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This dissertation delves into the intricate examination of factors associated with secondary trauma as experienced by K-12 urban school leaders and the subsequent influence on their leadership practices. A primary objective of this research is to comprehend the contributing factors leading to post-traumatic growth among school leaders while also investigating their perceptions of the school district's role in fostering this growth. Set within an urban school district, this study focuses explicitly on Title 1 schools, where the impact is expected to be pronounced. Existing literature highlights a dearth of knowledge regarding the nuanced effects of secondary trauma on school leaders, thereby underscoring the significance of this research. To address this gap, a qualitative phenomenological study was conducted. This study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences of practicing Title 1 school principals and assistant principals. By exploring the depth and nuances of their encounters with secondary trauma, this research seeks to contribute valuable insights into the intricate interplay between these experiences and subsequent leadership practices.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-07-13T12:40:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1676031 bytes, checksum: aa0e3d79af81079cb724ae86344b6ee8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T12:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1676031 bytes, checksum: aa0e3d79af81079cb724ae86344b6ee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aimed to know the extent to which human values explain forgiveness and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in the context of divorce. Two studies were carried out. In Study 1 aimed to gather evidence of validity and internal consistency of the Cuestionario de Perdón en Divorcio-Separación (CPD-S) with a sample of 200 individuals (ages 19 to 71 years, M = 38.42, SD = 11,51) who have already gone through the divorce process. The majority resided in the states of Paraíba (29.32%) and Piauí (27.21%) and were equally distributed between the sexes. All responded to CPD-S and sociodemographic issues. The results of the exploratory factorial analysis indicated the extraction of a single factor, composed of 4 items and an internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .78), which was also favorable. In Study 2 had as objectives to test the structure of CPD-S, to identify the influence of sociodemographic variables on forgiveness and to know the predictive power of human values in forgiveness and PTG in the scope of divorce. The sample consisted of 200 individuals (ages ranging from 18 to 84 years old, M = 42.02, SD = 11.99) who had already undergone divorce proceedings, mostly residing in the state of Piauí (44.12%) and Women (75%). They lived on average 10.56 years (SD = 7.48) with the former spouse, being on average 8.63 years (SD = 8.19) divorced and the biggest part (66.5%) had a divorce consensual, 58% said they are not in another love relationship. About religiosity level, in a scale that could vary between 1 = nothing / little and 7 = a lot, the participants' mean was 4.98 (SD = 1.83). All of them responded to the instruments of the first study in addition to the Basic Values Questionnaire and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. The result of the confirmatory factorial analysis shows good indexes of adjustment quality of the CPD-S, confirming its unifatorial structure. The predictive power of human values for forgiveness and PTG can be verified through Pearson's correlation and linear regressions, noting that only the interactive subfunction explains the forgiveness (β = .17, p < .05 ) And that the normative subfunction (β = .20, p < .01) and promotion (β = .24, p < .01) are the best predictors of PTG. It is still possible to identify the possible influences of sociodemographic variables in the levels of forgiveness and PTG. Through Pearson's correlations, a positive relationship of forgiveness with time of divorce and level of religiosity was observed, through the test t, it was identified that those who had a consensual divorce granted more pardon and through ANOVA it was verified that older people show greater magnitudes of forgiveness. Regarding PTG, the results indicate that there are positive and statistically significant correlations, only, between PTG and divorced time and religiosity level. The other sociodemographic variables considered in the study had no influence on the scores. The results suggest that the individual who endorses values of the interactive subfunction, focusing on the quality of relationships presents higher rates of forgiveness, for worrying and nurturing feelings of