The overall aim of the study was to assess the risk of gene flow from Brassica crops by insectmediated pollen transport. I measured the viability of pollen in Brassica flowers throughout crop development and compared this with the viability of pollen transported by insects inside and outside one early- and one late-season crop. In order to evaluate the relative importance of different species in pollen transport, I measured abundance of flower visitors during crop development, and measured the foraging behaviour of five key pollinator species throughout the growing season, in relation to variation in microclimate, crop phenology and the relative abundance of other pollinator species competing for flower resources. Flower visiting insects of Brassica rapa crops were highly diverse, and their abundance and diversity changed with crop phenology. I found similar abundances at the family level for both crops studied, although capture rates were greater in the early- than in the late-season crop. Across flowering development, the greatest numbers of insects were captured at the peak of flowering for both crops. During the flowering period, Diptera was the most abundant order collected, followed by Hymenoptera. The most abundant family in Hymenoptera was Apidae which tracked crop development in both fields, with greater numbers of insects captured inside than outside the field. Standardized-count pollen loads were smaller in Diptera than in Hymenoptera. Of the five key pollinator species sampled, Lasioglossum sordidum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) transported similar pollen loads, which were much greater than those carried by Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Melangyna novae-zealandiae (Diptera: Syrphidae). The numbers of insects captured outside of the crop were 10% and 33% of the totals captured inside for the early- and the late-season crop, respectively. The proportion of insects entering versus leaving the crop varied considerably across species, crops and trap location (i.e., whether traps were inside or 50 m outside the border of the crop). However, it is worth noting that not uncommonly more insects were attracted into the crop early in the season, staying there rather than leaving, and then when flowers started to disappear there was a massive escape of insects leaving. This research provides evidence for the influence of crop age on the foraging behaviour of key pollinators and for species-specific variation in the foraging behaviour of Brassica visitors with crop development. Temporal variation in the rate and variability of movement between flowers, and the duration and variability in time spent on each flower, throughout the growing season differed markedly between pollinator species. Flower density, plant density, and the abundance of other insects contributed to the observed variation in pollinator behavioural activity for A. mellifera, E. tenax, M. novae-zelandiae and L. sordidum. Bombus terrestris had the greatest rates and variability of movement, and the greatest rates of flower visitation among all key pollinators studied. Therefore B. terrestris might contribute to gene flow to a greater extent than other key pollinators. Additionally B. terrestris had the greatest variability in the rate of movement, increasing the risk of pollen movement over long distances. In summary, I found that (i) insect abundance and diversity changed with crop phenology and Diptera was the most abundant order collected, (ii) flower density, plant density, and the abundance of other insect pollinators were important factors explaining pollinator behaviour for all key pollinators, except B. terrestris, (iii) B. terrestris might contribute to gene flow to a greater extent than other key pollinators, because it has a greater rate of flower visitation and a greater flight distance between flowers than other pollinators, and (iv) pollen viability tended to decrease with crop development and declined sharply even just 50 m outside the edge of the crop.

