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After the reformation and opening, China moves from planned economy towards market economy. Active development of merchandise market and affection of loose household register system promotes the enormous population flow between town and country. However, the research found out that there are deep problems existed in population movement that need to be solved. These problems included the shifting of labor force from farming industry, the employments, managements and services of floating population in urban areas, as well as the reforms and innovations on the duality household registration system in the urban and rural areas. Particularly, it would be a good proposal to solve the ¡§Tri-Agricultural Problem¡¨ and city development at this particular period. This research probed into the increasing factors and development features of the floating population and emphasized mainly on the analysis of positive and negative influences to economic and society development. How to properly plan the population movement towards the modernized development aim of China is what this research about to discuss. The research is to discuss theories related to population flow. However, push and pull theory is commonly used in the world. In accordance with the idea of ¡§Equal emphasis on agriculture and industry, equal development of town and country¡¨ of developed economy M. Todaro Model, lifting agricultural productivity, improving rural life conditions, and shortening difference between town and country will ultimately make duality disappear and is practicable to the economic development with Chinese characteristics.

Despite the growing importance of both destination image and event tourism, a research gap exists when the two fields are combined. Destination image and event tourism have been subject to separate research efforts in the tourism field, however there has been little evidence of research in how events can affect destination image. The thesis attempts to address the research gap that currently exists by using Canberra, the National Capital of Australia and two annual events in the Capital - Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 as case studies. The thesis illustrates the importance of destination image in regard to the destination selection process, the meaning and measurement of image and the growing interest in event tourism. Several studies have illustrated that destination images do influence tourists' behaviour and subsequently decision making (Hunt 1975). Image, among other variables can be the deciding factor in choosing one destination over another. In spite of the importance of this research line, several authors recognise a lack of an agreed way of conceptualising destination image. A conceptual framework of destination image was developed by Echtner and Ritchie (1991) which forms the foundation of the thesis. Although the framework has its flaws, it has been pointed out that the Echtner and Ritchie Destination Image Framework has been useful in the assessment of destination images. Importantly, how events can be used to influence the image of a destination is put forward. Canberra and its image, being the focus of the study, is discussed in detail with reference also to Tamworth and Sydney. Although much of the research into event tourism has focused on the economic benefits that events can provide to a destination, the effect an event can have on the destination image has not been well demonstrated. Research on Canberra has indicated various studies in regard to the perceptions Australians have of the destination, community attitudes towards Canberra and event related research, however the effect that events have on Canberra's image has not been addressed. The thesis incorporates studies of events to measure the effect that they have on the image of a destination. The two main studies were conducted in conjunction with the Centre of Tourism Research (CTR) at the University of Canberra. Two events, held annually in the National Capital, were the focus of the research - Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002. Event attendees at the two events were the target sample consisting of both locals and interstate visitors to Canberra. Two key questions related to destination image were added to the existing questionnaires and were the focus of the research. Primary research commenced in June 2002 and concluded November 2002. Destination image responses were derived from both the Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002. Results indicated that event attendees regard the two events as being very positive in respect to the destination image of Canberra. The Top 15 responses from both studies also indicate a positive correlation between events and the destination image of Canberra. The Top 15 image responses from the events indicated that events do have an influence on the image of the destination with many event related characteristics appearing in the Top 15 image responses. This was further emphasised when the results from the two events were compared to that of 'Australians' Perceptions of their National Capital' (Richards 2002). General destination images in all three studies were mentioned however Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 image responses were more events driven. The Perceptions study illustrated more unique characteristics of the National Capital along with National attractions. Further, the image results derived from Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade illustrates the notion of 'multiple' images that a destination may possess. It is postulated that events have a Life Cycle, and that their influence on destination image varies according to their life cycle stage. It was found that events that lay in the introduction stage of the life cycle have more varied image results that are directly related to the event itself. On the other hand, events that reside in the maturity stage possess strong images related more to the destination itself as opposed to the event. These 'older' events become synonymous with the destination and therefore images are associated with the destination. In conclusion, the research has illustrated that events do have an impact on the image or images of a destination. In this case, the image of Canberra was subject to influence from both Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 event attendees.

During 2010 and 2011, a series of major earthquakes caused widespread damage in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. The magnitude 6.3 quake in February 2011 caused 185 fatalities. In the ensuing months, the government progressively zoned residential land in Christchurch on the basis of its suitability for future occupation (considering damage from these quakes and future earthquake risk). Over 6,000 homes were placed in the ‘red-zone’, meaning that property owners were forced to sell their land to the Crown. This study analysed patterns of residential mobility amongst thirty-one red-zone households from the suburb of Southshore, Christchurch. Drawing on interviews and surveys, the research traced their experience from the zoning announcement until they had moved to a new residence. The research distinguished between short (before the zoning announcement) and long term (post the red zone ‘deadline’) forms of household relocation. The majority of households in the study were highly resistant to short term movement. Amongst those which did relocate before the zoning decision, the desire to maintain a valued social connection with a person outside of the earthquake environment was often an important factor. Some households also moved out of perceived necessity (e.g. due to lack of power or water). In terms of long-term relocation, concepts of affordability and safety were much more highly valued by the sample when purchasing post-quake property. This resulted in a distinct patterning of post-quake housing location choices. Perceived control over the moving process, relationship with government organisations and insurance companies, and time spent in the red-zone before moving all heavily influenced participants’ disaster experience. Contrary to previous studies, households in this study recorded higher levels of subjective well-being after relocating. The study proposed a typology of movers in the Christchurch post-disaster environment. Four mobility behaviours, or types, are identified: the Committed Stayers (CSs), the Environment Re-Creators (ERCs), the Resigned Acceptors (RAs), and the Opportunistic Movers (OMs). The CSs were defined by their immobility rather than their relocation aspirations, whilst the ERCs attempted to recreate or retain aspects of Southshore through their mobility. The RAs expressed a form of apathy towards the post-quake environment, whereas, on the other hand, the OMs moved relative to pre-earthquake plans, or opportunities that arose from the earthquake itself. Possibilities for further research include examining household adaptability to new residential environments and tracking further mobility patterns in the years following relocation from the red- zone.

