Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Química, 2014. / Submitted by Ana Cristina Barbosa da Silva (annabds@hotmail.com) on 2015-05-08T17:59:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AnaElisaBarretoMatias_Parcial.pdf: 3766102 bytes, checksum: 630bbe56846d78402076b711351eb369 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2015-05-11T20:44:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AnaElisaBarretoMatias_Parcial.pdf: 3766102 bytes, checksum: 630bbe56846d78402076b711351eb369 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-11T20:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_AnaElisaBarretoMatias_Parcial.pdf: 3766102 bytes, checksum: 630bbe56846d78402076b711351eb369 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a síntese e caracterização de materiais híbridos com base na interação dos heteropoliácidos H3PW12O40 (HPW) e H3PMo12O40 (HPMo) com o cátion cetiltrimetilamônio (CTA). Os materiais foram estudados em diferentes proporções molares heteropoliácido:surfactante (HPA:CTA), determinados experimentalmente por análise elementar (CHN e FRX/EDX) e análise térmica (TG/DTG/DTA). Medidas de FT-IR evidenciaram que a estrutura primária dos heteropoliácidos (ânion de Keggin) foi mantida e que as interações ânion-ânion foram consideravelmente reduzidas. A análise estrutural e morfológica dos catalisadores por FT-IR, DRX e MEV/MET indicou que as moléculas de CTA estão empacotadas em camadas organizadas e que os ânions de Keggin apresentaram uma morfologia hexagonal. Estudos de análise térmica mostraram que a interação HPW/CTA aumentou significativamente a estabilidade do surfactante, mas a capacidade oxidativa dos materiais da série CTAxH3-xPMo provocou uma decomposição exotérmica em temperaturas mais baixas. A atividade catalítica dos materiais foi avaliada na reação de esterificação do ácido acético com álcool benzílico e na reação de oxidação do álcool benzílico com peróxido de hidrogênio. Dentre os catalisadores testados, os materiais CTA1,9H1,1PW (58,3% de conversão) e CTA2,3H0,7PMo (88,8% de conversão) apresentaram os melhores resultados na reação de esterificação, enquanto na reação de oxidação os catalisadores mais ativos foram aqueles com maior conteúdo de CTA, isto é, as amostras CTA28,0PW (63,25% de conversão e 98,89% de seletividade) e CTA10,8PMo (69,08% de conversão e 82,88% de seletividade). / This work aims to describe the synthesis and characterization of hybrid materials based on the interaction of H3PW12O40 (HPW) and H3PMo12O40 (HPMo) heteropolyacids with cetyltrimethylammonium cation (CTA). The materials were studied at different heteropolyacid:surfactant (HPA:CTA) molar ratios, experimentally determined by elemental analysis (CHN and XRF/EDX) and thermal analysis (TG/DTG/DTA). FT-IR measurements showed that the heteropolyacid primary structure (Keggin anions) was maintained and that the anion-anion interactions were considerably reduced. Structural and morphological analyses of the catalysts by FT-IR, XRD and SEM/TEM indicate that the CTA molecules are packed into organized layers and that Keggin anions are arranged in a hexagonal morphology. Thermal analysis studies showed that the HPW/CTA interaction increased significantly the surfactant stability, but the oxidation capacity of the CTAxH3-XPMo materials caused an exothermic decomposition at lower temperatures. The catalytic activity of the materials was evaluated in the esterification reaction of acetic acid with benzyl alcohol and in the oxidation reaction of benzyl alcohol with hydrogen peroxide. Among the tested catalysts, CTA1.9H1.1PW (conversion of 58.3%) and CTA2.3H0.7PMo (conversion of 88.8%) materials showed the best results in the esterification reaction. For the oxidation reaction, the materials with the highest content of CTA were the most active catalysts, i. e., CTA28,0PW (conversion of 63.25% and selectivity of 98.89%) and CTA10.8PMo (conversion of 69.08% and selectivity of 82.88%) materials.

Optimizaciones geométricas fueron llevadas a cabo con las formas cis y trans del anión [Nb2W4O19]4-. También fueron estudiadas para la forma cis varios isómeros del anión [Nb2W4O19H]3-, sugiriendo que el oxígeno enlazado a los dos átomos de Nb es el centro más básico. La determinación energética de las basicidades de los oxígenos en los hexametalatos fueron comparadas con la metodología de la distribución del potencial electrostático molecular, que es más económica computacionalmente. En el anión [V2W4O19]4-, el único OV2 fue identificado como el centro más básico. Aunque con el anión niobiotungstato, el centro más básico no soporta la carga negativa más alta.Cálculos basados en la teoría del funcional de la densidad ha sido llevados a cabo para investigar las propiedades electrónicas y magnéticas de los aniones -Keggin: [XW12O40]n-, (M= W, Mo; X= AlIII, SiIV, PV, FeIII, CoII, CoIII) y [SiM11VO40]m- (M=Mo y W). La población atómica y la distribución de la densidad electrónica calculada en los clusters estudiados mantienen la hipótesis que un anión Keggin oxidado es un clatrato XO4n- en el interior de una caja neutra M12O36. El intervalo de energía entre la banda de orbitales ocupados, formalmente deslocalizados en los ligandos oxo, y los orbitales vacíos d metálicos, deslocalizados sobre la caja, se ha encontrado independiente del ion central. Sin embargo, la substitución de un W o un Mo por un V modifica la energía relativa del LUMO y por consiguiente induce importantes cambios en las propiedades redox del cluster. De acuerdo con la más reciente determinación de rayos X del [CoIIIW12O40]5- y con la simplicidad del espectro observado para este anión, los cálculos sugieren que tiene una ligera geometría distorsionada Td. Para el cluster derivado [CoW12O40]6- el cuadruplete correspondiente al anión encapsulando un CoII, se ha hallado 1 eV más estable que la especie formada por un CoIII y 1 e deslocalizado en la pseudoesfera de los tungstenos. La reducción monoelectrónica del [CoIIW12O40]6- y [FeIIIW12O40]5- lleva a la formación de las especies "blue" 1e [CoIIW12O40]7- y [FeIIIW12O40]6-. El cluster "blue" de hierro es considerablemente antiferromagnético, y está en completa concordancia con este resultado el estado de bajo espín calculado con la aproximación "Broken Symmetry ", siendo 196 cm-1 más bajo que la solución de alto espín. Por el contrario, el anión "blue" de cobalto tiene un bajo acoplamiento ferromagnético con una diferencia S-T de 20 cm-1.