The maritagium, or marriage portion, was the gift of land or rents given by a father on the occasion of his daughter's marriage. Using the evidence of the surviving charters, printed and archival, which detail the terms and conditions of this grant, in combination with those charters made by the donees or their heirs which refer to the maritagium, and other evidence such as law suits and administrative records (again printed and manuscript), my thesis examined the actual grant and enjoyment of the maritagium in England. It will be shown that the custom of the maritagium was widespread, if not universal, and penetrated all ranks of society. Furthermore maritagia seem to have been given to more than one daughter, and even, on occasion to illegitimate daughters, when the family could afford to do so. This indicates that medieval society, in this period, did not concentrate its resources in the hands of one heir but distributed land within the family, in contrast to previous work which has emphasised the growing concentration of land in the hands of the male heir. The mechanism and method of granting the portion remained remarkably similar over time, varying only in the amount of land, or rent, given as a portion. In particular the thesis examines the maritagium in relation to the lives of women; the charter and legal evidence had strongly indicated that the maritagium was accounted part of the lands of a woman. Examining the maritagia charters it was evident that the charter language changed over the period to reflect this fact, changing from a gift made from a man to a man with a woman, to a gift made to a couple. This change occurred over the course of the twelfth century but, regardless of who the donee was in the original charter, or what the language used seemed to signify, from the earliest period widows were found in control of their maritagium lands. This fact had important ramifications for the position of women within society; for those women who were not heiresses marriage gave a claim to lands which they could utilise in their widowhoods. Furthermore, and unlike dower, the maritagium resembled inherited land in that it could be permanently alienated by a widow if she so desired. These findings were reinforced by the customs to be found written in the works attributed to Glanvill and Bracton, and by the surviving law suits recorded at the eyres of medieval England. In these cases the rights of women to their maritagia were asserted by widows and reinforced by the courts. In this period the ability to own and alienate land conferred power, and the maritagium gave many women the right to lands and powers which they would otherwise have lacked. This was the case until the enactment of the statute De Donis in 1285 which barred both men and women from alienating the maritagium away from their heirs, or from preventing the reversion to the donor's heirs should they prove childless. This statute, which forms the upper date limit of my thesis, thus had a major impact on the rights of women over their property, and also on the customary arrangements made by families with regard to their lands. The maritagium was not, however, only of relevance to women. It did form an important part of the lands of women who were not heiresses, indeed the practice was linked to female inheritance customs, but during marriage the maritagium was controlled and utilised by the husband. In this way men also participated in the gift. In addition because the maritagium involved the passing of land from one family to another the maritagium enabled marriage to be used as a means of dispute settlement or alliance, political, social or economic. By making prudent marriages a family could also accumulate land near the centre of the patrimony whilst disposing of outlying land as maritagia in turn. The maritagium gift thus played a major role in medieval society.

This thesis describes the synthesis of the C1'-C10' portion 72 of the pamamycin-621A using a cuprate conjugate addition to join enone fragment 52 and organostannane fragment 64a. Fragments 52 and 64a were both synthesized from (S)-methylketene dimer 51. / Master of Science

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The purpose of this current study was to evaluate the use of a stimulus equivalence paradigm to teach emerging adults with developmental disabilities to accurately estimate portion sizes. This study also aimed to integrate nutritionally recommended foods to incorporate a socially significant component to promote health related behaviors. Three emerging adults with various developmental disabilities participated in this study. A pre/post-test embedded in a multiple baseline design across food was used to demonstrate experimental control. Results of this study indicated that all participants exhibited accurate portion size estimations following stimulus equivalence direct training trials and test of untrained relations. When asked about their perceptions of the training methods through a social validity questionnaire participants indicated that this training method were effective and acceptable. Limitations and directions for further research are also discussed.

