This thesis comprises three essays on determinants and consequences of international labor migration at individual, family and country level. The first chapter explores the effect of parents' absence due to migration on the educational outcomes of children left behind. The estimated reduced form model relies on an educational production function where the total effect of migration is the combination of the positive effect of remittances, and the negative effect of a parent's absence. The results suggest that parental absence offsets the positive impact of remittances on children's schooling achievements and that a mother's absence is more detrimental than a father's absence. The second chapter examines the effects of family size and demographic structure on offspring's international migration. The potential endogeneity of parental fertility choices is addressed by using infertility shocks and miscarriage before first birth as exogenous variation in family size. The positive correlation between fertility and migration disappears when the potential endogeneity of sibship size is addressed. A deeper analysis reveals that the chances to migrate are not equally distributed across children within the family. Older siblings are more likely to migrate, while having more sisters than brothers may increase the chances of migration, particularly among girls. The third chapter studies the effect of granting the right to vote in local elections to non citizens of non Eu origin. In the spirit of a differences-in-differences strategy, election results and economic outcomes of municipalities with more immigrants entitled to vote are compared with municipalities with a smaller share of immigrant voters, before and after the introduction of a new law. Preliminary results indicate that, depending on the economic and demographic context, and on the immigration policies, the effect can vary substantially: the pro immigrants parties can either gain on lose votes, with relevant consequences for public good expenditures.

This dissertation consists of two papers. The first paper ``Do Electoral Systems Affect the Incumbent Probability of Re-election? Evidence from Italian Municipalities'' empirically investigates how electoral systems affect the incumbent likelihood of re-election in Italian municipalities. It also sheds light on the mechanism through which the electoral system affects the re-election probability. The overarching goal of the paper is to connect different aspects of the issue. I provide new insight into how different electoral systems affect accountability, politician selection and then economic policies. Results show that the probability of re-election is significantly higher in majoritarian systems for mayors but not for assessors and councillors. The majoritarian system defines a clear majority within the city council and its leader, which increases accountability toward the mayors. Indeed, in the majoritarian systems, the effort of mayors, measured as the probability of having a social welfare investment, is higher. Finally, We show that the observed evidence is not driven by political selection. The second paper ``Separated Under the Same Roof: Fiscal Inefficiency of Parties' Fragmentation and Mayor's Political Power" investigates the effect of political fragmentation of local government on fiscal policies. It shows that the effect of fragmentation on fiscal policies depends mainly on two factors: the presence of a binding budget constraint and the political power of the executive leader. Results show that, in the presence of a binding budget constraint, a more fragmented majority performs less public spending and collects less revenue. Moreover, we show that the negative effect of political fragmentation disappears while the political power of the mayor increases.

Orientadora: Cristina Amélia Luzio / Banca: Simone Mainieri Paulon / Banca: Ricardo Sparapan Pena / Banca: Silvio Yasui / Banca: Elizabeth Maria Freire de Araújo Lima / Resumo: A Política Nacional de Humanização - HumanizaSUS (PNH) foi criada em 2003 a partir do reconhecimento das experiências inovadoras de um "SUS que dá certo" e desde então fomenta mudanças na atenção e na gestão. Nesta cartografia nos interessamos pelos encontros, histórias, situações corriqueiras de trabalho, assim como os estranhamentos, questionamentos e embates que foram produzidos ao longo de nosso percurso no HumanizaSUS. Para contarmos fragmentos desta história muitas narrativas foram entrelaçadas. Os documentos oficiais, anotações de reuniões e inúmeras rodas de conversa através da experiência como consultora do Ministério da Saúde, foram somados aos 78 documentos/narrativas finais de um curso da PNH na região Centro-Oeste, e ainda ao diálogo com 5 outros consultores. Utilizamos dos pensadores da Filosofia da Diferença e também da Saúde Coletiva, principalmente os alinhados com o HumanizaSUS, que nos auxiliaram na empreitada por enxergar os indícios tanto das capturas, quanto das formas de resistências, sem lamentar o presente. Construímos dois planos de análise que estão interligados e dialogam mutuamente. No capítulo 2 fizemos um demorado passeio pela PNH, por momentos, acontecimentos e divergências que marcaram os apoiadores. Problematizamos o HumanizaSUS como uma obra aberta e tarefa coletiva, que tem disputado espaço no Ministério da Saúde, no cotidiano dos serviços e na produção acadêmica. No capítulo 3 discutimos alguns desafios e entraves para a efetivação da saúde como direito. As capturas do contemporâneo, o SUS como campo de disputa, os muitos e desiguais 'Brasis' e a luta por cidadania contribuem para ampliarmos a compreensão sobre o tamanho da tarefa proposta pelo HumanizaSUS. Nas narrativas dos apoiadores temos avanços e retrocessos do SUS, um movimento potente que ecoa das lutas reformistas em saúde, mas que trava batalhas com os modos... / Abstract: The National Humanization Policy - HumanizaSUS (NHP) was created in 2003 as from the recognition of innovative experiences of a "SUS that works out" and since then has been promoting changes in its attention and management. In this cartography, we have been interested in meetings, stories, everyday work situations, as well as in the feelings of strangeness, doubts and clashes that have been produced throughout our trajectory in HumanizaSUS. Many narratives have been linked in order to enable us to report fragments of this story. Official documents, notes from meetings, countless rounds of conversations through the experience of being a consultant at Ministry of Health were added to the 78 final documents/narratives of a course at NHP in the Midwest of Brazil, and also to the dialog with 5 other consultants. We have used authors of the Philosophy of Difference and also of Public Health, mainly the ones aligned with HumanizaSUS, who have helped us discerning the clues of capture and resistance, without feeling sorry for the present days. We have built two scooping plans that are connected and mutually dialog. In chapter 2, NHP and its remarkable moments, happenings and divergences were extensively covered. HumanizaSUS was discussed as an unfinished piece of work and collective duty and has been struggling for a place in the Ministry of Health in everyday services and academic production. In chapter 3, some challenges and obstacles for making health a right were discussed. The captures of contemporary history, SUS as a battle field, the several and unequal realities that exist in Brazil and the struggle for citizenship contribute to broaden the comprehension of how important HumanizaSUS proposal is. In the supporters' narratives we can see headways and retrocessions of SUS, a powerful movement that results from reformist battles regarding health care, but that also combats the hegemonic patterns... / Doutor

