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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Simulação numérica da dispersão de poluentes em solos. Estudo de caso: lagoas de estabilização.

SANTOS, Jobsan Sueny de Sousa. 06 June 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-06T20:51:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jobsan Sueny de Sousa Santos – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 5161908 bytes, checksum: e975dfcb56689717b5c8ae2d7d2ddb31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T20:51:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jobsan Sueny de Sousa Santos – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 5161908 bytes, checksum: e975dfcb56689717b5c8ae2d7d2ddb31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / A contaminação do solo e das águas subterrâneas é uma preocupação crescente, visto as atividades que a desencadeiam estarem em processo de crescimento acelerado. Como exemplo, pode-se citar o vazamento em lagoas de estabilização. Tal vazamento pode se dar por rachaduras ou fissuras na base da lagoa, as quais podem estar localizadas ou distribuídas. Visando contribuir coma remediação dos locais atingidos pelos contaminantes e utilizando a fluidodinâmica computacional, neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo do transporte de tais contaminantes no solo que fica logo abaixo de uma lagoa de estabilização genérica. Para tal fim, utilizou-se a técnica dos volumes finitos e a modelagem do escoamento em meios porosos usando o pacote computacional ANSYS CFX® 12. Gerou-se uma malha estruturada bidimensional e realizaram-se as simulações considerando regime laminar, meio isotrópico, solo saturado, escoamento monofásico e isotérmico. Apesar da existência de trabalhos experimentais e/ou numéricos que apresentam o comportamento da pluma ou a variação da concentração do contaminante com o tempo, nenhum apresenta ao mesmo tempo as duas possibilidades de resultados e de forma rápida, já que as simulações duraram apenas uma hora, em média. Analisando-se os perfis de concentração dos poluentes considerados (cádmio e cobre) com a distância longitudinal e com a profundidade obteve-se uma boa concordância com o observado na literatura. O mesmo pode ser afirmado com relação ao histórico de concentração do cádmio e do cobre. Assim, além de visualizar o alcance da pluma devido à simulação, pôde-se determinar em quanto tempo ela ocorreria, de forma a fornecer um subsídio maior aos processos de remediação. / Contamination of soil and groundwater is a growing concern, as the activities that trigger are in process of accelerated growth. For example, can cite the leak stabilization ponds. Such leaks can occur for cracks or breaks in the pond base, which may be located or distributed. To contribute to remediation of sites affected by contaminants and using the computational fluid dynamics, this paper carried out a transport study of such contaminants in soil which is just below a general stabilization pond. To this end, we used the technique of finite volume and modeling of flow in porous media using the ANSYS CFX ® 12 computational package. Generated a twodimensional structured network and realized the simulations considering laminar flow, isotropic medium, saturated soil, single-phase flow and isothermal. Despite the existence of experimental and / or numerical studies show that the plume behavior or variation of the contaminant concentration with time, none has simultaneously both possibilities result and quickly, since the simulation lasted one hour on average. Analyzing the concentration profiles of the considered pollutants (cadmium and copper) with the longitudinal distance and the depth we obtained a good agreement with data from the literature. The same can be said regardinghistory of cadmium and copper. So in addition to viewing the scope of plume due to simulation, it was possible to determine how long it would take place in order to provide greater subsidy to remediation processes.
142

Šíření mechovky Pectinatella magnifica v oblasti Třeboňska / Spreading of Bryozoa Pectinatella magnifica in Třeboňsko region

LUKEŠOVÁ, Petra January 2011 (has links)
Pectinatella magnifica is a fresh water invertebrate colonial animal originating from North America which spreading, throughout Europe as well as Asia, has recently reached a characteristics of invasion. Charakter of the colonies, their seasonnal dynamics and other development aspects have been studied at six destinations in South Bohemia (lake Cep, Nový Lipnický pond, Hejtman pond, Nový Kanclíř pond, Vlkov sandpit and Hnevkovice water reservoir). Repeated biomass quantitative collections have been carried out in 10 m transects alongside the shoreline. Also the environmental factors have been found out (temperature, conductivity, water reactions, transparency, trophia, colonies substrate) and charakteristics of individual invaded reservoirs. The list of currently known destinations has been completed with another reservoirs into which the species has spread out.
143

