Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar o conceito de pós-secularismo na filosofia de Jürgen Habermas. Para tanto, buscamos compreender como a religião aparece ao longo da construção do pensamento habermasiano, pontuando as diversas revisões feitas pelo filósofo e suas escolhas metodológicas, que resultaram numa mudança de perspectiva sobre o papel da religião na esfera pública das sociedades contemporâneas. A discussão de Jürgen Habermas se insere num debate mais amplo sobre o reexame do conceito de secularismo, envolvendo não apenas a filosofia, mas a ampla gama das ciências humanas e sociais. Assim, procuramos apresentar o contexto geral desse debate e os principais interlocutores com quem ou contra quem Habermas constrói sua argumentação. Por fim, tentamos mostrar de que maneira as revisões feitas por Habermas nos seus últimos escritos a respeito da religião, bem como a apropriação do conceito de sociedades pós-seculares, se enquadram na moldura geral da teoria habermasiana, principalmente dentro da estrutura do agir comunicativo e da política deliberativa. / This dissertation aims at investigate the concept of post-secularism in the philosophy of Jürgen Habermas. The work seeks to understand how religion appears throughout the construction of Habermas's thinking, pointing out the different revisions made by the philosopher and his methodological choices, which resulted in a change of perspective about the role of religion in the public sphere of contemporary societies. The Habermasian discussion is part of a broader debate on the revision of the concept of secularism, involving not only Philosophy, but the wide range of humanities and social sciences. Thus, this dissertation presents a general context of this debate and its main interlocutors with whom or against whom Habermas builds his argument. Finally, this work tries to show how the revisions made in his last writings concerning religion, as well as the appropriation of the concept of post-secular societies, fall into the general framework of Habermas theory, especially within the framework of communicative action and deliberative politics.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar o conceito de pós-secularismo na filosofia de Jürgen Habermas. Para tanto, buscamos compreender como a religião aparece ao longo da construção do pensamento habermasiano, pontuando as diversas revisões feitas pelo filósofo e suas escolhas metodológicas, que resultaram numa mudança de perspectiva sobre o papel da religião na esfera pública das sociedades contemporâneas. A discussão de Jürgen Habermas se insere num debate mais amplo sobre o reexame do conceito de secularismo, envolvendo não apenas a filosofia, mas a ampla gama das ciências humanas e sociais. Assim, procuramos apresentar o contexto geral desse debate e os principais interlocutores com quem ou contra quem Habermas constrói sua argumentação. Por fim, tentamos mostrar de que maneira as revisões feitas por Habermas nos seus últimos escritos a respeito da religião, bem como a apropriação do conceito de sociedades pós-seculares, se enquadram na moldura geral da teoria habermasiana, principalmente dentro da estrutura do agir comunicativo e da política deliberativa. / This dissertation aims at investigate the concept of post-secularism in the philosophy of Jürgen Habermas. The work seeks to understand how religion appears throughout the construction of Habermas's thinking, pointing out the different revisions made by the philosopher and his methodological choices, which resulted in a change of perspective about the role of religion in the public sphere of contemporary societies. The Habermasian discussion is part of a broader debate on the revision of the concept of secularism, involving not only Philosophy, but the wide range of humanities and social sciences. Thus, this dissertation presents a general context of this debate and its main interlocutors with whom or against whom Habermas builds his argument. Finally, this work tries to show how the revisions made in his last writings concerning religion, as well as the appropriation of the concept of post-secular societies, fall into the general framework of Habermas theory, especially within the framework of communicative action and deliberative politics.

In this text, the relation of critical theory and religion is analysed, comparing Jürgen Habermas's late philosophy with the philosophy of his predecessor Theodor W. Adorno. The question I ask is: What changes has the relation of critical theory and religion undergone in the transition from Adorno's thinking to that of his successor? As I try to answer this question, I develop a specific understanding of Adorno's philosophy as a "contemplative eschatology", and perform an in-depth study of how, why, and with what consequences it has changed to a frame oriented towards reaching understanding. In so doing, I point out the ambivalence which the turn towards understanding breeds, and suggest the religious motives discovered in Adorno's work deserve further attention.

The purpose of this study is to investigate The Church of Sweden’s role in the society of Årjängs municipality and to make visible if and how new spiritual phenomena occurs in Nordmarken Parish. Previous research suggests that more research is needed regarding new spirtual phenomena (Frisk 2015). Previous research also shows that new spiritual related thoughts is rising in Sweden which in turn warrants more studies in the area (Löwendahl 2002). The methods used in this study will consist of participant observations and content analysis where the observations will be used for gathering data and content analysis to interpret said data. The results of the study show that new spiritual related elements do exist in Nordmarken Parish although not to any great extent. One reason for this seem to be the influence of the Corona virus leading to fewer new spiritual related activities than previous years. The study also shows that The Church of Sweden in Nordmarken Parish has a relatively prominent and visible role in the society of Årjängs municipality. The result in relation to previous studies does match with Jarnkvists (2017) presentation that The Church of Sweden play a large role in the life of many Swedes.

The interface of religion, spirituality and mental health was investigated by conducting interviews with a group of Protestant evangelical pastors, and a group of registered counselling/clinical psychologists. The participants were selected through snowball sampling and were asked to describe their perceptions of, and experiences with religion, spirituality, and mental health in their respective positions as pastors and psychologists. The interview protocols were analysed through thematic analysis where themes were drawn from the data provided by participants. The data showed that both the pastors and the psychologists perceived a distance between the disciplines of religion, spirituality and mental health. The pastors described this distance as representing “two worlds”, a world of religion and spirituality and, a separate world of mental health. The psychologists similarly described an “unnamed conflict” that arises between the two worlds that can, at times, be characterised by perceived tension, discomfort and uncertainty. This tension has been amplified by the cultural climate of secularism in which religion had been marginalised and relegated to the private, rather than the public sphere of societal functions. With the shift to post-secularism has come greater acknowledgement of the role of religion and spirituality for individuals in society, bringing the necessity to consider the interface of religion, spirituality and mental health within mainstream psychological science. The data showed, however, that neither the psychologists nor the pastors had received formal training in this interface, which had resulted in high levels of ignorance and stigmatisation both between, and within the disciplines. Some of the stigmatisation about the interface of religion, spirituality and psychology could be attributed to the socio-political history of South Africa, making such stigmatisations indigenous to this country. Not only is training required on this interface, but as part of the findings of this study, an official position statement is proposed regarding Psychology’s approach to the interface of religion, spirituality and mental health, so that the proposed position statement can guide ethical psychological practice within the South African context. Despite the perception of the “two worlds” and the “unnamed conflict”, both the pastors and the psychologists agreed that collaboration between the two disciplines would be optimal, were committed to such a collaborative process, and provided suggestions about how that collaboration could be fostered. By naming the dynamics that characterise the “unnamed conflict”, greater levels of knowledge, transparency, respect, communication, openness, understanding, and ethical astuteness would serve to diminish the distance between the “two worlds”. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)