O presente estudo visou caracterizar as variações nictemerais e sazonais na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica do sistema australiano de lagoas de estabilização, localizado no município de Novo Horizonte, SP, por meio de análises de abundância, biomassa, densidade, riqueza e de índices de diversidade, dominância e equidade. Para a realização desse objetivo, as amostras foram coletadas nas lagoas facultativa 1 e facultativa 2 e no efluente final, em quatro épocas: maio/2002 – outono, agosto/2002 – inverno, novembro/2002 – primavera e fevereiro/2003 – verão, a cada seis horas, durante vinte e quatro horas, no total de cinco amostragens (t0, t1, t2, t3 e t4), com início aproximadamente às 9:30 horas; com exceção do efluente final, que foi coletado apenas em t0 e t4. Nestes dois horários também foram coletadas amostras na entrada e na saída da lagoa anaeróbia, para avaliação da eficiência do sistema. Além das variáveis biológicas foram realizadas análises de material em suspensão, nutrientes (nitrogênio total e amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato, fósforo e ortofosfato), oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica da água, DBO e transparência da água. Foram encontrados organismos pertencentes às classes Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae e Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae foi a que mais contribuiu para a riqueza, densidade e biomassa em quase todos os períodos de estudo; mais de 40% da riqueza foi representada por ela e sua maior densidade foi registrada a 0,7 m de profundidade na lagoa facultativa 1, em t3, no inverno (875.834,7 org/ml). Entre as espécies dessa classe, a predominante, em todas as épocas de coleta, foi Chlorella vulgaris, considerada dominante no inverno e abundante nas demais estações. Os outros organismos, no entanto, foram somente comuns, ocasionais ou raros. Apesar de ter sido observada estratificação térmica em alguns horários de coleta, principalmente em t1 (por volta das 15:00h), esta não foi duradoura, talvez por se tratar de um sistema raso. Portanto, pode-se considerar que o ambiente manteve-se homogêneo em relação à comunidade algal ao longo da coluna de água / The aim of this study were to characterize the seasonal and diary cycle variations of the phytoplankton in waste stabilization ponds from Novo Horizonte, SP. The sample were collected in 1 and 2 facultative ponds and effluent in four times: may/2002 – autumn, august/2002 – winter, november/2002 – spring, february/2002- Summer, each six hours in cycle diary. Were analysed abundance, biomass, densith, wealth and diversity index of phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, pheopigments, suspended solids, nutrients, dissolvid oxygen, pH, biochimical oxygen demand, electric conductivity and water’s transparence. The groups meet were: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae contribute with bigger wealth, density and biomass; of the kinds this group, Chlorella vulgaris, were prevalent, recognized since dominant in the winter and abundant in others seasons. The other organisms, however, were commons, occasionalls or rares. The environment of ponds remain homogeneous in relation to the algal community