Orientadora: Andrea Lucia Dorini de Oliveira Carvalho Rossi / Banca: Ana Teresa Marques Gonçalves / Banca: Nelson de Paiva Bondioli / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar as especificidades da Religião Romana como elemento do discurso religioso presente nas obras de Marco Túlio Cícero que possuem natureza filosófico-religiosas: Da Natureza dos Deuses, Sobre a Adivinhação, Tratado das Leis e o discurso Sobre sua casa. As respectivas fontes agrupam elementos imensuráveis para a compreensão dos debates sobre a Religião Romana no século I a.E.C.. Dessa forma, o aspecto religioso é evidenciado enfatizando o tradicional, pois é um dos principais meios de manutenção da ordem com relação à aristocracia. Essas fontes possibilitam contemplar a percepção de Cícero sobre a Religião, ou seja, apurar o caráter tradicional ressaltado em contraposição aos cultos estrangeiros cada vez mais presentes com a expansão do Imperium. Por sua vez, as fontes permitem também a percepção dos expoentes intelectuais e sociais envolvidos nas ramificações discursivas religiosas e políticas no período final da República Romana / Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the specifics of the Roman religion as an element of this religious discourse in the works of Marcus Tullius Cicero that have philosophical-religious nature: On the Nature of the Gods, On Divination, On the Laws and the speech On his House. The sources grouped immeasurable elements for understanding the debates on the Roman Religion in the first century BCE. Thus, the religious aspect is evidenced by emphasizing the traditional as it is a better means of maintaining order in relation to the aristocracy. These sources allow to contemplate the perception of Cicero on Religion, that is to establish the traditional character emphasized as opposed to foreign cults increasingly present with the expansion of the Imperium. Meanwhile, sources also allow the perception of social and intellectual exponents involved in religious and political discourse ramifications in the late period of the Roman Republic / Mestre

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Obiettivo del lavoro è quello di legare tra di loro due aspetti che storicamente sono sempre stati scollegati. Il primo è il lungo dibattito sul tema “oltre il PIL”, che prosegue ininterrottamente da circa mezzo secolo. Il secondo riguarda l’utilizzo dei sistemi di misurazione e valutazione della performance nel settore pubblico italiano. Si illustra l’evoluzione del dibattito sul PIL facendo un excursus storico del pensiero critico che si è sviluppato nel corso di circa cinquanta anni analizzando le ragioni assunte dagli studiosi per confutare l’utilizzo del PIL quale misura universale del benessere. Cogliendo questa suggestione l’Istat, in collaborazione con il CNEL, ha avviato un progetto per individuare nuovi indicatori da affiancare al PIL, in grado di misurare il livello non solo della crescita economica, ma anche del benessere sociale e sostenibile, con l’analisi degli indicatori riferiti a 12 domini di benessere individuati. Al progetto Istat-CNEL si è affiancato il progetto UrBES, promosso dall’Istat e dal Coordinamento dei sindaci metropolitani dell’ANCI, che hanno costituito una rete di città metropolitane per sperimentare la misurazione e il confronto sulla base di indicatori di benessere urbano equo e sostenibile, facendo proprio un progetto del Comune di Bologna e di Laboratorio Urbano (Centro di documentazione, ricerca e proposta sulle città), che ha sottoposto a differenti target un questionario on line, i cui risultati, con riferimento alle risposte fornite alle domande aperte, sono stati elaborati attraverso l’utilizzo di Taltac, un software per l’analisi dei testi, al fine di individuare i “profili” dei rispondenti, associando i risultati dell’elaborazione alle variabili strutturali del questionario. Nell’ultima parte i servizi e progetti erogati dal comune di Bologna sono stati associati alle dimensioni UrBES, per valutare l’impatto delle politiche pubbliche sulla qualità della vita e sul benessere dei cittadini, indicando le criticità legate alla mancanza di dati adeguati. / The Aim of the work is to link each other two aspects which historically had always disconnected. The first is the long discussion on the theme "beyond GDP", which continues without stop for nearly half a century. The second concerns the use of systems of measurement and evaluation of performance in the Italian public sector. It discusses the evolution of the discussion on GDP, making a historical overview of critical thinking which has developed in the course of about fifty years, analyzing the reasons assumed by researchers to refute the use of GDP as a measure of universal welfare. Following this suggestion the National Statistical Institue, (Istat) in cooperation with CNEL, has launched a project to identify new indicators using joint with GDP, to measure not only the level of economic growth, but also social and sustainable welfare, analysing indicators linked to 12 domains identified. The Istat-CNEL project was joined the project Urbes, promoted by Istat and the Coordination of ANCI, which formed a network of metropolitan cities to test measurement and comparison on the basis of welfare and sustainable indicators, doing just a project of the City of Bologna and Urban Laboratory (Centre for Documentation, Research and Proposal on the city), which referred to different target an online questionnaire, the results of which, with reference to the answers to open questions, have been developed through Taltac, a software for the analysis of texts, in order to identify the "profiles" of respondents associated with the structural variables of the questionnaire. In the last part of the research the services and projects provided by the city of Bologna have been linked to the size Urbes, to assess the impact of public policies on quality of life and well-being of citizens, indicating the critical issues related to the lack of adequate data.

