Orientador: Liliane Lazzari Albertin / Resumo: A situação de escassez de recursos financeiros destinados ao tratamento e coleta de esgotos municipais, no Brasil, torna essencial a busca por tecnologias de tratamento que priorizem baixos custos de instalação e operação. Além da negligência que existe no tratamento de esgotos, os métodos utilizados, muitas vezes, não são capazes de remover os micropoluentes que estão presentes nos esgotos domésticos. Os micropoluentes podem ser desde fármacos, que são expelidos na urina ou descartados de maneira inadequada, a hormônios naturais ou sintéticos. Esse trabalho consistiu em realizar um processo de polimento do esgoto sanitário da cidade de Ilha Solteira – SP. O sistema de polimento é constituído por dois tanques, onde foi cultivada a macrófita Landoltia punctata. Foi também avaliado e feito a recirculação do efluente, no tratamento de esgoto. Neste sistema de polimento, foram avaliadas as eficiências de tratamento para os parâmetros de DBO, DQO, NT, NO3-, PT e ST. As maiores eficiências de remoção para DBO, DQO, NT, NO3-, PT e ST foram de 66,35%, 59,08%, 26,76%, 28,38%, 6,85% e 40,08%. Outro aspecto avaliado foi a taxa de crescimento da macrófita cultivada em esgoto sanitário. As maiores taxas de crescimento relativo foram de 3,84 e 3,17 g.m-2.d-1 MS. Considerando a presença de desreguladores endócrinos (DEs) no efluente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) de Ilha Solteira, foi analisado a absorção dos estrógenos 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) e o estriol (E3) pela macrófita, av... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The scarcity of financial resources for the treatment and collection of municipal wastewater in Brazil makes search for treatment technologies essential with low installation and operation costs. In addition, the methods used are often not able to remove the micropollutants that are present in domestic sewage. Micropollutants can range from drugs that are expelled in the urine or inappropriately discarded to natural or synthetic hormones. This work consisted of a process to polishing the sanitary sewage of the city of Ilha Solteira - SP. The treatment system consists of two tanks, where the macrophyte Landoltia punctata was grown. In one of the tanks, a recirculation system was performed. In this polishing system, the treatment efficiencies for the BOD, COD, TN, NO3-, TP and ST parameters were evaluated. The highest removal efficiencies for BOD, COD, TN, NO3-, TP and ST were 66,35%, 59,08%, 26,76%, 28,38%, 6,85% and 40,08%. Another aspect evaluated was the growth rate of the macrophyte. The highest relative growth rates were 3.84 and 3.17 g.m-2.d-1 MS. Considering the presence of endocrine disrupters (DEs) in the effluent from the Sewage Treatment Plant (ETE) in Ilha Solteira - SP, 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3) were analyzed on the plant to evaluate possible risks on the reuse of the biomass. The maximum achieved efficiencies for removal of E3 and EE2 were 83.63% and 83.50%, respectively. The recirculation tank was more effective at removing E3, while the non-r... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La diversité des très petits eucaryotes (<5 µm) a essentiellement été étudiée par des méthodes moléculaires dans les océans ou de grands lacs. La diversité dans les écosystèmes d'eau douce peu profonds reste très peu explorée, bien que ces systèmes soient très nombreux et écologiquement importants en régions tempérées. Dans ce travail, nous avons voulu explorer la diversité et certains aspects de l'écologie des micro-organismes eucaryotes dans ce type d'écosystèmes, à l'aide de méthodes moléculaires ciblant l'ADNr 18S de cellules planctoniques de surface, dans la fraction de taille théorique 0,2-5 µm. Nous nous sommes d'abord concentrés sur les haptophytes, un groupe important en milieu marin mais beaucoup moins bien connu en eaux douces. Nous avons exploré leur diversité à l'aide d'amorces spécifiques pour amplifier les gènes des ARNr 18S du groupe suivi du clonage / séquençage Sanger de ces marqueurs, dans 17 écosystèmes continentaux et 2 colonnes d'eau marines pour comparer la diversité dans différents milieux, ainsi qu'à l'aide du pyroséquençage de ce même marqueur dans 4 mares et 1 ru au cours d'un suivi mensuel sur 2 ans. La diversité des haptophytes était moindre en eau douce qu'en milieu marin, mais nous avons pu y détecter un nouveau groupe, divergeant au sein des Isochrysidales, présentant une saisonnalité marquée. Les phylotypes d'eau douce étaient majoritairement distincts de ceux détectés en milieu marin, et ont confirmé l'existence de plusieurs transitions marin/eau douce dans l'histoire des