The overall aim of the study was to assess the risk of gene flow from Brassica crops by insectmediated pollen transport. I measured the viability of pollen in Brassica flowers throughout crop development and compared this with the viability of pollen transported by insects inside and outside one early- and one late-season crop. In order to evaluate the relative importance of different species in pollen transport, I measured abundance of flower visitors during crop development, and measured the foraging behaviour of five key pollinator species throughout the growing season, in relation to variation in microclimate, crop phenology and the relative abundance of other pollinator species competing for flower resources. Flower visiting insects of Brassica rapa crops were highly diverse, and their abundance and diversity changed with crop phenology. I found similar abundances at the family level for both crops studied, although capture rates were greater in the early- than in the late-season crop. Across flowering development, the greatest numbers of insects were captured at the peak of flowering for both crops. During the flowering period, Diptera was the most abundant order collected, followed by Hymenoptera. The most abundant family in Hymenoptera was Apidae which tracked crop development in both fields, with greater numbers of insects captured inside than outside the field. Standardized-count pollen loads were smaller in Diptera than in Hymenoptera. Of the five key pollinator species sampled, Lasioglossum sordidum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) transported similar pollen loads, which were much greater than those carried by Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Melangyna novae-zealandiae (Diptera: Syrphidae). The numbers of insects captured outside of the crop were 10% and 33% of the totals captured inside for the early- and the late-season crop, respectively. The proportion of insects entering versus leaving the crop varied considerably across species, crops and trap location (i.e., whether traps were inside or 50 m outside the border of the crop). However, it is worth noting that not uncommonly more insects were attracted into the crop early in the season, staying there rather than leaving, and then when flowers started to disappear there was a massive escape of insects leaving. This research provides evidence for the influence of crop age on the foraging behaviour of key pollinators and for species-specific variation in the foraging behaviour of Brassica visitors with crop development. Temporal variation in the rate and variability of movement between flowers, and the duration and variability in time spent on each flower, throughout the growing season differed markedly between pollinator species. Flower density, plant density, and the abundance of other insects contributed to the observed variation in pollinator behavioural activity for A. mellifera, E. tenax, M. novae-zelandiae and L. sordidum. Bombus terrestris had the greatest rates and variability of movement, and the greatest rates of flower visitation among all key pollinators studied. Therefore B. terrestris might contribute to gene flow to a greater extent than other key pollinators. Additionally B. terrestris had the greatest variability in the rate of movement, increasing the risk of pollen movement over long distances. In summary, I found that (i) insect abundance and diversity changed with crop phenology and Diptera was the most abundant order collected, (ii) flower density, plant density, and the abundance of other insect pollinators were important factors explaining pollinator behaviour for all key pollinators, except B. terrestris, (iii) B. terrestris might contribute to gene flow to a greater extent than other key pollinators, because it has a greater rate of flower visitation and a greater flight distance between flowers than other pollinators, and (iv) pollen viability tended to decrease with crop development and declined sharply even just 50 m outside the edge of the crop.