Plankton malých návesních rybníků / Plankton of small village ponds

ČEJNOVÁ, Monika January 2016 (has links)
The object of my thesis was to document the basic characteristics of four small ponds. Register seasonal changes in the occurrence of selected zooplankton groups and compare individual ponds among them. Then evaluate management on ponds and assess the possible impact on the formation of plankton. These results were then compared with the current situation on standard economic ponds. In this study, I observed three private ponds and local pond, which were located in the cadastral area Lodhéřov. From the results it is evident, that the zooplankton development was in private ponds very slow, while at local pond was developed zooplankton quickly. The diversity of zooplankton species was higher in local pond. On private ponds showed a high increase in fish, which amounted to R1 597 kg/ha and R3 519 kg/ha. In terms of management of ponds R2 was the least effective because the gain was only 113 kg/ha. Private ponds, according to the average annual ration 2910 kg/ha still ranked in halfintesification, while local pond to intensification ration with 4557 kg/ha.
144

Vliv rybníků a rybničních soustav na složení bentosu horní Lužnice / Effect of ponds and pond systems on the composition of the benthos in horní Lužnice

SVAČINA, Petr January 2013 (has links)
The work is focused on monitoring changes in benthic communities in the longitudinal gradient of the river Lužnice. The river flows through to the pond area Třeboňsko and the largest pond of the Czech Republic - Rožmberk. It is examine affect of pond on benthic communities. The work involves collecting benthos according to the PERLA method on four profile in four seasons, the analysis of chemical parameters and data processing. The values of SI (saprobiological index) in the longitudinal gradient were from SI 1.8 to SI 2.6. SI values were at the outflow of Rožmberk higher than at inflow. The lowest values were in the first profile Suchdol (SI 1,8 ? SI 2,1) and higher values were in the last profile Vlkov (SI 2,4 ? 2,6). The chemical parameters at outflow were observed increased values of BOD5, TOC, NL105, NL505, chlorophyll and total P but lower values of nitrogen forms (Ntotal,NH4, N-NO3-). On the each profile was the significant change in the incidence or absence of certain groups. Profiles Suchdol and Hlína were diferent than Lužnice and Vlkov especially in the presence of stoneflies, dragonflies, beetles, and individuals generally indicates good water quality. Profiles at outflows from Rožmberk (Lužnice and Vlkov) showed a continued presence of bloodsuckers and more species indicating high organic pollution. NMDS method confirmed impact of sites in communities rather than period (R2 = 0.6 at significance level of p = 0.001).
145

Enhancing the Cooling Capacity of Roof Ponds Using Polyethylene Band Filter

January 2013 (has links)
abstract: With the desire of high standards of comfort, huge amount of energy is being consumed to maintain the indoor environment. In US building consumes 40% of the total primary energy while residential buildings consume about 21%. A large proportion of this consumption is due to cooling of buildings. Deteriorating environmental conditions due to excessive energy use suggest that we should look at passive designs and renewable energy opportunities to supply the required comfort. Phoenix gets about 300 days of clear sky every year. It also witnesses large temperature variations from night and day. The humidity ratio almost always stays below the 50% mark. With more than six months having outside temperatures more than 75 oF, night sky radiative cooling promise to be an attractive means to cool the buildings during summer. This technique can be useful for small commercial facilities or residential buildings. The roof ponds can be made more effective by covering them with Band Filters. These band filters block the solar heat gain and allow the water to cool down to lower temperatures. It also reduces the convection heat gain. This helps rood ponds maintain lower temperatures and provide more cooling then an exposed pond. 50 μm Polyethylene band filter is used in this study. Using this band filter, roof ponds can be made up to 10% more effective. About 45% of the energy required to cool a typical residential building in summer can be saved. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Architecture 2013
146

Isolamento, morfologia, análises moleculares e testes toxicológicos de cianobactérias em lagoa facultativa de sistema de estabilização (Cajati-SP) / Isolation, morphology, molecular analyses and toxicology assays of cyanobacteria from facultative pond of waste stabilization (Cajati-SP)