care and affection with the other. And people who prioritize the values of the normative subfunction, recognizing the existence of a superior entity and affirmation of their faith to overcome, and those of the achievement subfunction, requiring high self-esteem and demonstration of competencies, experience positive changes after divorce. In view of the objectives achieved, it is hoped that this dissertation contributes with the growing literature of forgiveness, providing a measure with assured psychometric qualities and with the productions about the PTG, with scientific evidences on the themes. In addition, it demonstrates the centrality of human values in the studies of social psychology, in the explanation of psychosocial phenomena that promote health, social harmony and adaptation to divorce. / A presente dissertação objetivou conhecer em que medida os valores humanos explicam o perdão e o crescimento pós-traumático (CPT) no âmbito do divórcio. Para tanto foram realizados dois estudos. No Estudo 1 objetivou-se reunir evidências de validade e consistência interna do Cuestionario de Perdón en Divorcio-Separación (CPD-S) contando com uma amostra de 200 indivíduos (idades de 19 a 71 anos, M = 38,42, DP = 11,51) que já passaram pelo processo de divórcio. A maioria residia nos estados da Paraíba (29,32%) e Piauí (27,21%) e foram distribuídos equitativamente entre os sexos. Todos responderam ao CPD-S e questões sociodemográficas. Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória indicaram a extração de um único fator, composto por 4 itens e uma consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach = 0,78) igualmente favorável. O Estudo 2 teve como objetivos testar a estrutura do CPD-S, identificar a influência de variáveis sociodemográficas no perdão e conhecer o poder preditivo dos valores humanos no perdão e no CPT no âmbito do divórcio. A amostra foi composta por 200 indivíduos (idades de 18 a 84 anos, M = 42,02, DP = 11,99) que já passaram pelo processo de divórcio, em sua maioria residentes no estado do Piauí (44,12%) e do sexo feminino (75%). Viveram em média 10,56 anos (DP = 7,48) ao lado do ex-cônjuge, estando em média a 8,63 anos (DP = 8,19) divorciados e a maior parte (66,5%) tiveram um divórcio consensual e 58% afirmaram que não estão em outro relacionamento amoroso. Com relação ao nível de religiosidade, em uma escala podendo variar entre 1 = nada/pouco e 7 = muito, a média dos participantes foi de 4,98 (DP = 1,83). Todos responderam os instrumentos do primeiro estudo além do Questionário de Valores Básicos e o Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. O resultado da análise fatorial confirmatória aponta bons índices de qualidade de ajuste do CPD-S, confirmando sua estrutura unifatorial. Pode-se verificar, através de correlaçãoes r de Pearson e regressões lineares o poder preditivo dos valores humanos quanto ao perdão e o CPT, observando que, unicamente, a subfunção interativa explica o perdão (β = 0,17, p < 0,05) e que as subfunções normativa (β = 0,20, p < 0,01) e realização (β = 0,24, p < 0,01) são as melhores preditoras do CPT. Ainda pode-se identificar as possíveis influências de variáveis sociodemograficas nos níveis de perdão e CPT. Através de correlações r de Pearson observou-se uma relação positiva do perdão com tempo de divórcio e nível de religiosidade, por meio do teste t identificou-se que aqueles que tiveram um divórcio consensual concedem mais o perdão. Através da ANOVA, verificou-se que pessoas mais velhas apresentam maiores magnitudes de perdão. Quanto ao CPT os resultados indicam que existe correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas, apenas, entre o CPT, tempo do divórcio divorciado e o nível de religiosidade. As demais variáveis sociodemográficas consideradas no estudo não apresentaram influência nas pontuações. Os resultados sugerem que o indivíduo que endossa valores da subfunção interativa, focando na qualidade das relações, apresenta maiores índices de perdão, por se preocupar e nutrir sentimentos de cuidado e afeto com o outro. E pessoas que priorizam os valores da subfunção normativa, reconhecendo a existência de uma entidade superior e afirmação de sua fé para superação, e os da subfunção realização, necessitando de uma alta autoestima e a demonstração de competências, experienciam mudanças positivas pós-divórcio. Diante dos objetivos alcançados, confia-se que esta dissertação contribui com a crescente literatura do perdão, disponibilizando uma medida com qualidades psicométricas asseguradas e com as produções acerca do CPT, com evidências científicas sobre as temáticas. Ademais, demonstra a centralidade dos valores humanos nos estudos da psicologia social, na explicação de fenômenos psicossociais que promovem saúde, harmonia social e adaptação ao divórcio.