I cambiamenti e le innovazioni sociali, che hanno caratterizzato il secolo scorso, hanno generato mutamenti significativi nella struttura dei consumi, legati in particolare a una maggiore consapevolezza dei consumatori e allo scoppio della crisi economica. Assume sempre maggiore importanza, all’interno delle politiche di brand management, il ruolo della Responsabilità Sociale d’Impresa, che spinge la Grande Distribuzione Organizzata a proporre prodotti con più alti standard qualitativi e di sicurezza. Il caso analizzato è quello della linea biologica ViviVerde Coop, la cui offerta di prodotti biologici a private label ha avuto un impatto molto positivo sul mercato. L’analisi dell’elasticità della curva di domanda di alcuni di questi prodotti nel periodo gennaio 2010-maggio 2012 rivela diversi valori positivi e maggiori di 1, indice del fatto che il prezzo non abbia avuto effetti negativi sulle vendite dei prodotti considerati. Tale evidenza risulta rilevante proprio in un periodo di profonda crisi economica che ha interessato, in modo significativo, anche i consumi alimentari. / Social changing and innovations that characterized the last century, mainly caused by the globalization processes, led to important changes in the consumption paths, the most of them driven by the increased awareness of the consumers. This is why the role of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is getting more important for the brand management policies of the Large Scale Retail (LSR). LSR is nowadays encouraged to provide products that achieve higher safety and quality standards, in order to meet the new forms of demand. In this paper we analyze the case of the biological line ViviVerde by Coop, a private label line which reached good market shares since its introduction. The analysis of elasticity of the demand curve of some ViviVerde food products, for the period from January 2010 to May 2012, shows the presence of several positive and greater than values: this means that the price does not prevent the sales of those products. Those results are relevant especially in this period of deep economic crisis, which has affected even food consumption. The changes and social innovations that have characterized the last century have generated significant changes in the structure of consumption, in particular related to aincreased consumer's behaviour.It's becoming more important,within the policies of brand management, the role of Corporate Social Responsability,which pushes the mass retailers to offer products with the highest quality standards and safety. The case analyzed is that of the organic line ViviVerde Coop, whose offer of organic products to private label has had much impact positive on the market. The analysis of the elasticity of the demand curve of some of these products in the period January 2010-May 2012 reveals values positive and greater than 1. This means that price has had a negative impacts on sales of the product

The thesis comprises three essays that use experimental methods, one about other-regarding motivations in economic behavior and the others on pro-social behavior in two environmental economics problems. The first chapter studies how the expectations of the others and the concern to maintain a balance between effort exerted and rewards obtained interact in shaping the behavior in a modified dictator game. We find that dictators condition their choices on recipients' expectations only when there is a high probability that the the recipient will not be compensated for her effort. Otherwise, dictators tend to balance the efforts and rewards of the recipients, irrespective of the recipients' expectations. In the second chapter, I investigate the problem of local opposition to large public projects (e.g. landfills, incinerators, etc.). In particular, the experiment shows how the uncertainty about the project's quality makes the community living in the host site skeptical about the project. I also test whether side-transfers and costly information disclosure can help to increase the efficiency. Both tools succesfully make the host more willing to accept the project, but they lead to the realization of different types of projects. The last chapter is an experiment on climate negotiations. To avoid the global warming, countries are called to cooperate in the abatement of their emissions. We study whether the dynamic aspect of the climate change makes cooperation across countries behaviorally more difficult. We also consider inequality across countries as a possible factor that hinders international cooperation.

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