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The meiotic behavior and estimation of pollen viability were studied in seven cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), which were IAPAR 44, Guapo Brilhante, BRS Expedito, BRS Valente, Guateian 6662, Pérola e Iraí. Floral buds were collected from cultivars, fixed and stored under refrigeration for the preparation of slides by squashing technique anthers and coloring with acetic orceína 2% and reactive Alexander. It was tried to obtain the greatest possible number of cells of each stage of meiosis. The estimation of pollen viability was observed by counting 800 pollen grains per plant. To verify changes in size, were measured 100 grains of pollen of each cultivar considered mature. There were no cells with abnormalities during the analysis of meiotic behavior in all cultivars. The meiotic index were high and uniform over 90%, indicating that these cultivars have the meiotic process stable and use in plant breeding not present problems. The pollen grains showed no significant differences as to its size, being similar among cultivars. Data on meiotic behavior and pollen viability obtained in this work combined with the literature, emphasize that the bean has a meiotic process uniform, showing high potential fertility of male gametes, which facilitates the use of this species in breeding programs. / O comportamento meiótico e estimativa da viabilidade do pólen foram estudados em sete cultivares de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sendo elas, IAPAR 44, Guapo Brilhante, BRS Expedito, BRS Valente, Guateian 6662, Pérola e Iraí. Botões florais foram coletados das cultivares, fixados e armazenados sob refrigeração para o preparo de lâminas pela técnica de esmagamento das anteras e coloração com orceína acética 2% e reativo de Alexander. Procurou-se obter o maior número de células possíveis de cada uma das fases da meiose. A estimativa da viabilidade polínica foi observada contando-se 800 grãos de pólen por planta. Para verificar alterações de tamanho, foram medidos 100 grãos de polens considerados maduros de cada cultivar. Não ocorreram células com anormalidades durante a análise do comportamento meiótico em todas as cultivares. Os índices meióticos encontrados foram elevados e uniformes, acima de 90%, indicando que estas cultivares possuem o processo meiótico estável e o uso em cruzamentos não apresentará problemas. Os grãos de polens não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto ao seu tamanho, mostrando-se semelhante entre as cultivares. Os dados sobre comportamento meiótico e viabilidade polínica obtidos neste trabalho aliados aos da literatura, reforçam que o feijão possui um processo meiótico uniforme, demonstrando alto potencial de fertilidade dos gametas masculinos, o que facilita o uso dessa espécie em programas de melhoramento.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o sistema reprodutivo de etnovariedades de batata-doce, mais especificamente, determinar quais genótipos são autocompatíveis e quais são compatíveis ou incompatíveis entre si. O sistema reprodutivo foi avaliado em 13 etnovariedades de batata-doce, através da frutificação e da observação in situ dos tubos polínicos no pistilo através da técnica de epifluorescência com azul de anilina, em flores submetidas a polinização controlada. Teste de viabilidade dos grãos de pólen foi realizado usando os corantes carmim acético e cloreto de tetrazólio em quatro horários diferentes de coleta (6:00; 8:00; 10:00 e 12:00 h). Visando avaliar alguma associação entre a incompatibilidade e a morfologia floral, foram tomadas medidas de todas as peças florais. A frutificação ocorreu apenas nas flores submetidas à polinização cruzada. Do total de 78 cruzamentos realizado, entre as 13 etnovariedades, 46,15% desses é que ocorreu a frutificação. Tubos polínicos nos pistilos foram verificados nas flores autopolinizadas (em 38,46% das etnovariedades) e nas flores submetidas à polinização cruzada (em 85,90% dos cruzamentos). Esses resultados revelam que a batata-doce possui sistema de reprodução sexual mista. A maioria das etnovariedades apresentou taxa de grãos de pólen viáveis acima de 80% quando corados com carmim, mas quando corados com tetrazólio essa taxa foi abaixo de 70%. Entretanto, a variação na viabilidade do pólen nos quatros horários de coleta foi quase inalterada, em ambos corantes. Todas as variáveis florais mensuradas mostraram-se diferenças significativas no nível de 5% de probabilidade, o que revela polimorfismo floral. Quatro padrões bem definido em relação à posição do estigma e da antera mais alta foi estabelecido; estigma bem acima antera, estigma um pouco acima da antera, estigma no mesmo nível da antera e estigma mais abaixo da antera. Mas, neuma associação foi verificada entre a morfologia floral e a incompatibilidade, os cruzamentos ocorreram entre todos os morfotipos. / The objective of this work was to study the reproductive system of sweet potato landraces - specifically, to determine which genotypes are either self-compatible or selfincompatible and which are either compatible or incompatible among themselves. The reproductive system was studied in 13 landraces of sweet potato, by means of the fruit production and in situ observation of the pollen tubes in the pistil with the epifluorescence technique with aniline blue in hand-pollinated flowers. A viability test was performed using the dyes acetic carmine and tetrazolium chloride in fou different collecting times (6:00; 8:00; 10:00 and 12:00 h). In order to detect a possible association between incompatibility and flower morphology, several flower parts were measured. Fruit production occurred only in those flowers subjected to cross-pollination. Among 78 crosses performed between 13 landraces, 46.15% produced fruit. Pollen tubes were observed in the pistils of the self-pollinated flowers of 38.46% of the landraces and of the cross-pollinated flowers of 85.90% of the crosses. These results show that sweet potato has a complex sexual reproductive system. Most landraces had a pollen viability rate over 80% when dyed with carmine, but below 70% when dyed with tetrazolium. However, the variation in pollen viability among the four collecting times was insignificant with either dye. All the flower variables measured showed significant differences at 5% of probability, revealing floral polymorphism. Even within-plant morphological pollen polymorphism, which is rather rare, was found. Four well-defined patterns of the relative position of stigma and highest anther were established: stigma well above the anther; stigma slightly above the anther; stigma at the same level as the anther; and stigma below the anther. However, no association was found between floral morphology and incompatibility patterns. There were successful crosses between all morphotypes.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar o sistema reprodutivo de etnovariedades de batata-doce, mais especificamente, determinar quais genótipos são autocompatíveis e quais são compatíveis ou incompatíveis entre si. O sistema reprodutivo foi avaliado em 13 etnovariedades de batata-doce, através da frutificação e da observação in situ dos tubos polínicos no pistilo através da técnica de epifluorescência com azul de anilina, em flores submetidas a polinização controlada. Teste de viabilidade dos grãos de pólen foi realizado usando os corantes carmim acético e cloreto de tetrazólio em quatro horários diferentes de coleta (6:00; 8:00; 10:00 e 12:00 h). Visando avaliar alguma associação entre a incompatibilidade e a morfologia floral, foram tomadas medidas de todas as peças florais. A frutificação ocorreu apenas nas flores submetidas à polinização cruzada. Do total de 78 cruzamentos realizado, entre as 13 etnovariedades, 46,15% desses é que ocorreu a frutificação. Tubos polínicos nos pistilos foram verificados nas flores autopolinizadas (em 38,46% das etnovariedades) e nas flores submetidas à polinização cruzada (em 85,90% dos cruzamentos). Esses resultados revelam que a batata-doce possui sistema de reprodução sexual mista. A maioria das etnovariedades apresentou taxa de grãos de pólen viáveis acima de 80% quando corados com carmim, mas quando corados com tetrazólio essa taxa foi abaixo de 70%. Entretanto, a variação na viabilidade do pólen nos quatros horários de coleta foi quase inalterada, em ambos corantes. Todas as variáveis florais mensuradas mostraram-se diferenças significativas no nível de 5% de probabilidade, o que revela polimorfismo floral. Quatro padrões bem definido em relação à posição do estigma e da antera mais alta foi estabelecido; estigma bem acima antera, estigma um pouco acima da antera, estigma no mesmo nível da antera e estigma mais abaixo da antera. Mas, neuma associação foi verificada entre a morfologia floral e a incompatibilidade, os cruzamentos ocorreram entre todos os morfotipos. / The objective of this work was to study the reproductive system of sweet potato landraces - specifically, to determine which genotypes are either self-compatible or selfincompatible and which are either compatible or incompatible among themselves. The reproductive system was studied in 13 landraces of sweet potato, by means of the fruit production and in situ observation of the pollen tubes in the pistil with the epifluorescence technique with aniline blue in hand-pollinated flowers. A viability test was performed using the dyes acetic carmine and tetrazolium chloride in fou different collecting times (6:00; 8:00; 10:00 and 12:00 h). In order to detect a possible association between incompatibility and flower morphology, several flower parts were measured. Fruit production occurred only in those flowers subjected to cross-pollination. Among 78 crosses performed between 13 landraces, 46.15% produced fruit. Pollen tubes were observed in the pistils of the self-pollinated flowers of 38.46% of the landraces