haptophytes. Dans un second temps, nous avons exploré par pyroséquençage 454 des ADNr 18S la diversité des micro-organismes eucaryotes dans 4 mares et 1 ru, échantillonnés au printemps, et différant par leur taille, leur forme et leur environnement proche. Nous avons détecté une grande diversité dans chaque système étudié, avec des séquences affiliées à tous les supergroupes reconnus (Archaeplastida, Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria, Excavata, Amoebozoa et Opisthokonta), ainsi qu'à des taxa de position phylogénétique mal résolue (i.e. Cryptophyta, Haptophyta, Centroheliozoa Katablepharida). Notamment, certaines OTU étaient affiliées au groupe MAST-3 (MArine STramenopiles) jusque-là considéré comme exclusivement marin. Les communautés de petits eucaryotes étaient différentes dans chacun des écosystèmes ; ces différences ne corrélaient pas avec les distances géographiques entre sites (test de Mantel), et des analyses multivariées n'ont pas mis en évidence de relation claire entre la distribution d'un groupe et un paramètre environnemental. Par la suite, nous avons suivi la diversité des eucaryotes microbiens sur 2 ans dans les mêmes 5 écosystèmes. Nous avons collecté des échantillons de plancton et mesuré différents paramètres physico-chimiques chaque mois, sauf pour 2 des écosystèmes lorsqu'ils étaient à sec. La diversité détectée sur 2 ans était bien plus grande que celle identifiée lors de l'étude ponctuelle. Cryptophytes, ciliés, chrysophytes et champignons stricto sensu étaient globalement les plus abondants. La composition et la structure des communautés différaient d'un écosystème à l'autre sur l'ensemble du suivi. Ces communautés étaient très dynamiques, et montraient une saisonnalité claire. La distribution spatio-temporelle des champignons sensu stricto était clairement corrélée aux hautes valeurs de conductivité. Enfin, nous avons décrit la dynamique des communautés de petits eucaryotes dans l'une des mares et le ru lors d'épisodes de sécheresse. Nous avons collecté du sédiment dans le lit asséché des écosystèmes lors des sécheresses, et du plancton le reste du temps. Les communautés du sédiment présentaient une signature différente des assemblages planctoniques. Ces derniers montraient une résilience élevée, et retrouvaient une signature planctonique moins d'un mois après que les écosystèmes soient de nouveau en eau. / The diversity of very small eukaryotes (<5 µm) has mainly been studied by molecular methods in marine systems or in large lakes. However, that of small shallow systems remains practically unexplored, despite the fact that these systems are extensive and ecologically important in temperate regions. We thus aimed at describing the diversity and community composition of small eukaryotes in shallow freshwater systems, using molecular methods targeting the 18S rRNA gene of planktonic cells in the 0.2-5 µm size range. We first focused on haptophytes, an important group in marine environments but much less known in freshwaters. We explored their diversity using newly designed specific primers to amplify haptophyte 18S rRNA genes, followed by their subsequent cloning and Sanger sequencing in seventeen continental ecosystems and in two marine water columns to allow comparisons between different environments, as well as using 454-pyrosequencing in 4 ponds and one brook during a 2-years monthly survey. Even if freshwater haptophytes were less diverse than marine lineages, we revealed the presence of a divergent lineage belonging to the Isochrysidales never recorded so far, which presented a marked seasonality. Freshwater phylotypes were usually distinct from their marine counterparts, and confirmed the occurrence of multiple marine–freshwater transitions in haptophyte evolution. In a second step, we explored the microbial eukaryote diversity in 5 distinct shallow ecosystems sampled at spring and that differ in size, shape and surrounding environment, by 454-pyrosequencing their 18S rDNA. Diversity was high in the studied systems, with sequences affiliated to the 7 recognized eukaryotic supergroups (Archaeplastida, Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria, Excavata, Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta) as well as groups of unresolved phylogenetic position including, among others, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta, Centroheliozoa or Katablepharida. Especially, we detected OTUs affiliated to the previously thought exclusively marine lineage MAST-3 (MArine STramenopiles), and potentially to other MAST groups with no known representative from freshwaters. Small eukaryote community structures were different in the five ecosystems. Differences in community compositions did not correlate with geographical distances (Mantel test), and multivariate statistical analyses did not reveal clear relationships between any group distribution and specific environmental parameters. Then, we conducted a 2-years survey of eukaryotic micro-organisms diversity in the same 5 small ecosystems. To do so, we collected plankton and measured several physical and chemical parameters on a monthly basis, except for two systems when they were totally dry. The total diversity encountered during the 24 months was much broader than that identified in the previous snapshot study. The most abundant detected groups were Cryptophytes, Ciliates, Chrysophytes and Fungi sensu stricto. Community structures and compositions were different in the five systems along the two years. In all systems, communities were highly dynamic, and revealed a marked seasonality, notably with summer and winter communities being always distinct. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to analyze simultaneously physico-chemical data and community compositions. The clearest correlation associated fungi distribution and high conductivity. Finally, we described the dynamics of small-eukaryote communities in a pond and a brook through drought events. We collected sediment on the system beds when they were dry, and plankton the rest of time. Communities in the sediment and in the water presented distinct signatures. Surface water communities presented (a high) resilience, and recovered a planktonic signature within a month after the systems were filled up again with water.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-05-12T12:58:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Tatiana Gomes de Pontes.pdf: 2313753 bytes, checksum: 8db271a02b37c7328dd7cd2c48e554d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T12:58:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Tatiana Gomes de Pontes.pdf: 2313753 bytes, checksum: 8db271a02b37c7328dd7cd2c48e554d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work represents the post-treatment of effluent reactor UASB in polishing ponds fed with continuous flow and batch investigating different depths, in two experimental phases. In the first phase of work, the experimental system consisted of four polishing ponds in which two were monitored with continuous feed (LC57 and LC45) and two with semi-continuous (LB57 and LB45) and its tributary coming from pond transshipment, both ponds LC57 and LB57 (57 cm deep), for the ponds LC45 and LB45 (45 cm deep) had HDT 12 days. In the second phase of the work experimental consisted of three ponds, which two were fed in single and HDT batch of 8 days (LBT45 and LB245) with its arising tributaries respectively, LT and TE2, and fed continuously with HDT 12 days (LC245), both ponds of the second phase had 45 cm deep. In the first phase, the efficiencies of removals nitrogen overall kjeldahl, nitrogen ammonia and fecal coliforms of pond LC45 were respectively 55%, 71% and 99.3%, higher removals of ponds LC57 (53%, 62% and 99 , 3%), LB57 (39%, 47% and 96.9%) and LB45 (35%, 49% and 97.2%). In the second phase, the ponds with feeding batch and HDT eight days did not differ significantly from the pond with feed continuous and HDT of 12 days, but stood out for the displayed efficiencies, particularly thermotolerant coliforms, in which the pond LBT45 -1 obtained 1E + 03 UFC.100mL meet the WHO requirements for irrigation unrestricted. The ponds fed batch satisfactory results, allowing treat a greater number of tributaries in less time. / Neste trabalho foi avaliado o pós-tratamento do efluente do reator UASB em lagoas de polimento alimentadas com fluxo contínuo e batelada, investigando diferentes profundidades, em duas fases experimentais. Na primeira fase do trabalho, o sistema experimental era constituído de quatro lagoas de polimento, na qual duas foram monitoradas com alimentação contínua (LC57 e LC45) e duas com alimentação semicontínua (LB57 e LB45), sendo seu afluente oriundo da lagoa de transbordo, tanto as lagoas LC57 e LB57 (57 cm de profundidade), quanto às lagoas LC45 e LB45 (45 cm de profundidade) tinham TDH de 12 dias. Na segunda fase o trabalho experimental era constituído por três lagoas, na qual duas eram alimentadas em bateladas e TDH de 8 dias (LBT45 e LB245), com seus afluentes advindos respectivamente, da LT e do TE2, e uma alimentada continuamente com TDH de 12 dias (LC245), ambas as lagoas da segunda fase tinham 45 cm de profundidade. Na primeira fase, as eficiências de remoções de nitrogênio total kjeldahl, nitrogênio amoniacal e coliformes termotolerantes da lagoa LC45 foram, respectivamente de 55%, 71% e 99,3%, superiores as remoções das lagoas LC57 (53%, 62% e 99,3%), LB57 (39%, 47% e 96,9%) e LB45 (35%, 49% e 97,2%). Na segunda fase, as lagoas com alimentação em batelada e TDH de oito dias não diferiram significativamente da lagoa com alimentação contínua e TDH de 12 dias, mas destacaram-se pelas eficiências apresentadas, sobretudo de coliformes termotolerante, no qual a lagoa LBT45 -1 obteve 1E+03 UFC.100mL atendendo as exigências da OMS para irrigação irrestrita. As lagoas alimentadas em batelada obtiveram resultados satisfatórios, permitindo tratar uma quantidade superior de afluentes em menos tempo.