Au cours du XXème siècle, l'étude de la politique répressive en URSS a été menée sans utilisation des sources statistiques et des données des organismes internationaux. Ces documents étaient tenus strictement secrets et donc inaccessibles. Avec la chute du mur de Berlin en 1989 et l'effondrement de l'URSS en 1991, le monde se trouve complètement modifié. Ce processus engendre la division de certains états en Europe, la création de nouvelles zones de conflit et aussi la proclamation de l'indépendance de certains pays comme l'Azerbaïdjan en octobre 1991. Ces modifications politiques provoquent des mouvements de population. Essentiellement liée à la sécurité, surtout en raison du conflit arrnéno azerbaïdjanais qui a influencé l'économie, les hommes émigrent et s'installent dans les pays de la CEl, particulièrement en Russie et en Ukraine, mais aussi en Allemagne, en Israël, et ailleurs. Aujourd'hui, les raisons de l'émigration du peuple azerbaïdjanais sont différentes. Notre problématique propose d'étudier, de façon historique et sociologique, l'ensemble des courants migratoires azerbaïdjanais vers la France à l'époque contemporaine, c'est-à-dire de la fin du XIXème siècle. au début du XXIème siècle. Cette question est éclairée par l'étude de mouvements migratoires des pays voisins. L'exemple azerbaïdjanais regroupe différents types d'immigration, c'est pourquoi il nous a paru pertinent et judicieux de l'analyser pour comprendre les enjeux actuels des mouvements de population. De plus, l'étude des flux migratoires azerbaïdjanais est intéressant de par ses caractéristiques culturelles, politiques et surtout économiques et permet d'accéder à une meilleure intelligibilité de nos sociétés. / During the twentieth century, the study of political repression in the USSR was conducted without the use of statistical sources and data from international organizations. These documents were kept strictly secret, and therefore inaccessible. With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the world is in fact completely altered. This process leads to the division of many countries in Europe, which provokes the arousing of new areas of conflict, and also the proclamation of the in dependence of few countries such as Azerbaijan in October 1991. These political changes caused movements of population. Primarily related to security, mainly due to the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, which changed the economy in a significant way, population migrate and settle in the CIS countries, more especially in Russia and in Ukraine, or also in Germany, in Israel and elsewhere. Nowadays, the reasons for the emigration of the Azerbaijani people are different. Our research scrutinizes, sociologically and historically, all Azerbaijani migration flows to France at the contemporary times, thal is to say the late nineteenth century to the early twenty-frrst century. This study is enhanced by analyses of migration of neighbouring countries. The example of Azerbaijan gathers different types of immigration that is the reason why we thought it would be relevant and meaningful to analyze the current issues of population movements. In addition, the study of migration of Azerbaijani is thrilling and stimulating because of ils cultural, political and especially economical, facets for a better understanding of our societies

人口流動具有各種型態。其中包含了遷移、移動、以及通勤人口。在宏觀模型框架下，空間互動模型(簡稱SIM)對於測量人口流動扮演了重要的角色。距離遞減效應為空間互動模型中重要的因子。該效應描述了人口流動的頻率會隨著移動距離而逐漸下降。然而，從實證上，本研究發現人口流動與移動距離的函數，並非在距離上保有恆定的關係。 在本文中，我們提出了對此非恆定的距離遞減效應之修正方法。本修正法運用了轉折點模型的特點，套入了空間互動模型的距離函數上。本文首先運用了電腦模擬驗證了此方法的穩定性與有效性。接下來，研究將此方法應用在兩個人口流動資料。第一個是從台灣健保資料庫觀察出的民眾就醫地變化。健保資料庫包含了總人口的5%抽樣資料。由於在抽樣上瑕疵不大，因此健保抽樣資料具有了一定的代表性。第二個資料則是英國統計局所提供的人口遷移普查資料。在這兩個資料上，我們發現本研究所提修正法，相較於傳統的空間互動模型具有更好的模型配適表現。此改善程度在非都市地區尤其更為明顯。 / Population movement encompasses various forms, such as migration, mobility, and commuting. Spatial Interaction Model (SIM) serves as an important tool to calibrate these movements in the sense of macro modelling. One of the important features of this model is that the number of migrants often decays with the distance. However, we found that this is not always the case in practice and the decay pattern may change with distance. In this study, we propose a distanced-based modification to the SIM, via applying the techniques of change-point problem to construct distance functional form. Computer simulation is illustrated to validate the method and the empirical analysis of flow data from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), and also England & Wales internal migration data also provides sound evidences to support the proposed approach. Note that the flow data from the NHIRD consists of a sample of about one million people and can be treated as a fine sample representative of Taiwan’s whole population (about 23 million people). Our results show that the modified approach is more adequate than the traditional SIM, especially for describing the movements of suburban areas in Taiwan.