and of the cross-pollinated flowers of 85.90% of the crosses. These results show that sweet potato has a complex sexual reproductive system. Most landraces had a pollen viability rate over 80% when dyed with carmine, but below 70% when dyed with tetrazolium. However, the variation in pollen viability among the four collecting times was insignificant with either dye. All the flower variables measured showed significant differences at 5% of probability, revealing floral polymorphism. Even within-plant morphological pollen polymorphism, which is rather rare, was found. Four well-defined patterns of the relative position of stigma and highest anther were established: stigma well above the anther; stigma slightly above the anther; stigma at the same level as the anther; and stigma below the anther. However, no association was found between floral morphology and incompatibility patterns. There were successful crosses between all morphotypes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_leomara_vieira_franca.pdf: 1162787 bytes, checksum: 8a5d01449a80429de1597fab8c180921 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-26 / In recent years, for most agricultural species, has increased the use of hybrids by to its high yield and other qualities that put them in front of varieties. In the genus Brachiaria hybridization has been accomplished through the use of crossing B. ruziziensis, that is sexual, and other species of the genus mainly apomictic B. brizantha and B. decumbens. However, hybrids of Brachiaria obtained until now are interspecific and have low seed production, factor limiting the spread of the same, because the convenience and lower cost of implementation / renewal of pastures using seeds instead of seedlings. In the search for the reason that low seed production, this work was to verify the existence of genotype-environment interaction in seed production of hybrid genotypes and seed production potential of these genotypes with reference to cv. Marandú. In a first study, we sought to verify the influence of temperature on the male gamete of five interspecific hybrids of Brachiaria (HBCG348, HBCG011, HBCG148, HBCG450 and HBCG148) and a second study evaluated the viability of pollen and seed production of these same genotypes in different environmental conditions. It was concluded that: a) the temperature factor affect the pollen viability of hybrids; b) the pollen viability of hybrids HBGC348 and HBGC148 is inversely proportional to the temperature rise; c) all the hybrids studied have floral abnormalities that affect the spread of pollen and subsequent seed production; d) were studied the hybrid genotype interaction with the environment; and e) none of the hybrids studied has the potential to produce seeds that credentials to sign in seed-bed market. / Nos últimos anos, para a maioria das espécies agrícolas, tem aumentado a utilização de híbridos graças a sua elevada produtividade além de outras qualidades que os colocam na frente das variedades. No gênero Brachiaria a hibridação tem sido realizada através da utilização do cruzamento de B. ruziziensis, que é sexual, e outras espécies apomíticas do mesmo gênero principalmente B. brizantha e B. decumbens. Entretanto, os híbridos de braquiária obtidos até o momento são interespecíficos e apresentam baixa produção de sementes, fator que limita a disseminação dos mesmos, visto a praticidade e menor custo de implantação/renovação de pastagens utilizando-se sementes ao invés de mudas. Na busca pelo motivo dessa baixa produção de semente, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a existência de interação genótipo x ambiente na produção de sementes de genótipos híbridos e o potencial produtivo de semente desses genótipos tendo como referência a cv. Marandú. Em um primeiro estudo, buscou-se verificar a interferência da temperatura sobre o gameta masculino de cinco híbridos interespecíficos de brachiaria (HBCG348, HBCG011, HBCG148, HBCG450 E HBCG148) e em um segundo estudo, foi avaliado a viabilidade polínica e a produção de semente desses mesmos híbridos em diferentes condições ambientais. Concluiu-se que: a) o fator temperatura afeta a viabilidade polínica dos híbridos; b) a viabilidade polínica dos híbridos HBGC348 e HBGC148 é inversamente proporcional a elevação da temperatura; c) todos os híbridos estudados tem anormalidade floral que afetam a disseminação polínica e consequente produção de sementes; d) houve interação genotípica dos híbridos estudados com o ambiente; e e) nenhum dos híbridos estudados tem potencial de produção de sementes que os credenciem para entrar no mercado sementeiro.

No description available.