Discute o pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoas facultativas visando à remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal. Para isso, foram utilizadas unidades terciárias em escala piloto. A escolha do tipo de unidades para o pós-tratamento do efluente levou em consideração a questão do baixo custo e simplicidade de operação. Desta forma, para o estudo, fez-se opção por lagoas rasas e filtros percoladores como unidades de pós-tratamento. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi associar as taxas de aplicação superficial e volumétricas com as remoções de nitrogênio amoniacal nessas unidades. Para lagoas em escala piloto, foram adotadas profundidades de 0,5 m e 1,0 m. As lagoas rasas foram submetidas a diferentes taxas de aplicação e TDH. Para os filtros percoladores, foram escolhidos dois materiais diferentes como meio suporte, pedra britada e anel plástico. Os filtros foram submetidos a diferentes condições operacionais. Para os dois tipos de unidades complementares de tratamento, foram verificados os efeitos das condições ambientais sobre as eficiências de remoção. Na lagoa de 0,5 m foram observadas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal abaixo de 20 mg-N/L para tempos de detenção de 5 dias e taxas de aplicação superficial de 50 kgDBO/ha.d. Na lagoa de 1,0 m, concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal abaixo de 20 mg-N/L só foram possíveis com taxas de aplicação de 50 kgDBO/ha.d e TDH de 10 dias. A lagoa de 0,5 m apresentou uma eficiência maior na remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal do que a lagoa de 1,0 m. Os efluentes dos filtros apresentaram concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal acima de 20 mg-N/L com taxas acima de 0,20 kgDBO/m³.d. Para taxas de aplicação hidráulica acima de 18 m³/m².d e 0,70 kgDBO/m².d houve o encerramento do processo de nitrificação nos filtros. Os valores de pH e as concentrações de NH3 no efluente da lagoa facultativa submeteram os filtros a operar dentro da faixa de inibição da nitratação, devido ao NH3, sendo observadas concentrações significativas de nitrito no seu efluente. Os filtros percoladores não foram adequados como unidades de pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoa. Embora as lagoas rasas não tenham atendido aos aspectos de múltiplas qualidades do efluente, elas foram mais adequadas ao pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoa facultativa do que os filtros percoladores. / This study discusses the post treatment of effluent ponds aiming at removing the ammonia nitrogen. To this end, tertiary units were used in a pilot scale. The choice of units for the post treatment of the effluent took into consideration the issue of low cost and simplicity of operation. Thus, for this study, we chose shallow ponds and trickling filters as post-treatment units. The main objective of this study was to associate the superficial and the volumetric application rates with the removal of ammonia nitrogen of these units. For the ponds on a pilot scale, two depths were adopted: a pond of 0.5 m and another one of 1.0 m depth. The shallow ponds were subjected to different loading rates and HRT. For the trickling filters, two different kinds of materials were chosen as a medium support: crushed stone and plastic ring. The filters were also subjected to different operating conditions. For both types of additional treatment units it was observed the effects of the environmental conditions on the removal efficiencies. In the pond of 0.5 m depth, it was observed concentrations of ammonia nitrogen below 20 mg-N/L for detention times of 5 days and superficial application rates of 50 kgBOD/ha.d. In the pond of 1.0 m depth, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen below 20 mg-N/L were only possible with application rates of 50 kgBOD/ha.d and HRT of 10 days. The 0.5m-depth pond showed a better efficiency in the removal of ammonia nitrogen than then1.0m-depth pond. The filters had concentrations above 20mg-N/L with rates above 0.20 kgBOD/m³.d. For hydraulic application rates above 18m³/m².d and 0.70kgBOD/m².d there was the cessation of the nitrification process in the filters. The pH values and the concentrations of NH3 in the effluent of the facultative pond made the filters operate within the range of inhibition of nitration, due to the NH3, and it was observed significant concentrations of nitrite in the effluent of the filters. The trickling filters were not suitable as units of post-treatment pond effluent. Although the shallow ponds have not met the multiple aspects of quality of the effluent, they were more adequately for facultative pond effluents post-treatment than trickling filters.