Ana Luiza Fonseca Fortes Furtado 01 October 2007 (has links)
Os sistemas de lagoas de estabilização constituem uma tecnologia de tratamento de esgoto atraente para pequenas e médias comunidades, principalmente devido ao baixo custo, simplicidade operacional e boa eficiência de remoção de poluentes orgânicos e patógenos. Entretanto, apresentam elevadas concentrações de algas, cianobactérias e outras bactérias em seus efluentes. Neste trabalho, três coletas foram realizas na lagoa facultativa no município de Cajati - São Paulo - Brasil em 16 de dezembro de 2004, 25 de janeiro e 13 de abril de 2005. A população de cianobactérias foi estimada usando as técnicas de Número Mais Provável (NMP) e isolamento em meio de cultura BG-11 com e sem nitrogênio. O NMP da população de Cajati na lagoa facultativa variou em torno de 2,3 x \'10 POT.2\' a 1,5 x \'10 POT.4\' células/mL. Um total de 10 linhagens, pertencentes a cinco gêneros de cianobactérias (Synechococcus, Merismopedia, Leptolyngbya, Limnothrix e Nostoc), foi isolado e identificado morfologicamente e por análises moleculares. A identificação morfológica das linhagens isoladas foi congruente com análises filogenéticas baseadas nas seqüências do gene RNAr 16S. A amostra ambiental coletada no dia 16 de dezembro de 2004 foi também analisada por meio da construção de uma mini-biblioteca do espaço intergênico (IGS) juntamente com suas regiões flanqueadoras dos genes cpcB e cpcA do operon da ficocianina. Somente três seqüências de cpcBA-IGS de boa qualidade foram obtidas dos 112 clones gerados, as quais apresentaram baixa similaridade com seqüências do GenBank. Testes foram realizados para avaliar microcistinas nas cianobactérias isoladas e nas amostras ambientais usando o método ELISA e a detecção do gene mcyA. Resultados acima de 0,1 µg/L de microcistinas foram obtidos em seis das dez linhagens isoladas e em duas amostras ambientais. Não foram observadas amplificações por PCR do gene mcyA em todas as linhagens e amostras ambientais analisadas. Testes de bioatividade para detectar a presença de substâncias bioativas foram conduzidos usando extratos intra e extracelulares de cianobactérias obtidos com diferentes solventes orgânicos. Alguns extratos mostraram atividades inibitórias contra Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus pasteuri e Staphylococcus aureus. O DNA genômico dos isolados foi analisado por PCR para seqüências similares ao domínio da cetosintase (KS) do tipo I do gene da policetídeo sintase, obtendo resultado positivo para as linhagens Leptolyngbya CENA 103, Nostoc CENA 105, Nostoc CENA 107, Synechococcus CENA 108, Limnothrix CENA 109, Limnothrix CENA 110, Limnothrix CENA 111 e Leptolyngbya CENA 112. Espectrometria de massa (Q-TOF) dos isolados de cianobactérias revelou espectros de cianopeptídeos putativos. Esses resultados mostraram que as cianobactérias de lagoas facultativas produzem uma variedade de metabólitos secundários bioativos de funções desconhecidas. / Stabilization ponds systems constitute a sewage treatment technology attractive to small and medium communities, mainly due to low cost, operational simplicity and good efficiency of removing organic pollutants and pathogens. However, high concentrations of algae, cyanobacteria and other bacteria are present in their effluent. In this work, three sampling were carried out at the facultative pond from Cajati city - São Paulo - Brazil in December 16, 2004, January 25 and April 13, 2005. The cyanobacterial population was estimated using the Most Probable Number (MPN) and isolation in BG-11 culture medium (with and without nitrogen) techniques. The MPN of the population from Cajati facultative pond varied from 2.3 x \'10 POT.2\' to 1.5 x \'10 POT.4\' cells/mL. A total of 10 strains, belonging to five cyanobacteria genera (Synechococcus, Merismopedia, Leptolyngbya, Limnothrix and Nostoc) was isolated and identified by morphological and molecular analyses. The morphological identification of the strains was congruent with their phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rDNA gene sequences. The environmental sample collected in December 16, 2004 was also analyzed through the construction of a mini-library of the intergenic spacer (IGS) together with its flanking regions of the cpcB and cpcA genes of the phycocyanin operon. Only three cpcBA-IGS sequences with good qualities were obtained from 112 clones, which showed low similarities with sequences from GenBank. Tests were carried out to evaluate microcystins in the cyanobacterial isolates and environmental samples, using ELISA assay and detection of mcyA gene. Results above of 0.1 µg/L of microcystin were obtained in six of the ten isolate strains and in two environmental samples. No PCR amplification of mcyA gene was observed in all strains and environmental samples analyzed. Bioactivity test to detect the presence of bioactive compounds were conducted using intra and extracellular cyanobacterial extracts obtained with different organic solvents. Some extracts showed inhibitory activities against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus pasteuri and Staphylococcus aureus. The genomic DNA of isolates was analyzed by PCR for sequence similarities to the ketosynthase (KS) domain of type I polyketide synthase with positive results for Leptolyngbya CENA 103, Nostoc CENA 105, Nostoc CENA 107, Synechococcus CENA 108, Limnothrix CENA 109, Limnothrix CENA 110, Limnothrix CENA 111, and Leptolyngbya CENA 112. Mass spectrometry (Q-TOF) of the cyanobaterial isolates revealed spectra of putative cyanopeptides. These results showed that cyanobacteria of facultative pond produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites of unknown functions.
147