Sicyos deppei G. Don (Cucurbitaceae) is an invasive monoic annual tendril-bearing vine; it is endemic to Mexico, adapted to the rainfall cycle (June through the end of September) and produces spiny, single seeded fruits. Under serious infestation conditions, S. deppei grows extensively, covering native plants, crops and tree trunks. This study determined the breeding system and pollinators of S. deppei growing in three study sites at urban gardens and disturbed sites at the Campus of the Universidad de las Américas, Puebla in the city of San Andrés Cholula, Puebla (Mexico). Each female inflorescence had an average of 17 flowers at the three study sites. As a step prior to experiments, the timing for stigma receptiveness and pollen viability was determined with the Peroxtesmo KO test (PKO) and Diaminobenzidine test (DAB),respectively. Stigmas of female flowers reach maximum receptivity when flowers are at anthesis; receptivity decreases as the flower reaches the succeeding floral stages. Viability of pollen grains increases with flower development; viabilitypercentages at early stages of floral development are very low, as opposed to the higher percentages of pollen viability found in flowers at anthesis and following developmental stages. Breeding systems were tested for xenogamy and geitonogamy by hand pollinating female flowers. Breeding systems results demonstrated that S. i deppei has a mixed-mating system, being able to set fruit and seed when pollinated with pollen from different plants and from pollen of the same plants. The pollinators were determined with the single-visit method. The diversity of floral visitors in this study was low; the most effective pollinator for S. deppei in this study was Apis mellifera. Throughout the rainy season, this study also described the phenology of S. deppei at the plant and flower level, as well as total plant length. Each stage of development in male and female flowers lasts one day. At the end of the rainy season (N2010) individual plants measured between 947 and 270 cm. / CONACYT, NSERC-CANPOLIN

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristina_cuchiara.pdf: 54838030 bytes, checksum: 080d5f9c1d6101f82e129f93588c1a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) it is known by the high adaptation capacity to the different climate conditions and soil, characteristics these that it possible be her cultivated commercially in different areas of Brazil. Consequently, researches about conservation and germination of the pollen are indispensable to the programs of genetic improvement. The purpose is to evaluate the viability and conservate grains of castor bean pollen. For the study, were used floral buttons of the cultivars IAC 80, AL Guarany 2002 and Lara. In the first experiment, were selected appropriate parameters of pH (5, 6, 7 and 8), temperature (15, 20, 25 and 30 ºC), sucrose (0; 5; 10 and 20%) and combinations of 4, 8 and 10 mgL-1 boron with sucrose. In the second experiment, the storage of pollen was evaluated of the cultivars IAC 80 and AL Guarany 2002 in four places (liquid nitrogen (-196 ºC); ultrafreezer (-72 ºC); freezer (-18 ºC) and refrigerator (4 ºC)) being analyzed week after week to complete thirty days and in the sixty days. The third experiment was evaluated the effect about the time of defreezing of pollen cultivars IAC 80 and AL Guarany 2002, submitted to the same places and storage periods (15, 30 and 60 days) analyzed of hour after hour to complete six hours and after twenty-four hours. The viability test was constituted preparing ideal culture medium for each experiment, after that it was deposited in excavated plates, where the pollen was distributed on the surface of the medium, the plates were put in humid camera and taken for incubation. In random delineation, were analyzed a hundred pollens per repetitions in a total of four repetitions for the first experiment and six for the others. I In the first experiment was observed that pH values above 6,0 cause decrease in the amount of germinated pollens. The temperature of 20 ºC and 5% and 10% of sucrose were appropriate for the germination. Sucrose and 4 and 8 boron mgL-1 increased the germination, however 10 mgL-1 didn't favor. It was observed in the second experiment that the storage in 4 and -18 ºC is not efficient, the number of germinated pollens falls quickly causing unviability after the fifth week, in -72ºC the pollens of the cultivar IAC 80 stayed viable even the fourth week and the cultivar AL Guarany 2002 presented viability the sixty days and -196 ºC was very efficient even to fifth week. With the third experiment can be verified that for the cultivars IAC 80, to the 15 and 30 days of storage, the