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:12:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reysi Jhayne Pegorini.pdf: 1320238 bytes, checksum: adc3625a8f73af8fe95f5eea49051b81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors on the temporal and spatial distribution of tadpoles in temporary ponds, in Reserva Biológica do Uatumã, Central Amazon. The study area is composed of terra firme forest localized in a transitional environment between the Guiana crystalline shields and the Amazonian sedimentary basin. The species composition, richness and abundance were determined in three samplings periods during the wet season: January and February, April and June, 2012. The following variables were measured: igarapé width, width of the valley, total area of the pond, conductivity, temperature, depth of the leaf litter, canopy openness, and predator abundance. In the three sampling periods, 4.925 individuals of 20 species, distributed in 7 families, were recorded. The community did not present a uniform temporal distribution, with species substitution in each sample. Across the sampling periods, different environmental variables were responsible for the variation of community composition, such as canopy openness, conductivity and depth of the leaf litter. Nevertheless, when the three sampling periods were analyzed together, effects of depth of the leaf litter, width of the valley and vertebrate prey abundance were detected. These results suggest that pond habitats fluctuate over time. The majority of studies on tadpole communities found strong correlation of community structure and predators, as in this study. Invertebrate predators that use temporary ponds generally have short life cycles and may use the same resources as the tadpoles, operating more as potential competitors than predators. In this study vertebrate predators (fish) were the main structuring force on tadpole community in temporary ponds. In tropical pond systems, they are considered the main predators of tadpoles; they can eliminate entire populations within these environments, mainly in temporary ponds. Therefore, samplings on a single wet season are not sufficient to detect patterns of community structure, mainly when the organisms have short life cycles as the tadpoles in temporary ponds. / Este trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar os efeitos e a importância relativa de fatores abióticos e biótico sobre a distribuição espacial e temporal de girinos em poças temporárias, na Reserva Biológica do Uatumã, Amazônia Central. A área de estudo é composta por floresta de terra firme e está localizada em ambiente de transição entre os escudos cristalinos da Guiana e bacia sedimentar Amazônica. A abundância, riqueza e composição de espécies foram determinadas em três eventos de amostragem durante a estação chuvosa: janeiro e fevereiro, abril e junho de 2012. As variáveis medidas foram: largura do Igarapé, área do baixio, área total da poça, condutividade, temperatura, profundidade do folhiço, abertura de dossel e abundância de predadores. Nos três períodos de amostragem, foram registrados 4.925 indivíduos pertencentes a 20 espécies, distribuídas em 7 famílias. A comunidade não apresentou distribuição uniforme ao longo do tempo, com substituição de espécies em cada amostragem. Entre os períodos de amostragem, diferentes variáveis ambientais foram responsáveis pela variação na composição da comunidade, como a abertura do dossel, condutividade e profundidade do folhiço. No entanto, quando analisados os três períodos de amostragem conjuntamente, foram detectados efeitos das variáveis: profundidade do folhiço, área do baixio e abundância de predadores vertebrados. Esses resultados sugerem que habitats de poças temporárias flutuam ao longo do tempo. A maioria dos estudos com comunidades de girinos encontram relações fortes da estrutura da comunidade com predadores, fato também encontrado no presente estudo. Predadores invertebrados que utilizam poças temporárias geralmente possuem ciclos de vida rápidos e podem estar utilizando os mesmos recursos que os girinos, agindo como potenciais competidores do que como predadores. Predadores vertebrados (peixes) foram os principais estruturadores da comunidade de girinos em poças temporárias no presente estudo. Em sistemas de poças tropicais, eles são considerados os principais predadores de girinos, podendo eliminar populações inteiras dentro destes ambientes, principalmente em poças temporárias. Portanto, amostragens pontuais dentro de uma estação chuvosa podem não ser suficientes para captar padrões de como a comunidade é estruturada, principalmente quando os organismos possuem ciclos de vida curtos como girinos em poças temporárias.