofuel sectors to an existing global trade CGE model, and applies the measurement of food insecurity as developed by FAO. Alternative scenarios were food insecurity. Results are examined with focus on (1) effects on domestic biofuel productions, (2) change in food commodity productions and trade, (3) change in land use and land rents, and (4) change in regional undernourished populations. Results indicated that biofuel expansion is not cost competitive to traditional fossil fuel. Without any policy incentives, huge expansion of biofuel production is not likely under current technology. The conventional biofuel mandates in U.S., Brazil and China lead to increases in world food insecurity, while the advanced biofuel mandate in U.S. has the opposite effect. Subsidies to biofuels production help to lessen the increase in world food insecurity that is caused by increases in conventional biofuel production. Additionally, the effects from U.S. biofuel policies are smaller but more widespread than the effects from Brazil or China's biofuel policies. Overall, the long term effects of biofuel production expansion on world food insecurity are much smaller than expected.

SOA governance not only ensures that the concepts and principles for service orientation and its distributed architecture are managed appropriately and delivered on the stated business goals for services but also controls the evolution of these service-oriented systems. Evolving services must be able to manage their own actions based on high level global business goals and low level local rules. One way to specify such goals is in the form of policies. Policies are operating rules to orchestrate and maintain order, security, and consistency throughout the service lifecycle. In this ubiquitous world of SOA, there are diverse kinds of policies that can be leveraged for governing services. However, these policies are not often documented properly which then leads to redundancy in policy creation and development. To characterize these policies, the thesis first introduces a taxonomy that classifies policies applicable towards the field of SOA governance. This document then identifies the characteristics of policies that are most influential as the organizational maturity evolves. The intended outcome of this thesis is to present the readers with an overall idea of governance policies and their classification as the enterprise system progresses, from being service oriented to virtualized and eventually to a cloud oriented system. In this thesis, policies that govern service oriented systems are categorized on the basis of their empirically observable behavior and their applicability to phases of the service lifecycle. This document also recommends policies and their classification, based on enforcement style in the virtualization layer and execution phase in the cloud layer. With this classification, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of existing policies facilitating policy based governance and evolution in distributed service oriented environments. / Graduate