temperature of the -72 ºC presented around 50% of germination needing five and six hours of incubation for the defreezing, respectively; for the cultivar AL Guarany 2002, the best result was reached to -196 ºC and the sixty days was occurred the unviability. Therefore, the cultivars answered in a different way the best methodology of evaluation of pollen viability and conservation, however, the one that suggests be species-specific. / A mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) é conhecida pela alta capacidade de adaptação às diferentes condições de clima e solo, características estas que a possibilita ser comercialmente cultivada em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Consequentemente, pesquisas sobre conservação e germinação do pólen são indispensáveis aos programas de melhoramento genético. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade e a conservação de grãos de pólen de mamoneira. Para tanto, foram utilizados botões florais das cvs. IAC 80, AL Guarany 2002 e Lara. No 1º experimento, foram selecionados parâmetros adequados de pH (5, 6, 7 e 8), temperatura (15, 20, 25 e 30 ºC), sacarose (0; 5; 10 e 20%) e combinações de 4, 8 e 10 mgL-1 boro com sacarose. No 2º experimento, foi avaliado o armazenamento de pólen das cvs. IAC 80 e AL Guarany 2002 em 4 ambientes (nitrogênio líquido (-196 ºC); ultrafreezer (-72 ºC); freezer (-18 ºC) e refrigerador (4 ºC)) sendo a análise realizada de semana em semana até completar 30 dias e aos 60 dias. No 3º experimento foi avaliado o efeito do tempo de descongelamento de pólen das cvs. IAC 80 e AL Guarany 2002, submetidas aos mesmos ambientes e períodos de armazenamento (15, 30 e 60 dias) analisados de hora em hora até completar 6h e após 24h. O teste de viabilidade foi constituído do preparo do meio de cultura ideal para cada experimento, após depositado em placas de lâmina escavada, onde o pólen foi distribuído sobre a superfície do meio e após as placas foram colocadas em câmara úmida e levadas para incubação. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foram analisados 100 polens/repetição num total de 4 repetições para o 1º experimento e 6 para os demais. No 1º experimento foi verificado que valores de pH acima de 6,0 provocam diminuição na quantidade de polens germinados. A temperatura de 20 ºC com 5% e 10% de sacarose foram adequadas para a germinação. Sacarose com 4 e 8 mgL-1 de boro aumentaram a germinação, porém 10 mgL-1 não favoreceu. Observou-se no 2º experimento que o armazenamento em 4 e -18 ºC não é eficiente, pois o número de polens germinados cairam rapidamente causando inviabilidade após a 5ª semana. Em -72 ºC os polens da cv. IAC 80 permaneceram viáveis até a 4ª semana e os da cv. AL Guarany 2002 apresentaram viabilidade aos 60 dias e -196 ºC foi muito eficiente até a 5ª semana. Com o 3º experimento foi possivel verificar que para a cv. IAC 80, aos 15 e 30 dias de armazenamento, a temperatura de -72 ºC apresentou em torno de 50% de germinação necessitando de 5 e 6h de incubação para o descongelamento, respectivamente; para a cv. AL Guarany 2002, o melhor porcentual foi alcançado a temperatura de -196 ºC sendo observado aos 60 dias a ocorrência de inviabilidade. Portanto, as cultivares responderam de forma diferente a melhor metodologia de avaliação de viabilidade polínica e conservação, no entanto, o que sugere ser espécie-específico.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:22:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ Marcelo_ Couto.pdf: 11730472 bytes, checksum: afd142b8d56cb58f0be9327a636499ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-27 / Insufficient chilling accumulation limits the production of peach in subtropical areas. Comparatively this combined with the wide temperature fluctuation during bud differentiation, through the bloom period and fruit growth and development may cause crop losses. Problems with low productivity in southern Rio Grande do Sul often attributed to the mild winter conditions, however, the environmental conditions especially around bloom period to be critical for optimal yields. In subtropical áreas temperature oscillations may cause problems during fertilization with subsequent reduction of fruit set and production instability of some peach cultivars. To better understand the effect of high temperatures on flower differentiation, pre-blooming, blooming, fruit set and fruit development and growth observations were made during the stages of bud differentiation, leafing and blooming, which included pollen production and viability, floral morphology, fruit set and the fruit growth and development. Temperature elevation with the tree was obtained by bagging branches with transparent