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T19:40:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Acelina Soares- 2013.pdf: 4480998 bytes, checksum: 897237b936fb021759ca673026bddec5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T20:20:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Acelina Soares- 2013.pdf: 4480998 bytes, checksum: 897237b936fb021759ca673026bddec5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T20:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Acelina Soares- 2013.pdf: 4480998 bytes, checksum: 897237b936fb021759ca673026bddec5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / Water treatment plants (WTP) inevitably generates waste (WTPS) that must be disposed properly, however due to its characteristics can be reused in other processes such as polishing the effluent of stabilization ponds.This work was developed with the intention of use this waste in the wastewater treatment stabilization ponds, which have good characteristics of organic matter removal, but low efficiency in nutrient removal. Assays were performed in Jar Test equipment, wherethefactors: concentrations of the residue, gradient speed, pH and the time of mixing and sedimentation were varied. It was observed the influence of each factors in the removal of phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen organic, nitrate, COD, turbidity and true color. To obtain sufficient volume for analyze the residue formed after the addition of effluent from maturation pond with water treatment plant sludge (WTPS), sedimentation tests were performed on an acrylic column, using the natural pH of the effluent and a pH modified to 6,0. The residue formed in sedimentation test and the WTPS were characterized as structure and composition. The Jar Test assays showed that there was greater removal of total phosphorus (48,04%), COD (49,39%) and color (50,79%), and that the parameters and the factors had significantly influence in the removal.The waste from sedimentation tests and WTPS consist mainly of sand, silt and clay, and its structures are composed of the minerals kaolinite, halloysite and halite. It was concluded that the use of WTPS to polish the effluent from stabilization ponds proves to be a good alternative to the disposal of this waste, assisting in the removal of quality parameters of treated wastewater. / As estações de tratamento de água (ETAs) inevitavelmente geram resíduos que devem ser dispostos adequadamente, porém devido as suas características podem ser reutilizados em outros processos, como no polimento do efluente de lagoas de estabilização. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de utilizar esse resíduo no tratamento do efluente de lagoas de estabilização, que são sistemas que apresentam boa remoção de matéria orgânica, porém baixa eficiência na remoção de nutrientes. Os ensaios foram realizados em equipamento Jar Test onde foram variados as concentrações do resíduo, o gradiente de velocidade, o pH e os tempos de mistura e sedimentação. Foi observada a influência de cada um desses fatores na remoção de fósforo total, nitrogênio amoniacal orgânico, nitrato, DQO, cor verdadeira e turbidez. Para obter volume suficiente para a análise do resíduo formado após adição do resíduo da ETA (RETA) ao efluente da lagoa de maturação, foram realizados ensaios de sedimentação em coluna de acrílico, utilizando o efluente in natura e o efluente com pH modificado para 6,0. O resíduo formado nesse ensaio e o RETA foram caracterizados quanto a estrutura e composição. Os ensaios Jar Test demonstraram que houve maior remoção dos parâmetros fósforo total (48,04%), DQO (49,39%) e cor verdadeira (50,79%), e que os fatores analisados influenciam significativamente na remoção e interagem entre si. Os resíduos dos ensaios de sedimentação e o RETA são constituídos majoritariamente por areia, seguida de silte e argila e suas estruturas são compostas pelos minerais caulinita, haloisita e halite. Concluiu-se que a utilização do RETA para o polimento de efluentes de lagoas de estabilização demonstra ser uma boa alternativa para a disposição desse resíduo auxiliando na remoção de parâmetros de interesse de qualidade de esgoto tratado.