Avaliação de metazoarios parasitos de Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) (Pisces: Erythrinidae) como potenciais indicadores de qualidade ambiental / Assessment metazoan parasites of Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) (Pisces: Erythrinidae) as potential indicators of environmental quality

Correa, Lincoln Lima, 1971- 15 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Marlene Tiduko Ueta / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T11:53:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_LincolnLima_M.pdf: 1163732 bytes, checksum: 5fe7ecad7d270d89129854e53cdaf3b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo a associação entre os índices hematológicos de Hoplias malabaricus (traíra), o parasitismo por monogeneas e outras espécies de metazoários e os fatores ambientais. O estudo ocorreu nas lagoas do CEPTA/ICMBio, localizada no município de Pirassununga, SP (21º55'55"S e 47º22'37"W), no período de fevereiro de 2008 a março de 2009 em 187 traíras. Verificou-se que os parâmetros sanguíneos não sofreram alterações significativas em relação ao estágio de maturação, sexo, período de coleta e intensidade de infecção de monogeneas. Porém, os peixes apresentaram valores significativamente positivos para biometria peso/comprimento (r=0,89 e p<0,0001) e os parâmetros ambientais pH/temperatura (r=0,71 e p<0,0001). Verificou-se que os monogeneas não atuaram como indicador ambiental nas lagoas, porém os parâmetros hematológicos revelaram uma maior sensibilidade ao ambiente. Em relação à análise dos outros metazoários, verificou-se uma diferença significativa em relação ao estágio de maturação e intensidade de infecção na Lagoa I (p=0,002) e na Lagoa II não houve diferença. Houve correlação significativa entre peso do peixe e intensidade de infecção na Lagoa I (r=0,50; p<0,001) e entre comprimento e a intensidade de infecção dos metazoários (r=0,42; p<0,001). Contudo, a intensidade média de parasita diferiu significativamente entre as lagoas estudadas. Os metazoários presentes em H. malabaricus também não atuaram como indicador ambiental. / Abstract: This study aimed at the association between blood indexes of Hoplias malabaricus (betrayed), the parasitism by monogeneans and other metazoan species and environmental factors. The study took place in ponds CEPTA / ICMBio, located in the city of Pirassununga, SP (21 º 55'55 "S and 47 º 22'37" W), from February 2008 to March 2009 in 187 traíras. It was found that the blood parameters did not change significantly in relation to the stage of maturation, sex, time of collection and intensity of infection of monogeneans. But the fish had significantly positive for biometrics weight / length (r = 0.89 and p <0.0001) and the environmental parameter pH and temperature (r = 0.71 and p <0.0001). It was found that the monogeneans not acted as an environmental indicator in the lakes , but the haematological parameters showed a greater sensitivity to the environment. On the analysis of the Metazoa, there was a significant difference in the stage of ripeness and intensity of infection in the Lake I (p = 0.002) and in Lake II there was no difference. There was significant correlation between weight of fish and intensity of infection in the Lake I (r = 0.50, p <0.001) and between length and intensity of infection of metazoan (r = 0.42, p <0.001). However, the mean intensity of parasites differed significantly between the lakes studied. The metazoan present in H. malabaricus also did not act as an environmental indicator. / Mestrado / Mestre em Parasitologia
148