It is understood that trauma is something that can affect people in life. Trauma is a term that is readily used to acknowledge the experience of someone exposed to an adverse life event. There are various psychological therapies that help individuals to overcome trauma experiences. The unique contribution of this study is that little is known about the way in which Solution Focussed Brief Therapy (SFBT) can help clients coming to terms with such an experience, because it can help to facilitate post traumatic growth. SFBT is strengths based and is part of the positive psychology movement, where there is more of an emphasis on client resilience, rather than alleviating distress. SFBT offers a different way of working to the approaches already being utilised in this field. The current study aimed to provide insight into the experiences of Solution Focused Practitioners facilitating post traumatic growth during brief therapy, using qualitative methods. The study explored the experiences of a homogenous sample of six Solution Focused Practitioners; all had worked with trauma and were using SFBT in their working practice. Responses to questions asked during semi structured interviews were framed by the setting in which the practitioners worked, because they all operated from a centre known to the researcher. However, despite the potential influence of the setting, the researcher gained honest insight into the application of SFBT to trauma. Semi structured interviews were conducted and the interviews were transcribed. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and from this four main themes were found: (i) Who am I? – Becoming Solution Focused; (ii) A problem world where trauma exists; (iii) A positive cocoon where growth can occur; (iv) The longevity of the approach – a big fish in a small pond. Further exploration of these themes along with their subthemes is included in the paper. Research literature relevant to this study is discussed and implications for further research and practice are also taken into consideration.

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This paper examines the expression of emotion in narrative speech among individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI). We are particularly interested in the effects of ABI on the use of metaphor (c.f. Stroinska et al., 2014). Conceptualizing traumatic events and sharing them with others is crucial for prognostic purposes and reflected in the speech patterns of those who experience some level of post-traumatic growth (PTG). Emotion and metaphor constitute a relatively unexplored domain within the ABI community and merit further research given the prevalence of emotional disturbances following a brain injury. This study explores emotional valence (i.e. the ‘pleasantness’ of the emotions invoked) and concreteness (i.e. how perceptible the referent of the word is) in metaphorical constructions. Emotional norm data was analysed using a corpus of approximately 14,000 commonly used English words ranking valence and arousal (Warriner et al., 2013; Kuperman et al., 2014). Thirteen semi-structured interviews with ABI survivors were conducted at a rehabilitation facility eliciting narrative recall of traumatic events and their experience across three temporal representations, namely past, present, and future. Results highlight importance of demographic information in recovery outcomes, which in our study accounts for 32% of the variance in emotion. Measures of valence revealed significantly increased use of positive metaphor over time, while the analysis of concreteness indicated events further in time represented more abstractly. Together, the findings shed some new light on emotional outcomes following ABI and indicate possible uses that figurative language may provide in understanding PTG. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Metaphors represent one important method to interpret the world around us. Humans rely on metaphorical language to capture the essence of our experiences in meaningful and relatable ways. This is particularly true of those who have experienced a traumatic event, such as an acquired brain injury (ABI). Conveying feelings associated with trauma can often be challenging for individuals since the way they interact and perceive the world changes as a result. The shifting perspective is often described using metaphor to organize thoughts and give meaning to trauma. The current study examines the role of metaphor as a tool to uncover emotion following ABI and explore the implications it has in understanding psychological growth following the event. By exploring how abstract and emotional metaphors were, our results revealed that participants in the study had more positive elements in their metaphor use when describing their life over time and imagining the future.