Stormwater runoff from developed land is a source of pollution and excessive flow to waterways. The most commonly employed practices for flow and volume control are stormwater ponds and basins (also referred to as detention and retention ponds). These structures can be effective at controlling peak discharge to water bodies by managing flow timing but are often ineffective at removing nutrients, particularly in dissolved forms. Pond morphology coupled with place-specific characteristics (like soil type and drainage area characteristics) may influence plant community composition in these water bodies. The interaction of physical, chemical, and biological elements in stormwater ponds may affect their water quality performance in more significant ways than previously understood. Floating treatment wetlands (FTW) are floating rafts of vegetation that can be constructed using a variety of materials and are an emerging technology aimed at improving the pollutant removal and temperature control functions of stormwater ponds. Previous studies with field research in subtropical and semiarid climatic regions found incremental nutrient removal improvement correlated with FTW coverage of pond surface area. However, data on their performance in cold climates is lacking from the literature. This dissertation presents data from a three-year study examining the performance of FTW on stormwater pond treatment potential in cold climate conditions and optimal vegetation selection based on biomass production, phosphorus (P) uptake, and root architectural characteristics that enhance entrapment functionality. To put the FTW pond performance data into context, results from a survey of seven permitted stormwater ponds in Chittenden County, Vermont and the ponds' associated variability in influential internal and external dynamics are also discussed. Pond morphology, drainage area land use, soil types, and biological communities are analyzed for correlative relationships to identify design factors that affect pond performance but are not controlled factors in stormwater system permitting.

The primary objective of this thesis is to develop hydrologic and hydraulic models for the Soap Creek Watershed, IA for the evaluation of alternative flood mitigation strategies and the analysis of the differences between hydrologic and hydraulic routing methods. In 2008, the state of Iowa suffered a disastrous flood that caused extensive damage to homes, agricultural lands, commercial property, and public infrastructures. To reduce the flood damage across Iowa, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded funds to the Iowa Flood Center and IIHR-Hydroscience &Engineering at the University of Iowa to conduct the Iowa Watersheds Project. The Soap Creek Watershed was selected as one of the study areas because this region has suffered frequent severe floods over the past century and because local landowners have organized to construct over 130 flood detention ponds within it since 1985. As part of the Iowa Watersheds Project, we developed a hydrologic model using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Hydrologic Center’s hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). We used the hydrologic model to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing flood mitigation structures with respect to discharge and to identify the high runoff potential areas. We also investigated the potential impact of two additional flood mitigation practices within the Soap Creek Watershed by utilizing the hydrologic model, which includes changing the land use and improving the soil quality. The HEC-HMS model simulated 24-hour design storms with different return periods, including 10, 25, 50, and 100 year. The results from modeling four design storms revealed that all three practices can reduce the peak discharge at different levels. The existing detention ponds were shown to reduce the peak discharge by 28% to 40% depending on the choice of observed locations and design storms. However, changing the land use can reduce the peak discharge by an average of only 1.0 %, whereas improving the soil quality can result in an average of 15 % reduction. Additionally, we designed a hydraulic model using the United States Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC- RAS) to perform a comparative evaluation of hydrologic and hydraulic routing methods. The hydrologic routing method employed in this study is the Muskingum Routing method. We compare the historical and design storms between HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS, and observed stage hydrographs and take the hydrograph timing, shape, and magnitude into account. Our results indicate that the hydraulic routing method simulates the hydrograph shape more effectively in this case.