No presente trabalho foi empregada a aritmÃtica fuzzy com NFTs para o cÃlculo do Ãndice de ConcordÃncia Fuzzy (ICF) e do Risco Fuzzy (RF), com fins de anÃlise de aspectos operacionais, desempenho e qualidade dos efluentes de 14 ETEs do tipo lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo (6 lagoas facultativas primÃrias - LFPs e 8 sÃries- LSs) em escala real, tratando esgotos domÃsticos. A lÃgica fuzzy provou ser um recurso eficiente na avaliaÃÃo do desempenho de ETEs e suas compatibilidades ambientais. O estudo propiciou tambÃm uma melhor compreensÃo do funcionamento operacional de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo. Exceto por dois sistemas (LFP4 e a LS8) o ICF mostrou que as LFPs e LSs operaram em mÃdia 81,3 e 86,3% do tempo, abaixo do valor estipulado em projeto. Nestas seriam possÃveis incrementos mÃdios de vazÃo de 74,7 e 84,5%, respectivamente. Quanto Ãs cargas orgÃnicas afluentes (&#61548;) os valores de ICF mostraram a possibilidade de acrÃscimos de 91,8 e 71,9%, para as LSs e LFPs, respectivamente. Sobre a qualidade dos efluentes, o OD obteve os maiores valores de ICF (LSs = 0,945 e LFPs = 0,867). Os valores de ICF para qualidade do efluente tratado foram mais elevados nas sÃries, com maior concordÃncia fuzzy com as normas ambientais. O risco fuzzy concernente à sobrecarga (orgÃnica e hidrÃulica) foi maior nas sÃries. Individualmente, os sistemas LFP4 e LS8 apresentaram maior risco difuso de sobrecarga, por operarem sob condiÃÃes prÃximas Ãs estabelecidas em projeto. O RF para anÃlise de desempenho mostrou que as ETEs tiveram perfomance um pouco abaixo do que observa a literatura tÃcnica. Os menores valores de RF foram observados nos sistemas em sÃrie. O risco difuso para nÃo atendimento das expectativas de desempenho foi maior em relaÃÃo a SST (0,929 nas LFPs e 0,903 nas LSs), seguido de amostras nÃo filtradas de DQO (0,846 nas LFPs e 0,677 nas LSs). Na violaÃÃo das normas ambientais o RF tambÃm foi maior nas LFPs. Observou-se que nas sÃries, quanto maior o nÃmero de lagoas menor o RF. CorrelaÃÃes lineares positivas (nÃvel de significÃncia de 95%) mostraram que quanto menor o conteÃdo de DBO e DQO (amostras nÃo filtradas), e de SST, menor o risco difuso em relaÃÃo a CTm. No caso do RF para pH e CTm a correlaÃÃo foi negativa. Foi estabelecido um Ãndice de Desempenho Fuzzy (IFD) para lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, para comparar a qualidade dos efluentes das ETEs. O modelo propÃs uma escala (1 a 18) baseada nos parÃmetros DBOf, DQOf, SST, AMT, OD e CTm. Os resultados apresentaram o seguinte ordenamento: IFD LFP3 (2,09) < IFD LFP2 (2,15) < IFD LFP4 (2,30) < IFD LFP5 (3,49) < IFD LFP1 (3,62) < IFD LFP6 (4,96) < IFD LS5 (9,59) < IFD LS8 (9,67) < IFD LS4 (9,72) < IFD LS3 (10,01) < IFD LS1 (10,38) < IFD LS2 (13,57) < IFD LS6 (15,49) < IFD LS7 (15,69). A anÃlise do RF para ovos de helmintos mostrou que para uma margem e risco difuso de atà 10% seria necessÃrio um TDH de 28,8 dias com oH &#8804; 1,0 ovo/L e 38,0 dias com oH &#8804; 0,1 ovo/L. Em duas sÃries (LS5 e LS8) o cÃlculo de ICF e RF em relaÃÃo à qualidade do efluente de cada lagoa componente permitiu observar distinÃÃes impostas pela configuraÃÃo e condiÃÃo operacional de cada uma dessas ETEs. Nas citadas sÃries os NFTs foram empregados para avaliar &#61548;r de DBO e AMT. As representaÃÃes mostraram taxas de remoÃÃo superficial com valores negativos, que ofereceram uma interpretaÃÃo anÃmala de geraÃÃo de poluente por via fÃsica ou biÃtica. A causa foi a assincronia entre as concentraÃÃes afluentes e efluentes, associadas à flutuaÃÃes nas vazÃes, e, de forma indireta, a fatores climÃticos e hidrÃulica das lagoas. / In the present study fuzzy arithmetic via triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) was applied to compute Fuzzy Agreement