This paper deals with the legal situation surrounding the legal statutory portion. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the statutory portions function in our society, does the rule fit into today’s society? To carry out this study, the authors analyzed the legal situation accordingly to the legal dogmatic method. Emphasis has been placed especially on laws but also non-government bills and doctrine.The statutory portion was introduced in the Swedish system, as early as in the 17th century. Its primary purpose then was to ensure a heritage to the descendants’ heirs. At this time most people died at a young age and their children were often young and incapable of supporting themselves. Today, it is more unusual to leave minor children, and it its more common to die of old age with already adult chil-dren. The statutory portion, which has as a purpose to ensure that parts of the de-scendants inheritance shall rightly fall to its heirs, is found today in 7 chapter 1§ ÄB .In recent years, a large number of non-government bills and government bills has been presented with proposals for the abolition of the statutory portion. Different writers express their view on the statutory portion as outdated and that the system does not fit into our society. Those who find the statutory portion outdated also express the meaning that statutory portion stands in conflict against both property law and the descendants last will.The authors consider the need for an investigation on the matter to determine whether the legal portion is outdated and no longer fulfills its purpose, or if it still is adapted to our modern society. / Denna uppsats behandlar den rättsliga situationen kring laglottsskyddet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda laglottens funktion i dagens samhälle, är regeln anpas-sad efter dagens rättsliga behov? För att genomföra denna undersökning har för-fattarna analyserat det rättsliga läget i enlighet med den rättsdogmatiska metoden. Tyngd har lagts särskilt på lagtext men även motioner och doktrin har spelat en viktig roll.Laglotten infördes i det svenska systemet redan på 1800-talet. Dess främsta syfte var då att säkerställa ett efterarv för den avlidnes bröstarvingar. På den här tiden dog de flesta i ung ålder och de barn som efterlämnades var ofta unga och oför-mögna att själva försörja sig. Idag är det mer ovanligt att den som avlider efter-lämnar omyndiga barn, oftast dör vi idag i en hög ålder och våra barn är då själva redan vuxna. Laglottsskyddet, vilkets innebörd är att viss del av en avlidens arv skall tillfalla dess bröstarvingar, hittas idag i 7 kap 1§ ÄB.Under de senare åren har ett stort antal motioner och propositioner lagts fram med förslag om ett avskaffande av laglotten. Olika skribenter utrycker en åsikt om att laglotten är föråldrad och att systemet inte passar in i vårt samhälle. Det menas också att laglotten strider emot både egendomsrätten och den avlidnes sista vilja.Författarna anser att det behövs en utredning på området, för att fastställa huruvida laglotten är föråldrad och ej längre uppfyller sitt syfte, eller om den än idag är anpassad till vårt samhälle. Efter en utredning finner författarna att en re-form av laglotten kan finnas nödvändig.

Projektet har inspirerats av metabolic food waste, även kallat MFW, som är ett mått för överkonsumtion av mat i koldioxidekvivalenter. I det här projektet har jag genomgått en designprocess för att ta fram ett produktkoncept som syftar till att hjälpa människor tillaga lagom mängder mat utav olika livsmedel för att minimera belastningen på miljön. Observationer, kartläggning, idégenerering, prototyper och visualiseringar med mera har genomförts i syfte att utveckla ett produktkoncept som används under matlagningsprocessen. Projektet resulterade i konceptet Eco board, vilket är ett kit med fyra olika skärbrädor som täcker fyra olika livsmedelskategorier: grönsaker, frukt, fullkorn och animaliska produkter. Genom en markering på skärbrädans yta visas på ett ungefär hur mycket mat som borde tillagas för att användaren ska kunna äta en hälsosammare mängd mat med minst möjliga miljöbelastning.

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No description available.

No / Recent analysis of the juvenile (≤12 years) human remains from a 19th century site in Wolverhampton, England revealed a relatively high level of nutritional deficiency diseases within the population. Indeed, 41.7% of the 48 juvenile skeletons analysed exhibited a combination of porous and proliferative bone lesions consistent with the pathological alterations associated with nutritional stress. This paper describes a pathological lesion on the inferior surface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone, not previously reported in association with infantile scurvy, but which was exhibited by 90% (N=9) of the 10 scorbutic individuals identified during this study.