The goal of this study was to examine the taxonomy, ecology, molecular phylogenetics and biosystematics of two apparently closely related species and to elucidate congruent patterns from these often divergent sub-disciplines of systematics. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences showed that Phacelia fimbriata and Phacelia purshii are sister species that demonstrate species-specific differences in germination but little morphologic or genetic differentiation. While a geographic region of sympatry exists, elevation differences preclude co-occurrence. The widespread P. purshii supports higher levels of morphological and genetic diversity compared to the narrow endemic, P. fimbriata. Gene flow between members of this closely related species pair is blocked by hybrid inviability whose expression occurs following normal pollen tube growth and apparent fertilization. Hybrid seeds are inviable, an effect likely caused by an embryo-endosperm incompatibility that, following fertilization, permits development of maternal, but not hybrid fruit and seed tissues. This reproductive barrier adds to our knowledge of an already diverse suite of isolating mechanisms in Phacelia subgenus Cosmanthus.

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Phacelia purshii Buckley and P. fimbriata Micheaux are two species that are nearly morphologically indistinguishable. Seed germination experiments showed that the high elevation endemic, P. fimbriata requires lower temperatures to trigger germination. Following interspecific crosses, pollen tubes enter ovules and maternal tissue of the gynoecium matures but hybrid diploid and triploid organs fail to develop. DNA sequences from the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed region showed that P. fimbriata and P. purshii comprise a monophyletic clade but that P. fimbriata is more differentiated from related species. In contrast, P. purshii supported significantly higher levels of intraspecific polymorphism. Phacelia fimbriata and P. purshii are sister species with similar morphology but they are unable to hybridize, they are differentiated in physiological characteristics related to environment, and they inhabit different elevations. This pattern of relationship and differentiation suggests P. fimbriata may be the product of ecological speciation.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristina_cuchiara.pdf: 54838030 bytes, checksum: 080d5f9c1d6101f82e129f93588c1a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) it is known by the high adaptation capacity to the different climate conditions and soil, characteristics these that it possible be her cultivated commercially in different areas of Brazil. Consequently, researches about conservation and germination of the pollen are indispensable to the programs of genetic improvement. The purpose is to evaluate the viability and conservate grains of castor bean pollen. For the study, were used floral buttons of the cultivars IAC 80, AL Guarany 2002 and Lara. In the first experiment, were selected appropriate parameters of pH (5, 6, 7 and 8), temperature (15, 20, 25 and 30 ºC), sucrose (0; 5; 10 and 20%) and combinations of 4, 8 and 10 mgL-1 boron with sucrose. In the second experiment, the storage of pollen was evaluated of the cultivars IAC 80 and AL Guarany 2002 in four places (liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC); ultrafreezer (-72 ºC); freezer (-18 ºC) and refrigerator (4 ºC)) being analyzed week after week to complete thirty days and in the sixty days. The third experiment was evaluated the effect about the time of defreezing of pollen cultivars IAC 80 and AL Guarany 2002, submitted to the same places and storage periods (15, 30 and 60 days) analyzed of hour after hour to complete six hours and after twenty-four hours. The viability test was constituted preparing ideal culture medium for each experiment, after that it was deposited in excavated plates, where the pollen was distributed on the surface of the medium, the plates were put in humid camera and taken for incubation. In random delineation, were analyzed a hundred pollens per repetitions in a total of four repetitions for the first experiment and six for the others. I In the first experiment was observed that pH values above 6,0 cause decrease in the amount of germinated pollens. The temperature of 20 ºC and 5% and 10% of sucrose were appropriate for the germination. Sucrose and 4 and 8 boron mgL-1 increased the germination, however 10 mgL-1 didn't favor. It was observed in the second experiment that the storage in 4 and -18 ºC is not efficient, the number of germinated pollens falls quickly causing unviability after the fifth week, in -72ºC the pollens of the cultivar IAC 80 stayed viable even the fourth week and the cultivar AL Guarany 2002 presented viability the sixty days and -196 ºC was very efficient even to fifth week. With the third experiment can be verified that for the cultivars IAC 80, to the 15 and 30 days of storage, the temperature of the -72 ºC presented around 50% of germination needing five and six hours of incubation for the defreezing, respectively; for the cultivar AL Guarany 2002, the best result was reached to -196 ºC and the sixty days was occurred the unviability. Therefore, the cultivars answered in a different way the best methodology of evaluation of pollen viability and conservation, however, the one that suggests be species-specific. / A mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) é conhecida pela alta capacidade de adaptação às diferentes condições de clima e solo, características estas que a possibilita ser comercialmente cultivada em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Consequentemente, pesquisas sobre conservação e germinação do pólen são indispensáveis aos programas de melhoramento genético. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade e a conservação de grãos de pólen de mamoneira. Para tanto, foram utilizados botões florais das cvs. IAC 80, AL Guarany 2002 e Lara. No 1º experimento, foram selecionados parâmetros adequados de pH (5, 6, 7 e 8), temperatura (15, 20, 25 e 30 ºC), sacarose (0; 5; 10 e 20%) e combinações de 4, 8 e 10 mgL-1 boro com sacarose. No 2º experimento, foi avaliado o armazenamento de pólen das cvs. IAC 80 e AL Guarany 2002 em 4 ambientes (nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC); ultrafreezer (-72 ºC); freezer (-18 ºC) e refrigerador (4 ºC)) sendo a análise realizada de semana em semana até completar 30 dias e aos 60 dias. No 3º experimento foi avaliado o efeito do tempo de descongelamento de pólen das cvs. IAC 80 e AL Guarany 2002, submetidas aos mesmos ambientes e períodos de armazenamento (15, 30 e 60 dias) analisados de hora em hora até completar 6h e após 24h. O teste de viabilidade foi constituído do preparo do meio de cultura ideal para cada experimento, após depositado em placas de lâmina escavada, onde o pólen foi distribuído sobre a superfície do meio e após as placas foram colocadas em câmara úmida e levadas para incubação. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foram analisados 100 polens/repetição num total de 4 repetições para o 1º experimento e 6 para os demais. No 1º experimento foi verificado que valores de pH acima de 6,0 provocam diminuição na quantidade de polens germinados. A temperatura de 20 ºC com 5% e 10% de sacarose foram adequadas para a germinação. Sacarose com 4 e 8 mgL-1 de boro aumentaram a germinação, porém 10 mgL-1 não favoreceu. Observou-se no 2º experimento que o armazenamento em 4 e -18 ºC não é eficiente, pois o número de polens germinados cairam rapidamente causando inviabilidade após a 5ª semana. Em -72 ºC os polens da cv. IAC 80 permaneceram viáveis até a 4ª semana e os da cv. AL Guarany 2002 apresentaram viabilidade aos 60 dias e -196 ºC foi muito eficiente até a 5ª semana. Com o 3º experimento foi possivel verificar que para a cv. IAC 80, aos 15 e 30 dias de armazenamento, a temperatura de -72 ºC apresentou em torno de 50% de germinação necessitando de 5 e 6h de incubação para o descongelamento, respectivamente; para a cv. AL Guarany 2002, o melhor porcentual foi alcançado a temperatura de -196 ºC sendo observado aos 60 dias a ocorrência de inviabilidade. Portanto, as cultivares responderam de forma diferente a melhor metodologia de avaliação de viabilidade polínica e conservação, no entanto, o que sugere ser espécie-específico.