Index (FAI) and Fuzzy Risk (FR) for the evaluation of operational aspects, performance and effluent quality in 14 full-scale waste stabilization pond plants (6 primary facultative ponds â PFPs and 8 pond series- PSs) treating domestic sewage. Findings showed that fuzzy logic is an attractive approach for the evaluation of the performance of wastewater treatment plants and their environmental compatibilities. The study also provided a better understanding of operational aspects of waste stabilization ponds. Except for two pond systems (PFP4 and PS8) the FAI in PFPs and PSs showed that they operated on average 81.3 and 86.3% of the time below the value stipulated in their original designs. Results indicated average potential increments of 74.7 and 84.5% in influent flow rates to PFPs and PSs, respectively. With respect to organic load (&#61548;) FAI numbers indicated possible increases of 91.8 and 71.9% in PSs and PFPs respectively. In the case of the regulatory standards the FAI applied to effluent quality had best results for DO (PSs = 0.945 and PFPs = 0.867). In general pond series had higher numbers for FAI than PFPs. The fuzzy risk regarded to overloading (organic and hydraulic) was higher in pond series. Comparatively, systems PFP4 and PS8 showed higher fuzzy risk of overloading because these plants operated close to the design numbers. The FR on performance analysis showed that all ponds plants had actual performance slightly below that expected and reported by the literature. The lowest FR values were observed in pond series. On the performance analysis the highest fuzzy risk numbers were for TSS (0.929 in PFPs and 0.903 in PSs), followed by unfiltered COD (0.846 in PFPs and 0.677 in PSs). As expected, fuzzy risk regarded to the violation of environmental standards was higher in PFPs. In pond series by increasing number of cells FR was lower. Positive linear correlations (at a significance level of 95%) showed that lower content of BOD and COD (unfiltered samples), and TSS implied in lower FR with respect to termotolerant coliform concentrations (TTFC). Correlations between FR of pH and TTFC were negative. A Fuzzy Performance Index (FPI) was proposed to compare effluent quality with respect to the environmental standard regulation. The model considered a scale (1-18) based on the following parameters: BODf, CODf, TSS, TAN, DO and TTFC. The results showed the following order: FPI PFP3 (2.09) < FPI PFP2 (2.15) < FPI PFP4 (2.30) < FPI PFP5 (3.49) < FPI PFP1 (3.62) < FPI PFP6 (4.96) < FPI PS5 (9.59) < FPI PS8 (9.67) < FPI PS4 (9.72) < FPI PS3 (10.01) < FPI PS1 (10.38) < FPI PS2 (13. 57) < FPI PS6 (15.49) < FPI PS7 (15.69). The analysis of FR for helminth eggs showed that for a marginal fuzzy risk of 10% pond systems would require a HRT of 28.8 days for oH &#8804; 1.0 egg/L, and 38.0 days for oH &#8804; 0.1 egg/L. In two series (LS5 and LS8) the FAI and FR with respect to effluent quality from each pond component provided distinctions imposed by the configuration and operational status in each of these plants. Along pond cells in these series BOD and TAN surface removal rates (&#61548;r) were represent by TFNs. These fuzzy numbers showed negative surface removal rates. They offered an anomalous interpretation for pollutant generation via physical or biotic means. The probable and reasonable cause was the asynchrony between affluent and effluent concentrations, associated with fluctuations in flow rates. Climatic factors and hydraulic behavior of ponds might also influence this.