Conservação de espécies em áreas de monocultura de soja no sudoeste goiano: uma avaliação usando larvas de anfíbios anuros / Conservation of species in areas of monoculture soybeans in southwestern Goias: an evaluation using amphibian larvae

VAZ-SILVA, Wilian 06 November 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T12:05:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_WILIAN VAZ SILVA.pdf: 3053873 bytes, checksum: 544be40540fb4c43966ae3333c857425 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-06 / The basic knowledge of the answer of the species to the anthropic and natural perturbations on environments is the first step in the development of management strategies to the conservation biology. This study analyzes the pattern of occurrence of anurans species in relation of habitat, considering two different landscape uses from Jataí municipality, southwestern Goiás State, Central Brazil. Anurofaunal composition on Jataí represented 24% of anuran diversity of Goiás State, with great similarity with Aporé municipality, hydrographic sub-basin of the river Corrente. The relation between the species richness in seven municipalities with environmental and social attributes were non-significant. Considering the tadpoles assemblages in Jataí were sampled 40 ponds (24 distant of the monoculture and 16 located in the proximities of the monoculture). The study registered 4.529 specimens, classified in four families, 18 anuran species, presenting Scinax fuscovarius, Dendropsophus minutus and Eupemphix nattereri the most common species. The mean richness of species by sampled pond was significantly different in the families Hylidae and Leptodactylidae. The results showed that ponds distant of monoculture were more heterogeneous and possess a biggest diversity of species. The Canonical Correspondence Analyses showed the biggest predictive power to the environmental variables: predator types; distance of forest fragments; depth; and, hydroperiod. Spatial and temporal attributes were important to the species composition. Ponds distant to the monoculture presented (in mean) a bigger number of types of microhabitat and significant relation between the availability and the utilization by tadpoles. Significant difference was observed between niche breadths in the categories, with biggest values in the ponds distant to the monoculture. The species in ponds distant to the monoculture showed high plasticity in the environmental occupancy. The relation between spatial niche overlap and ecomorphological and phylogenetic patterns to the pars of the species were non-significant in the multivariate context. The results will subsidize actions directed to the management in agricultural areas in the scope of Conservation Biology / O conhecimento básico das respostas das espécies frente às perturbações naturais e antrópicas nos ambientes é primordial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias efetivas para conservação. Este estudo analisa o padrão de ocorrência de espécies de anfíbios anuros e sua relação com o hábitat a nível de paisagem, considerando áreas de intensa atividade agrícola por monocultura de soja, no sudoeste do estado de Goiás, Brasil Central. Numa primeira abordagem, a anurofauna do município de Jataí representa 24% da anurofauna do estado de Goiás, e mostrou-se alta similaridade com a anurofauna do município de Aporé, sub-bacia do rio Corrente. Não foi verificada relação entre a riqueza de sete municípios da região sudoeste com atributos sócioambientais. Considerando as assembléias larvais de anfíbios do município de Jataí foram amostradas em 40 corpos d água, sendo 24 distantes de monocultura (SM) e 16 localizadas nas proximidades da monocultura (CM). Foram registrados 4.529 espécimes, classificados em quatro famílias e 18 espécies de anuros, sendo Scinax fuscovarius, Dendropsophus minutus e Eupemphix nattereri as espécies mais abundantes. A riqueza média por ambiente amostrado foi significativamente diferente nas famílias Hylidae e Leptodactylidae. Os resultados demonstram que ambientes distantes da monocultura são mais heterogêneos e suportam uma diversidade maior de espécies. A análise de correspondência canônica (ACC) evidenciou um maior poder preditivo para as variáveis ambientais: Tipos de Predadores; Distância do Fragmento Floresta Mais Próximo; Profundidade; e, Hidroperíodo. Atributos espaciais e temporais são relevantes na distribuição das espécies. Em relação à disponibilidade de tipos de microhabitats, os ambientes mais distantes da monocultura apresentaram em média um maior número de tipos de microhabitats, e verificou-se uma relação significativa entre a disponibilidade e a utilização pelos girinos nesta categoria de ambiente. Foi verificada diferença significativa entre amplitude de nicho espacial nas duas categorias, sendo maior nos ambientes distantes da monocultura. As comunidades de ambientes distantes da monocultura se mostraram mais plásticas na ocupação do ambientes. Não foi verificada relação num contexto multivariado entre a sobreposição de nicho espacial e padrão ecomorfológico e filogenético para os pares de espécies. Os resultados servem de subsídios no âmbito da Biologia da Conservação às ações de manejo direcionadas para áreas agriculturáveis
149