<p>Coastal plain ponds are an understudied and threatened wetland ecosystem with many unique environmental attributes. Research in these ponds can investigate species-environment relationships, while simultaneously providing ecosystem-specific information crucial to their continued conservation and management. This dissertation explores patterns in coastal plain pond vegetation composition and species-environment relationships across space, through time, and in the seed bank and standing vegetation.</p><p>In a two-year field study at 18 coastal plain ponds across the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, I investigated species-environment relationships within and among ponds. I identified vegetation species presences and abundances within 1 m2 quadrats, which ran continuously along transects established perpendicular to the water's edge. Species data were analyzed against local and landscape-scale environmental data. I also conducted a one-year seed bank study in which sediments from four coastal plain ponds were incubated in growth chambers and composition was compared to the standing vegetation. One hundred and thirty-four plant species were identified during vegetation sampling and 38 species were identified from incubated sediments.</p><p>I found significant compositional change across space in response to environmental gradients, with patterns in species composition occurring at both local and landscape scales. Elevation was the only local factor strongly correlated with species composition. Significant landscape-scale environmental factors included surficial geology and pond water salinity. Species composition was significantly correlated with hydrologic regime in 2005 but not in 2006. Overall patterns in vegetation species composition and abundance were more closely related to landscape-scale environmental variables than to local environmental variables. </p><p>I also found that coastal plain ponds undergo significant compositional change from one year to the next. Interannual variability disproportionately affected certain ponds and quadrats more than others, highlighting patterns in the relationships between compositional change and environmental attributes. Specifically, ephemeral ponds, ponds located on the moraine, ponds with high specific conductance values, and quadrats located closer to the waterline exhibited greater compositional change from 2005 to 2006 than permanent ponds, ponds located on the outwash plain, ponds with low specific conductance values, and quadrats located further from the waterline. </p><p>Finally, I found that coastal plain ponds exhibit a low degree of similarity between composition in sediments and standing vegetation. More species were identified in the standing vegetation than in the seed bank, and in most cases average species richness per quadrat was higher in the standing vegetation than in the seed bank. Seed bank and standing vegetation samples from ponds with different surficial geology were compositionally distinct. Seed bank samples from permanent and ephemeral ponds were compositionally distinct whereas standing vegetation samples were not.</p> / Dissertation

Double diffusive phenomena occur in many natural systems and in a variety of engineering applications, such as solar ponds. In a solar pond, the erosion of gradient zone due to convection and diffusion is the main cause of inefficiency and hence, requires lot of maintenance. In this thesis, control of erosion of the gradient zone in a solar pond situation has been studied through experiments and transient numerical simulations. A laboratory solar pond was setup in a tank of size 19cm X 19cm X 19cm, and was heated from below. A polymer additive, Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) was used to increase the viscosity of the working fluid. With 0.01% CMC, viscosity enhancement of the working fluid by 25 to 30 times was achieved, without changing any other properties. The transient momentum, energy and species conservation equations along with continuity equation were solved numerically, using the SIMPLER algorithm with 2 mm grid spacing. The experiments conducted with the addition of CMC, showed delays in the onset of convection and reduced erosion of the gradient zone. The erosion rates obtained from the numerical simulations agreed with the experimental observation. The impact of viscosity on the onset of convection, kinetic energy, convection pattern, frequency of bursts and erosion rate of the gradient zone, were simulated. Numerical simulations revealed that, there is a nonlinear relationship between the viscosity and erosion rate of the gradient zone. Increase in viscosity by a factor of 15 reduced the erosion of gradient zone completely, indicating the dominant role played by Turbulent entrainment. The present work indicates that the control of erosion of gradient zone in solar pond using the polymer additive shows lot of promise. The use of the polymer additive as a method to increase viscosity will lower the maintenance costs and, increase the reliability and efficiency of solar ponds, with less than 5% increase in the initial cost.