O presente estudo visou caracterizar as variações nictemerais e sazonais na estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica do sistema australiano de lagoas de estabilização, localizado no município de Novo Horizonte, SP, por meio de análises de abundância, biomassa, densidade, riqueza e de índices de diversidade, dominância e equidade. Para a realização desse objetivo, as amostras foram coletadas nas lagoas facultativa 1 e facultativa 2 e no efluente final, em quatro épocas: maio/2002 – outono, agosto/2002 – inverno, novembro/2002 – primavera e fevereiro/2003 – verão, a cada seis horas, durante vinte e quatro horas, no total de cinco amostragens (t0, t1, t2, t3 e t4), com início aproximadamente às 9:30 horas; com exceção do efluente final, que foi coletado apenas em t0 e t4. Nestes dois horários também foram coletadas amostras na entrada e na saída da lagoa anaeróbia, para avaliação da eficiência do sistema. Além das variáveis biológicas foram realizadas análises de material em suspensão, nutrientes (nitrogênio total e amoniacal, nitrito, nitrato, fósforo e ortofosfato), oxigênio dissolvido, pH, condutividade elétrica da água, DBO e transparência da água. Foram encontrados organismos pertencentes às classes Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae e Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae foi a que mais contribuiu para a riqueza, densidade e biomassa em quase todos os períodos de estudo; mais de 40% da riqueza foi representada por ela e sua maior densidade foi registrada a 0,7 m de profundidade na lagoa facultativa 1, em t3, no inverno (875.834,7 org/ml). Entre as espécies dessa classe, a predominante, em todas as épocas de coleta, foi Chlorella vulgaris, considerada dominante no inverno e abundante nas demais estações. Os outros organismos, no entanto, foram somente comuns, ocasionais ou raros. Apesar de ter sido observada estratificação térmica em alguns horários de coleta, principalmente em t1 (por volta das 15:00h), esta não foi duradoura, talvez por se tratar de um sistema raso. Portanto, pode-se considerar que o ambiente manteve-se homogêneo em relação à comunidade algal ao longo da coluna de água / The aim of this study were to characterize the seasonal and diary cycle variations of the phytoplankton in waste stabilization ponds from Novo Horizonte, SP. The sample were collected in 1 and 2 facultative ponds and effluent in four times: may/2002 – autumn, august/2002 – winter, november/2002 – spring, february/2002- Summer, each six hours in cycle diary. Were analysed abundance, biomass, densith, wealth and diversity index of phytoplankton, chlorophyll a, pheopigments, suspended solids, nutrients, dissolvid oxygen, pH, biochimical oxygen demand, electric conductivity and water’s transparence. The groups meet were: Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae contribute with bigger wealth, density and biomass; of the kinds this group, Chlorella vulgaris, were prevalent, recognized since dominant in the winter and abundant in others seasons. The other organisms, however, were commons, occasionalls or rares. The environment of ponds remain homogeneous in relation to the algal community

Sanitation, renewable energy, and food security are among the most pressing global development needs of the century, especially for small cities with rapid population growth. Currently, 53% of the world’s population either lacks access to improved sanitation or discharges fecal waste to the environment without treatment. Furthermore, 80% of food consumed in developing regions is produced by 500 million small farms, and while many of them are still rain-fed, irrigated agriculture is increasing. The post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals, recently adopted by the United Nations, include targets to address the water-energy-food nexus. Wastewater reuse in agriculture can be an important solution for these goals, if it is done safely. Globally, 18 – 20 million hectares of agricultural land are irrigated with wastewater, but much is untreated, unregulated, or unsanctioned, causing concerns and uncertainty about health risks. There is a need to better understand pathogen removal in natural and non-mechanized wastewater treatment systems, such as waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, which are commonly used in small cities and towns. Riverbank filtration (RBF) is also a natural technique used by farmers in developing countries to treat surface water polluted with untreated sewage, but pathogen removal in these systems has seldom been assessed in developing countries. The focus of this dissertation is on pathogen removal in natural and non-mechanized wastewater treatment and reuse systems, to evaluate the health implications of water reuse for irrigation, with the following three objectives: 1) assess the current understanding of virus removal in WSP systems through