INDICE DE CONCORDÃNCIA E RISCO FUZZY NA AVALIAÃÃO DO DESEMPENHO DE SISTEMAS DE LAGOAS DE ESTABILIZAÃÃO / Agreement index and fuzzy risk for the evaluation of waste stabilization pond systems

Fernando Josà AraÃjo da Silva 18 October 2010 (has links)
No presente trabalho foi empregada a aritmÃtica fuzzy com NFTs para o cÃlculo do Ãndice de ConcordÃncia Fuzzy (ICF) e do Risco Fuzzy (RF), com fins de anÃlise de aspectos operacionais, desempenho e qualidade dos efluentes de 14 ETEs do tipo lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo (6 lagoas facultativas primÃrias - LFPs e 8 sÃries- LSs) em escala real, tratando esgotos domÃsticos. A lÃgica fuzzy provou ser um recurso eficiente na avaliaÃÃo do desempenho de ETEs e suas compatibilidades ambientais. O estudo propiciou tambÃm uma melhor compreensÃo do funcionamento operacional de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo. Exceto por dois sistemas (LFP4 e a LS8) o ICF mostrou que as LFPs e LSs operaram em mÃdia 81,3 e 86,3% do tempo, abaixo do valor estipulado em projeto. Nestas seriam possÃveis incrementos mÃdios de vazÃo de 74,7 e 84,5%, respectivamente. Quanto Ãs cargas orgÃnicas afluentes (&#61548;) os valores de ICF mostraram a possibilidade de acrÃscimos de 91,8 e 71,9%, para as LSs e LFPs, respectivamente. Sobre a qualidade dos efluentes, o OD obteve os maiores valores de ICF (LSs = 0,945 e LFPs = 0,867). Os valores de ICF para qualidade do efluente tratado foram mais elevados nas sÃries, com maior concordÃncia fuzzy com as normas ambientais. O risco fuzzy concernente à sobrecarga (orgÃnica e hidrÃulica) foi maior nas sÃries. Individualmente, os sistemas LFP4 e LS8 apresentaram maior risco difuso de sobrecarga, por operarem sob condiÃÃes prÃximas Ãs estabelecidas em projeto. O RF para anÃlise de desempenho mostrou que as ETEs tiveram perfomance um pouco abaixo do que observa a literatura tÃcnica. Os menores valores de RF foram observados nos sistemas em sÃrie. O risco difuso para nÃo atendimento das expectativas de desempenho foi maior em relaÃÃo a SST (0,929 nas LFPs e 0,903 nas LSs), seguido de amostras nÃo filtradas de DQO (0,846 nas LFPs e 0,677 nas LSs). Na violaÃÃo das normas ambientais o RF tambÃm foi maior nas LFPs. Observou-se que nas sÃries, quanto maior o nÃmero de lagoas menor o RF. CorrelaÃÃes lineares positivas (nÃvel de significÃncia de 95%) mostraram que quanto menor o conteÃdo de DBO e DQO (amostras nÃo filtradas), e de SST, menor o risco difuso em relaÃÃo a CTm. No caso do RF para pH e CTm a correlaÃÃo foi negativa. Foi estabelecido um Ãndice de Desempenho Fuzzy (IFD) para lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, para comparar a qualidade dos efluentes das ETEs. O modelo propÃs uma escala (1 a 18) baseada nos parÃmetros DBOf, DQOf, SST, AMT, OD e CTm. Os resultados apresentaram o seguinte ordenamento: IFD LFP3 (2,09) < IFD LFP2 (2,15) < IFD LFP4 (2,30) < IFD LFP5 (3,49) < IFD LFP1 (3,62) < IFD LFP6 (4,96) < IFD LS5 (9,59) < IFD LS8 (9,67) < IFD LS4 (9,72) < IFD LS3 (10,01) < IFD LS1 (10,38) < IFD LS2 (13,57) < IFD LS6 (15,49) < IFD LS7 (15,69). A anÃlise do RF para ovos de helmintos mostrou que para uma margem e risco difuso de atà 10% seria necessÃrio um TDH de 28,8 dias com oH &#8804; 1,0 ovo/L e 38,0 dias com oH &#8804; 0,1 ovo/L. Em duas sÃries (LS5 e LS8) o cÃlculo de ICF e RF em relaÃÃo à qualidade do efluente de cada lagoa componente permitiu observar distinÃÃes impostas pela configuraÃÃo e condiÃÃo operacional de cada uma dessas ETEs. Nas citadas sÃries os NFTs foram empregados para avaliar &#61548;r de DBO e AMT. As representaÃÃes mostraram taxas de remoÃÃo superficial com valores negativos, que ofereceram uma interpretaÃÃo anÃmala de geraÃÃo de poluente por via fÃsica ou biÃtica. A causa foi a assincronia entre as concentraÃÃes afluentes e efluentes, associadas à flutuaÃÃes nas vazÃes, e, de forma indireta, a fatores climÃticos e hidrÃulica das