Positive psychology has significantly advanced our understanding of well-being, yet there remains a need to better understand the how, what, and why of both positive and negative well-being. This study combined positive psychology and job loss perspectives to investigate the subjective experience of well-being following job loss. Using a qualitative-focused case study methodology, this three article dissertation explored the experiences of 20 workers who were displaced from the Ottawa, Canada technology sector from 2000-2006. The first article explored the experience of well-being from a bottom-up, naturalistic point of view and compared these inductive notions with existing a priori theories. Findings support integrated conceptualizations of hedonia and eudaimonia, while also potentially identifying new notions of well-being. Identified themes include (a) life evaluation, (b) transitory experiencing, (c) growth and grounding, (d) environmental mastery/stability, (e) mental ill-being/ill-health, and (f) motivational mindsets/conditions. This study showed well-being to be a rich, pluralistic construct. It included the non-dualistic notions of both subjectivity and objectivity, as well as encompassing notions related to the what and how of well-being. The second and third articles present inductively derived themes which helped to explain the relationship between job loss and well-being (i.e., the how and why). Three externally focused themes were reported in the second article: (a) systemic factors (e.g., broader business environment), (b) interpersonal factors (e.g., social support), and (c) chance (e.g., luck and serendipity). The third article identified two internally focused major themes: (a) differential coping responses and processes and (b) protective and sensitizing processes. Coping specifically consisted of problem-focused coping, meaning-making, attitudes and expectancies, behavioural processes, and emotional processes. Protective and sensitizing processes included identity and self-esteem, the impact of past adversity, and personal resources and characteristics. Implications for theory, research, and practice for both positive psychology and job loss are discussed. Keywords: positive psychology, job loss, unemployment, qualitative research, case study, hedonia, eudaimonia, coping, meaning, meaning-making, resilience, post-traumatic growth, social support, relationships, theory, processes

Isaiah 7 and 8 are set against the Syro-Ephraimite war and the looming threat of an Assyrian invasion. The historical and social circumstances are laced with tension of despair and hope in the pending crisis. These two chapters are also the starting point of Isaiah prophetic utterances directed at King Ahaz and the people of Judah. From the outset of chapter 7, notions of tension between Isaiah and King Ahaz can be detected. In chapter 8, these notions of tension become further more evident in the oracles of Isaiah. Chapter 7 and 8 also contains oracles that give prominence to the three children with the symbolic names of Shear-jashub, Immanuel and Maher-shalal-hash-baz. The messages of the children’s oracles are the same that is to trust Yahweh and not to despair in their faith. This study investigates the tension between despair and hope in Isaiah 7 and 8 from a perspective of trauma and posttraumatic growth. To understand trauma within a theological discourse, more precisely, with regards to chapters 7 and 8, this study will provide an overview on trauma and trauma tendencies. This research endeavour also addresses biblical trauma and trauma in prophesy to gain an understanding how to read Isaiah 7 and 8 through a trauma lens. The expositional study of chapters 7 and 8 forms the foundation of the study to identify the notions of despair and hope within the text. A notable theme in Isaiah 7 and 8 is the tension triangle between Ahaz, Isaiah and Yahweh, and the research explores the significance thereof in the pending crisis. Isaiah 7 and 8 reports the metaphorical action behind the names of Isaiah’s children and this study attempts to address the trauma and posttraumatic growth implications of these names. These names construe a prophetic message of despair and judgment but similarly also a message of hope and future expectations. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Th. (Old Testament)

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (PTGI, por sus siglas en inglés) en inmigrantes venezolanos que residen en Lima Metropolitana. La muestra estuvo conformada por 250 personas, cuyas edades estuvieron en el rango de 18 a 70 años (M=29; σ=8.51). Se realizó un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE), análisis convergente con la Escala de Resiliencia y análisis de fiabilidad. Los resultados del análisis de la estructura interna indican que el PTGI presenta una estructura de 4 factores (Fuerza personal, Relaciones Interpersonales, Cambio espiritual y Nuevas Posibilidades) y 20 ítems. Además, se encontró una relación convergente con la variable resiliencia. También, se reporta una adecuada fiabilidad por consistencia interna para cada factor (ω=.65 a ω=.91). Se concluye que el PTGI es un instrumento que cuenta con evidencias de validez y puntuaciones de fiabilidad. / The objective of the research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) in Venezuelan immigrants residing in Metropolitan Lima. The sample consisted of 250 immigrants; whose ages ranged from 18 to 70 years (M=29; σ=8.51). An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), convergent analysis with the Resilience Scale and reliability analysis were performed. The results of the analysis of the internal structure indicate that the PTGI presents a structure of 4 factors (Personal Strength, Interpersonal Relationships, Spiritual Change and New Possibilities) and 20 items. In addition, a convergent relationship was found for the variable resilience. Also, an adequate internal consistency reliability is reportad for each factor (ω=.65 a ω=.91). It is concluded that the PTGI has evidence of validity and reliability scores. / Tesis