a systematic review of the literature; 2) measure the removal of viruses and their association with particles in systems with WSPs, UASB reactors, or both; and 3) assess the fate and transport of pathogens and fecal indicators in wastewater treatment systems with direct and indirect reuse for irrigation to estimate microbial risks. To advance the understanding of virus removal in WSP systems, a comprehensive analysis of virus removal reported in the literature from 71 different WSP systems revealed only a weak to moderate correlation of virus removal with theoretical hydraulic retention time (HRT). For each log10 reduction of viruses a geometric mean of 14.5 days of retention was required, but the 95th percentile of the data analyzed was 54 days. Also, whereas virus-particle association and subsequent sedimentation has been assumed to be an important removal mechanism for viruses in WSPs, the literature review revealed a lack of evidence to confirm the validity of this assumption. The association of human adenovirus (AdV) with wastewater particles was assessed in five full-scale wastewater treatment systems in Bolivia, Brazil, and the United States (two with only WSPs, two with a UASB reactor and WSPs, and one with only UASB reactors). A mesocosm study was also conducted with WSP water from one of the full-scale systems, and some samples were also analyzed for pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), F+ coliphage, culturable enterovirus (EV), norovirus (NoV), and rotavirus (RV). Results indicate that WSPs and UASB reactors affect virus-particle associations in different ways, which may differ for different viruses. In UASB reactor effluent, PMMoV was more associated with particles <180 >µm, showed no indication of settling in subsequent ponds, and appeared to degrade in pond sediments after 5 days. In contrast, AdV in UASB reactor effluent was associated with small and large particles, and in subsequent ponds, particle-associated AdV showed evidence of possible settling or more rapid decay at the water surface. AdV and culturable EV were also more volumetrically-concentrated in UASB reactor sludge than they were in untreated sewage, WSP water, UASB effluent, and WSP sediments, indicating that the reactors may cause these viruses to become entrapped and concentrated in granular sludge. Some viruses may be removed in the sludge, but others exit the reactors in solution and attached to particles. The resuspension of pellets from centrifuged UASB reactor sludge samples in an eluant buffer indicated reversible AdV association with granular sludge, but some associations with particles in solution may not be reversible. The fate and transport of pathogens and fecal indicators was assessed in Bolivia for two WSP systems with direct reuse for irrigation, and one on-farm RBF system used to treat surface water polluted by untreated sewage. In the WSP systems, despite HRTs of 10 days, pathogen and fecal indicator removal was generally ≤1-log10, possibly due to overloading and short-circuiting from sludge accumulation. The RBF system provided removals on the order of 2-log10 for protozoan parasites, 3-log10 or more for viruses, and 4-log10 or more for bacteria. The use of RBF also reduced cumulative estimated health burdens associated with irrigated lettuce. Irrigation of lettuce with untreated river water caused an estimated disease burden that represents 37% of the existing burden from acute diarrhea in Bolivia; when RBF was used, this decreased to only 1.1%, which is not epidemiologically-significant, and complies with the World Health Organization guidelines. Ratios of concentrations of microorganisms in irrigation water to their respective concentrations in soil or crops were calculated, to assess transfer from irrigation water to soil or crops. These ratios (with units mL g-1) were generally < 0.1 mL g-1 for coliphage, between 1 and 100 mL g-1 for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and generally between 100 and 1,000 mL g-1 for helminth eggs. Higher ratios could indicate more efficient transfer from water to soil or crops, longer persistence in soil or on crops, or slower leaching away from soil or crops. The results from this research demonstrate that pathogen removal in full-scale natural wastewater treatment systems happens via complex mechanisms that vary with respect to pathogen type, treatment systems configuration, and other environmental and operational parameters. Future research and innovation efforts should focus on the use of a combination of natural and non-mechanized technologies, surface-flow systems (e.g., WSPs) and subsurface systems (e.g., RBF), applied at both semi-centralized (e.g., wastewater treatment plant) and decentralized levels (e.g., on farms), to evaluate how this affects the efficiency and resiliency of pathogen removal. Also, future research is needed to further elucidate