lagoas. / In the present study fuzzy arithmetic via triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) was applied to compute Fuzzy Agreement Index (FAI) and Fuzzy Risk (FR) for the evaluation of operational aspects, performance and effluent quality in 14 full-scale waste stabilization pond plants (6 primary facultative ponds â PFPs and 8 pond series- PSs) treating domestic sewage. Findings showed that fuzzy logic is an attractive approach for the evaluation of the performance of wastewater treatment plants and their environmental compatibilities. The study also provided a better understanding of operational aspects of waste stabilization ponds. Except for two pond systems (PFP4 and PS8) the FAI in PFPs and PSs showed that they operated on average 81.3 and 86.3% of the time below the value stipulated in their original designs. Results indicated average potential increments of 74.7 and 84.5% in influent flow rates to PFPs and PSs, respectively. With respect to organic load (&#61548;) FAI numbers indicated possible increases of 91.8 and 71.9% in PSs and PFPs respectively. In the case of the regulatory standards the FAI applied to effluent quality had best results for DO (PSs = 0.945 and PFPs = 0.867). In general pond series had higher numbers for FAI than PFPs. The fuzzy risk regarded to overloading (organic and hydraulic) was higher in pond series. Comparatively, systems PFP4 and PS8 showed higher fuzzy risk of overloading because these plants operated close to the design numbers. The FR on performance analysis showed that all ponds plants had actual performance slightly below that expected and reported by the literature. The lowest FR values were observed in pond series. On the performance analysis the highest fuzzy risk numbers were for TSS (0.929 in PFPs and 0.903 in PSs), followed by unfiltered COD (0.846 in PFPs and 0.677 in PSs). As expected, fuzzy risk regarded to the violation of environmental standards was higher in PFPs. In pond series by increasing number of cells FR was lower. Positive linear correlations (at a significance level of 95%) showed that lower content of BOD and COD (unfiltered samples), and TSS implied in lower FR with respect to termotolerant coliform concentrations (TTFC). Correlations between FR of pH and TTFC were negative. A Fuzzy Performance Index (FPI) was proposed to compare effluent quality with respect to the environmental standard regulation. The model considered a scale (1-18) based on the following parameters: BODf, CODf, TSS, TAN, DO and TTFC. The results showed the following order: FPI PFP3 (2.09) < FPI PFP2 (2.15) < FPI PFP4 (2.30) < FPI PFP5 (3.49) < FPI PFP1 (3.62) < FPI PFP6 (4.96) < FPI PS5 (9.59) < FPI PS8 (9.67) < FPI PS4 (9.72) < FPI PS3 (10.01) < FPI PS1 (10.38) < FPI PS2 (13. 57) < FPI PS6 (15.49) < FPI PS7 (15.69). The analysis of FR for helminth eggs showed that for a marginal fuzzy risk of 10% pond systems would require a HRT of 28.8 days for oH &#8804; 1.0 egg/L, and 38.0 days for oH &#8804; 0.1 egg/L. In two series (LS5 and LS8) the FAI and FR with respect to effluent quality from each pond component provided distinctions imposed by the configuration and operational status in each of these plants. Along pond cells in these series BOD and TAN surface removal rates (&#61548;r) were represent by TFNs. These fuzzy numbers showed negative surface removal rates. They offered an anomalous interpretation for pollutant generation via physical or biotic means. The probable and reasonable cause was the asynchrony between affluent and effluent concentrations, associated with fluctuations in flow rates. Climatic factors and hydraulic behavior of ponds might also influence this.
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Cultivo do peixe ornamental MolinÃsia como alternativa para o uso de esgoto tratado na piscicultura / Ornamental fish molly farm as an alternative to the use of treated sewage in fish culture