[PMo12O40(VO)2]5- es un cluster altamente reducido con ocho electrones metálicos d. La naturaleza de la localización-deslocalización de los electrones d metálicos es uno de los puntos de interés de los polioxoaniones reducidos. Hemos llevado a cabo cálculos DFT que sugieren que el estado de oxidación de los átomos V es +4 y los otros seis electrones metálicos están deslocalizados entre los doce átomos de Mo. Los cálculos también proponen la evidencia de que el anión [PMo12O40(VO)2]5- debería ser paramagnético. El entorno cristalino fue introducido en los cálculos por medio de dos modelos, incrementando la tendencia a tener electrones metálicos.Los multipletes derivados de varias configuraciones excitadas del [CoIIW12O40]6- fueron calculadas usando métodos DFT. De acuerdo con la interpretación experimental del espectro, los cálculos hallan que la primera gran banda corresponde a las transiciones d-d del Co, pero es de destacar que superpuestas a estas transiciones se encuentran las transiciones de tranferencia de carga del cobalto a los wolframios. Los cálculos también demuestran la importancia de las distorsiones Jahn-Teller en los estados excitados. Con la excepción de las consecuencias derivadas de una pequeña diferencia de los orbitales d del cobalto, el espectro d-d del [CoCl4]2- es similar al del complejo del anión de Keggin. Finalmente, la energía de la transición bielectrónica fue estimada por un procedimiento basado en la teoría del campo ligando. / Geometry optimizations were carried out for the cis and trans forms of [Nb2W4O19]4-. Several isomers of the [Nb2W4O19H]3- anion were also studied for the cis form, suggesting that the oxygen bonded to two Nb atoms is the most basic center. The energetic determination of the oxygen basicities in hexametalates was compared with the indirect and less computationally demanding methodology based upon molecular electrostatic potential distributions. In [V2W4O19]4-, the unique OV2 was identified as the most basic center. Although at variance with the niobotungstate anion, the most basic center does not support the highest net negative charge.Calculations based on density functional theory have been carried out to investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of the -Keggin anions: [XW12O40]n-, (M= W, Mo; X= AlIII, SiIV, PV, FeIII, CoII, CoIII) and [SiM11VO40]m- (M=Mo and W). The atomic populations and the distribution of the electron density computed for the studied clusters support the hypothesis that an oxidized Keggin anion is an XO4n- clathrate inside a neutral M12O36 cage. The energy gap between the band of occupied orbitals, formally delocalized over the oxo ligands, and the unoccupied d-metal orbitals, delocalized over the addenda, has been found to be independent of the central ion. However, substitution of a W or a Mo by V modifies the relative energy of the LUMO and then induces important changes in the redox properties of the cluster. In agreement with the most recent X-ray determination of [CoIIIW12O40]5- and with the simplicity of the spectra observed for this anion the calculations suggest that was a slightly distorted Td geometru. For the parent cluster [CoW12O40]6- the quadruplet corresponding to the anion encapsulating a CoII was found to be 1 eV more stable than the species formed by a CoIII and 1 e delocalized over the sphere of tungstens. The one-electron reduction of [CoIIW12O40]6- and [FeIIIW12O40]5- leads to the formation of the 1 e blue species [CoIIW12O40]7- and [FeIIIW12O40]6-. The blue-iron cluster is considerably antiferromagnetic, and in full agreement with this behavior the low-spin state computed via a Broken Symmetry approch is 196 cm-1 lower than the high-spin solution. In contrast, the cobalt blue anion has a low ferromagnetic coupling with an S-T energy gap of +20 cm-1.[PMo12O40(VO)2]5- is a highly reduced cluster with eight d metal electrons. The localization-delocalization nature of d metal electrons is one of the points of interest in reduced polyoxoanions. We report DFT calculations wich suggest that the oxidation state of the V atoms is +4 and the other six metal electrons are delocalized between the 12 Mo atoms. The calculations also provide evidence that the anion [PMo12O40(VO)2]5- should be paramagnetic. The crystal environment, wich was included in the calculations by means of two models, increases the tendency to have metal electrons.Multiplet splittings for several excited configurations of [CoIIW12O40]6- were calculated using DFT methods. In agreement with the experimental interpretation of the spectrum the calculations found that the first strong band corresponds to Co d-d transitions, but it is worth noting that superposed to these transitions there are charge transfer transitions from cobalt to tungsten. The calculations also showed the importance of Jahn-Teller distortions in the excited states. With the exception of the consequences derived from a smaller splitting of d cobalt orbitals the d-d spectrum of [CoCl4]2- is similar to that of the more complex Keggin anion. Finally, the energy of the bielectronic transition 4A24T1(P) was estimated via an approximate procedure based on ligand field theory.