plastic or with transparent plastic bottles. Plants of two low chilling peach cultivars (200 to 300 hours): Granada and Maciel were used in the years of 2003, 2004 and 2005. Conditions of high temperatures during the period of bud differentiation of Granada and Maciel did not promote the formation of double pistils or any morphologic anomalies. Bagging shoots with transparent plastic bags and plastic bottles is a simple and economical way of increasing the temperature on the branches under field conditions. High temperatures conditions during pre-blooming period advanced and accelerated the flowers anthesis and pistil growth. Flower morphology, regarding pistil length and weight, was not influenced by temperature elevation under experimental conditions. High temperatures during the pre-blooming negatively influenced the fruit set of the peach cultivar Granada. The percentage of in vitro pollen germination was different among cultivars and incubation temperatures. Pollen viability of cultivars Esmeralda, Granada, Jade and Maciel, can be evaluated by in vitro germination in standard culture medium (10% of sucrose + 1% of agar, dissolved in distilled water), three hours after the inoculation, with incubation at 24°C and 28°C. Under high temperatures conditions during the stage I of fruit growth and development of peach cultivars Granada and Maciel, cell division may be accelerated since a larger number of cells was counted in the pericarp tissue. / As horas de frio necessárias às gemas vegetativas e floríferas, quando insuficientes, limitam a produção de pessegueiros nas zonas subtropicais e temperadas brasileiras. A redução na produtividade pode ocorrer também, devido a variações bruscas na temperatura durante os períodos de diferenciação das gemas, préfloração, floração, crescimento e desenvolvimento dos frutos desta espécie. Estas variações de temperatura podem ser uma das causas da instabilidade produtiva de algumas cultivares de pessegueiro. Muito dos problemas que se verificam, após a floração ou mesmo na colheita, como baixa produtividade, atribuídos muitas vezes, apenas às condições de inverno com pouco frio que ocorrem no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, podem ter origem em etapa anterior do desenvolvimento e, muito provavelmente, na diferenciação floral. Com os objetivos de estudar a influência de altas temperaturas sobre diferenciação de gemas, pré-floração, floração, frutificação efetiva, crescimento e desenvolvimento de frutos, foram realizadas observações no avanço dos estádios de diferenciação das gemas, épocas de brotação e floração, testes de viabilidade e produção de pólen. Foram, ainda, feitas observações na morfologia e biologia floral, frutificação efetiva, crescimento e desenvolvimento dos frutos. A elevação da temperatura foi proporcionada com a utilização de casas de plástico ou através do ensacamento dos ramos com mangas de plástico transparente ou garrafas de plástico. Foram utilizadas plantas de duas cultivares comerciais de pessegueiro de baixa necessidade de frio (200 a 300 horas): Granada e Maciel em 2003, 2004 e 2005. Não há a formação de pistilos duplos ou quaisquer anomalias morfológicas mesmo sob temperaturas maiores que 25°C durante o período de diferenciação das gemas das cultivares de pessegueiro Granada e Maciel. Há diferenças entre cultivares e entre temperaturas de incubação quanto à porcentagem de germinação do pólen in vitro. A viabilidade do pólen das cultivares de pessegueiro testadas (Esmeralda, Granada, Jade e Maciel) pode ser avaliada por germinação in vitro em meio de cultura padrão (10% de sacarose + 1% de agar, dissolvidos em água destilada), três horas após a inoculação, com incubação a 24°C e 28°C. Ensacamento de ramos com plástico transparente ou com garrafas de plástico, é uma forma simples e econômica de aumentar a temperatura junto aos ramos das plantas, em condições de campo, sendo mais efetivo que o uso de estufas de plástico. Conclui-se que em condições de temperaturas elevadas, durante a pré-floração, ocorre a antecipação da antese das flores para as cultivares Granada e Maciel. A morfologia das flores, em relação ao comprimento e ao peso dos pistilos, não é influenciada pela elevação da temperatura nas condições experimentais utilizadas. Temperaturas elevadas durante a pré-floração, influenciam negativamente na frutificação efetiva da cultivar de pessegueiro Granada. Em condições de temperaturas, elevadas durante o estádio I de crescimento e desenvolvimento dos frutos, para as cultivares de pessegueiro Granada e Maciel, há uma tendência de formação de um maior número de células do pericarpo, o que ampliaria o potencial da produção de frutos com maior tamanho.