Emanuel Soares dos Santos 06 July 2012 (has links)
AssociaÃÃo TÃcnico-CientÃfica Eng. Paulo de Frontin / Avaliou-se a sustentabilidade da utilizaÃÃo de esgotos domÃsticos tratados na criaÃÃo do peixe ornamental molinÃsia, observando o desempenho zootÃcnico, a capacidade de adaptaÃÃo deste ao meio e o rendimento econÃmico desta modalidade de cultivo. Foram testados trÃs tratamentos: ET â abastecido com esgoto tratado; ED â abastecido com esgoto diluÃdo e Ãgua bruta em iguais proporÃÃes; AB â abastecido com Ãgua bruta. Por meio dos resultados dos parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos, observou-se que o esgoto domÃstico tratado em lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo oferece condiÃÃo para se realizar o cultivo da espÃcie, somente quando diluÃdo em Ãgua bruta. Observaram-se nos tratamentos cujos tanques foram abastecidos com esgoto tratado as mesmas classes de microalgas presentes na lagoa de maturaÃÃo: Chlorophyceas, Cianophyceas, Bacillariophyceas, Zignemaphyceas e Euglenophyceas; sendo as quatro primeiras reconhecidamente aproveitÃveis como alimentaÃÃo na aquicultura. Em todos os parÃmetros de rendimento zootÃcnicos avaliados, o tratamento que utilizou o esgoto tratado diluÃdo foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados. Dentre os indicadores de bem-estar observados, apenas a avaliaÃÃo histopatolÃgica foi capaz de fornecer resultado conclusivo, o qual apontou o tratamento que utilizou esgoto tratado diluÃdo como o que proporcionou maior conforto à espÃcie cultivada. As caracterÃsticas ornamentais dos peixes cultivados nÃo sofreram influÃncia do uso do esgoto domÃstico tratado, observando-se que os padrÃes de coloraÃÃo e formato de nadadeiras nÃo foram alterados. As avaliaÃÃes, econÃmica e de sustentabilidade, tambÃm apontaram o tratamento abastecido com esgoto tratado diluÃdo como o mais apropriado. / The present work evaluated the sustainability of treated sewage reuse in the creation of ornamental molly fish, evaluating the zootechnical performance, ability to adapt to the environment and economic aspects. Three treatments were tested: ET â supplied with treated sewage; ED â supplied with sewage and raw water in the same proportion; AB â supplied with raw water. The physical-chemical results indicated that the treated sewage from stabilization ponds were adequate for the species cultivation only when diluted in raw water. The treatments that were supplied with treated sewage contained the same classes of microalgae present in the maturation pond: Chlorophyceas, Cianophyceas, Bacillariophyceas, Zignemaphyceas e Euglenophyceas; the first four classes are known to be used as feed in aquaculture. Treatment that used treated sewage diluted presented the best results in terms of zootechnical parameters. Amongst the well-being indicators, only histopathological evaluation was able to provide conclusive results, which showed that the treated sewage diluted treatment was the best in terms of comfort to the cultivated species. The ornamental characteristics of farmed fish were not influenced by the use of treated sewage, in which the patterns of color and shape of fins were not changed. The sustainability and economic evaluations also indicated the treatment with diluted treated sewage as the most appropriate treatment.

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