reasons for the observed differences in virus-particle associations in natural wastewater treatment systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlaGracyRM.pdf: 2168953 bytes, checksum: c493025d0ce540e9abdc851f15c87e7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) have been widely used for sewage treatment in hot climate regions because they are economic and environmentally sustainable. In the present study a WSP complex comprising a primary facultative pond (PFP) followed by two maturation ponds (MP-1 and MP-2) was studied, in the city of Natal-RN. The main objective was to study the bio-degradability of organic matter through the determination of the kinetic constant k throughout the system. The work was carried out in two phases. In the first, the variability in BOD, COD and TOC concentrations and an analysis of the relations between these parameters, in the influent raw sewage, pond effluents and in specific areas inside the ponds was studied. In the second stage, the decay rate for organic matter (k) was determined throughout the system based on BOD tests on the influent sewage, pond effluents and water column samples taken from fixed locations within the ponds, using the mathematical methods of Least Squares and the Thomas equation. Subsequently k was estimated as a function of a hydrodynamic model determined from the dispersion number (d), using empirical methods and a Partial Hydrodynamic Evaluation (PHE), obtained from tracer studies in a section of the primary facultative pond corresponding to 10% of its total length. The concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, measured as BOD and COD, gradually reduced through the series of ponds, giving overall removal efficiencies of 71.95% for BOD and of 52.45% for COD. Determining the values for k, in the influent and effluent samples of the ponds using the mathematical method of Least Squares, gave the following values respectively: primary facultative pond (0,23 day-1 and 0,09 day-1), maturation 1 (0,04 day-1 and 0,03 day-1) and maturation 2 (0,03 day-1 and 0,08 day-1). When using the Thomas method, the values of k in the influents and effluents of the ponds were: primary facultative pond (0,17 day-1 and 0,07 day-1), maturation 1 (0,02 day-1 and 0,01 day-1) and maturation 2 (0,01 day-1 and 0,02 day-1). From the Partial Hydrodynamic Evaluation, in the first section of the facultative pond corresponding to 10% of its total length, it can be concluded from the dispersion number obtained of d = 0.04, that the hydraulic regime is one of dispersed flow with a kinetic constant value of 0.20 day-1 / Lagoas de estabiliza??o t?m sido utilizadas para tratamento de efluentes em regi?es de clima quentes apresentando viabilidade econ?mica e ambiental. No presente trabalho foi estudado um sistema de lagoas de estabiliza??o, na cidade do Natal, constitu?do por uma lagoa facultativa prim?ria (LFP) seguida de duas lagoas de matura??o (LM1 e LM2) e tem como objetivo o estudo da biodegradabilidade da mat?ria org?nica atrav?s da determina??o da constante cin?tica k ao longo deste sistema. O trabalho foi baseado em duas etapas: na primeira foi estudada a variabilidade da concentra??o da DBO, DQO e COT e an?lise das rela??es entre esses par?metros, no afluente, efluente e em ?reas dentro das lagoas. Na segunda etapa foi determinada a constante de biodegrada??o da mat?ria org?nica k inicialmente ao longo do sistema (afluentes, ?reas e efluentes), utilizando os m?todos matem?ticos dos M?nimos Quadrados e Thomas. Em seguida, k foi avaliado em fun??o do modelo hidrodin?mico determinado atrav?s do n?mero de dispers?o (d), pelos m?todos emp?ricos e pela Avalia??o Parcial Hidrodin?mica (APH), realizada por meio de tra?agem na lagoa facultativa prim?ria, em uma faixa correspondente a 10 % do comprimento total da lagoa. Na avalia??o dos par?metros analisados, durante o monitoramento, as concentra??es da mat?ria org?nica biodegrad?vel, medida pela DBO e DQO, foram, gradativamente, reduzidas entre os afluentes e efluentes do sistema, apresentando uma efici?ncia 71,95 % para DBO e de 52,45 % para DQO. Na determina??o da constante cin?tica k, pelos m?todos matem?ticos, considerando o M?todo dos m?nimos quadrados, temos os seguintes valores de k no afluente e efluente das lagoas: facultativa prim?ria (0,23 dia-1 e 0,09 dia-1), matura??o 1 (0,04 dia-1 e 0,03 dia-1) e matura??o 2 (0,03 dia-1 e 0,08 dia-1) e pelo m?todo de Thomas os valores de k no afluente e efluente das lagoas s?o: facultativa prim?ria (0,17 dia-1 e 0,07 dia-1), matura??o 1 (0,02 dia-1 e 0,01 dia-1) e matura??o 2 (0,01 dia-1 e 0,02 dia-1). Atrav?s da Avalia??o Parcial Hidrodin?mica, na faixa correspondente a 10% do comprimento total da lagoa facultativa prim?ria, pode-se concluir que, pelo numero de dispers?o encontrado (d = 0,04) o escoamento ? do tipo disperso e a constante cin?tica apresenta um valor de 0,20 dia-1