Legal status of whistleblowers in relation to the refugee status Abstract The aim of this thesis is to introduce the whistleblowing issue in context of international law, refugee law specifically. In recent years, there have been several globally significant cases of whistleblowers responsible for leaks of information of i.a. public entities and seeking protection against their own state of nationality in other countries. Despite the worldwide attention that these cases got, the problematics of whistleblowing is not sufficiently covered from the perspective of international law. Especially in Czech law literature, this topic is neglected in such context. The object of the thesis is therefore to provide an overview of the issue and to identify and analyze its controversial aspects. The work is structured from general introduction into the topic, thereafter defining crucial terms and institutes and categorizing them, towards detailed analysis of the status of whistleblowers and each of refugee definition parts in particular. The core of the work itself is constituted of application of these definition characteristics to miscellaneous whistleblower cases, with the purpose of answering the research question whether (and under what condition) could whistleblowers fulfill the refugee definition. In the thesis is...

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the journalistic opinionated scenario, there are several genres which personal character is present. However, there is a consensus among theoreticians who discuss about the media that the column is, among all the journalistic genres, the one which most expresses the authorial opinion. Based on a theoretical approach which comprises since the concept of media and opinion,(THOMPSON, 2011; CHARAUDEAU, 2006a, 2006b; MELO, 1994, 2003) until the theoretical pillars of Systemic Functional Linguistics (HALLIDAY e HASAN, 1989; HALLIDAY, 1994; HALLIDAY E MATTHIESSEN, 2004), the focus of this research is on the principle of Individuation (MARTIN, 2008; 2009) and it is sustained by systematic assumptions proposed by Martin and White (2005) for the resources of language appraisal. The aim of this work is to determine, based on identification and analysis of discursive and linguistic strategies of appraisal, the construction of style, of evaluative signature by Eliane Cantanhêde in her political advice column conveyed by Folha de São Paulo newspaper. The corpus is composed by 31 copies of the column, published during 2010 and available on the page of Folha Online. The methodological procedures comprehend two steps of analysis: textual and contextual. The results show that there is, in the corpus, 1) predominance of judgment evaluations by social esteem, recurrently manifested by colloquial expressions and metaphors; 2) balanced heteroglossic articulation expressed by punctuation resources, lexical notations and rhetorical questions and that 3) the evaluations are intensified by, besides adverbs and adjectives, metaphorical and colloquial expressions. The analysis points that the evaluative signature of Cantanhêde corresponds to the articulation of judgments about the competence/incompetence of politicians, carried out by linguistic resources supported by colloquialism and conversational strategies. These strategies confer to discourse more levity and establish an interaction between the columnist and readers. / No cenário jornalístico opinativo, há diversos gêneros cujo caráter pessoal se faz presente. Entretanto, é consenso entre os teóricos que versam sobre a mídia que a coluna é dos gêneros jornalísticos o que mais expressa a opinião autoral. Partindo de uma referenciação teórica que abrange desde o conceito de mídia e de opinião (THOMPSON, 2011; CHARAUDEAU, 2006a, 2006b; MELO, 1994, 2003), até os pilares teóricos da Linguística Sistêmico-funcional (HALLIDAY e HASAN, 1989; HALLIDAY, 1994; HALLIDAY E MATTHIESSEN, 2004), o enfoque desta pesquisa recai sobre o princípio da Individuação (MARTIN, 2008; 2009) e é sustentado pelas premissas sistemáticas propostas por Martin e White (2005) para os recursos de avaliação da linguagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar, a partir da identificação e análise das estratégias discursivas e linguísticas avaliativas a construção do estilo, da assinatura valorativa da jornalista Eliane Cantanhêde em sua coluna de opinião política veiculada pelo jornal Folha de São Paulo. O corpus é constituído por 31 exemplares da coluna, publicados durante o ano de 2010 e disponibilizados na página da Folha Online. Os procedimentos metodológicos compreendem duas etapas de análise: textual e contextual. Os resultados indicaram que há, no corpus, 1) predominância de avaliações de julgamento por estima social, manifestadas recorrentemente por expressões coloquiais e metáforas; 2) articulação heteroglóssica equilibrada expressa por recursos de pontuação, notações léxicas e por perguntas retóricas e que 3) as avaliações são intensificadas por, além de advérbios e adjetivos, também por expressões metafóricas e coloquiais. A análise aponta que a assinatura valorativa de Cantanhêde corresponde à articulação de julgamentos sobre a competência/incompetência dos políticos, realizados por recursos linguísticos apoiados na coloquialidade e em estratégias conversacionais. Essas estratégias conferem ao discurso mais leveza e estabelecem uma interação entre a colunista e os leitores.

This thesis focuses on political persecution as a reason for which international protection is granted. Firstly, it discusses what role persecution on political grounds has played in the past, and how the entitled person is provided with protection as a result. The following chapter assesses the way political persecution is included in the relevant international law norms, as well as European law norms, which are an important source of the legal regulation of granting international protection in the European Union. As an example of how Member States respect both international and European commitments in their national legislation, the thesis reveals the laws and regulations made applicable in the Czech Republic. The crux of this thesis centres around the interpretation of different terms which are crucial for granting international protection on political grounds. This is the imperative, determining factor of the decision-making process in individual cases. Chapter 4 compares the legal regulation of political persecution in two regional legal subsystems, European and Inter-American, and incorporating international and regional commitments in the national legislation on the American continent is demonstrated on the relevant US laws. Furthermore, the thesis deals with the question of whether...

本研究以台大批踢踢實業坊（PTT）政治類看板為例，企圖評估電子布告欄（BBS）系統是否為承載政治意見的理想論域。 在文獻探討的過程中可知，「政治參與」對於民主發展至為重要，而其中透過網際網路進行的政治意見表達，在數位時代來臨後的重要性與日俱增。因此本研究以哈伯瑪斯的公共領域與溝通行動理論為核心，建立「理想意見論域」的三項標準：開放性、公共性、理性。並據此三項標準，對研究場域PTT政治類看板進行評估。 本研究以量化的內容分析法為主，輔以直接觀察，對研究場域及其中政治意見的性質，進行客觀的描述與分析。研究結果發現，PTT政治類看板進入和參與的門檻低、互動熱絡頻繁、討論規範也並未限制理性發言空間，在「開放性」上表現佳；至於「公共性」的部分，在討論規範與看板管理者的約束下，討論的議題多能與公共事務相關；然而在「理性」面向上，論證嚴謹程度普遍不足，亦僅有半數的發言能完全保持冷靜平和。 另外，在把政治意見的各項性質進行交叉分析後，可歸納出「理想網路論域」中的「理想政治意見」，應該具有的條件包括：沒有明顯的政黨傾向、篇幅充實、切合討論主題、以事實陳述輔助個人意見、不純粹批評而是褒貶參半或持平而論、情緒冷靜平和、論證深入而嚴謹等。