En el trabajo se estudia el repertorio de los grafitis históricos hallados en los principales monumentos de Villena. Se trata de un corpus que asciende a 400 grabados realizados en un momento cronológico que abarca el siglo XIV, fecha atribuida al grabado de la Mano de Fátima del Castillo de la Atalaya, hasta la actualidad pasando por otros realizados durante las contiendas de la Guerra de la Sucesión y de la Independencia. Estas manifestaciones artísticas constituyen un legado de primer orden como fuentes históricas, tan valiosas para reconstruir el pasado como los legajos documentales o los restos arqueológicos.

Il lavoro si inserisce nell’ambito del progetto di Archeologia Urbana a Lecce, denominato “Lecce Sotterranea”, e propone la classificazione della ceramica databile tra XII e XVII secolo proveniente dai contesti archeologici degli scavi di Piazzetta Santa Chiara e di Palazzo Vernazza. L’analisi dei contesti di provenienza e delle associazioni di materiali hanno consentito la realizzazione di una classificazione tipologica per le forme meglio rappresentate all’interno delle classi più comuni. In generale si fornisce un ampio catalogo di forme con riferimenti cronologici molto puntuali. Inoltre, l’approccio contestuale e lo studio sui fenomeni di residualità hanno spesso consentito di fare delle considerazioni più puntuali sulle dinamiche di frequentazione dell’insediamento. ingrandire La lettura delle sequenze stratigrafiche e lo studio della componente residuale all’interno degli strati di età normanna, hanno consentito di chiarire alcuni aspetti circa le modalità di abbandono e di successivo ripopolamento dell’insediamento tra Tardoantico e XI secolo. L’analisi di classi ceramiche particolarmente diagnostiche ha integrato i pochi dati storici noti per il periodo svevo di Lecce mentre, per il periodo angioino e quello aragonese, è stato possibile definire un quadro cronologico più preciso rispetto alle produzioni ceramiche locali e ad alcune forme del vivere quotidiano. Infine, l’occasione di studiare contesti di XVII secolo scavati stratigraficamente ha dato modo di definire la datazione di classi ceramiche locali finora semplicemente classificate come “postmedievali”. / The work is part of the project of Urban Archaeology in Lecce called “Lecce Sotterranea”, and proposes the classification of pottery dated between the XII and XVII century and coming from the archaeological contexts of Piazzetta S. Chiara and Palazzo Vernazza excavations. The analisys of the contexts of origin and of the associations of materials has allowed a typological classification for the most represented forms inside the most common classes. In general, a wide catalogue of forms is presented, with very precise chronological references. Moreover, the contextual approach and the study of residuality worked out a better understanding of the dynamics of settlement. By reading the stratigraphical sequences and studying the residuality component inside Norman Age layers strata, some light has been shed upon the settlement's abandonment and later repopulation between Late Antiquity and the XI century. The analysis of particularly diagnostic classes of pottery has reinforced the scarce known historical data for the Swabian period in Lecce, whereas for the Angevin and Aragonese ones a more precise chronological picture could be drawn regarding local pottery production and some forms of daily life. Lastly, studying XVII century contexts stratigraphically excavated has permitted a more precise dating for some local ceramical classes previously classified just as “postmedieval”.

Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé à partir de l’étude de plus de 64 000 restes osseux provenant de 39 ensembles chrono-stratigraphiques issus de 7 sites répartis entre la ville et ses faubourgs. A l’aide de ce mobilier inédit, cette étude s’est attachée à appréhender, au travers des restes osseux, la ville dans ses dimensions économiques, culturelles et sociales entre les 14e et 17e siècles. Ainsi, au travers des études des proportions d’espèces, des âges et des sexes des animaux consommés, il a été possible de dresser les grandes tendances de l’approvisionnement de la ville durant ces quatre siècles tout en s’attachant à montrer la multiplicité des modes d’acquisition des animaux domestiques comme sauvages. Pour s’approvisionner en bétail, Tours met à contribution non seulement les élevages locaux consacrés à la production de viande mais aussi ceux qui produisent lait et laine. Ce travail a aussi mis en lumière aux portes de la ville le traitement industriel des carcasses de bœufs (traitement boucher et collecte de graisse). Cette étude a permis de caractériser le régime en viande des citadins et de différents contextes sociaux de la ville et notamment de mettre en évidence la grande différence dans le régime en viande qui existe à Tours entre les élites religieuses, qui se nourrissent de pièces de viande de qualité, et le reste de la population, plus particulièrement les commerçants et artisans urbains, dont l’alimentation est marquée par une forte consommation d’abats. / This research was conducted on the basis of over 64,000 bone remains from 39 chronostratigraphic units gathered from 7 sites located throughout the city of Tours and its immediate surroundings. The objective of this study was to use this unprecedented collection to size the economic, cultural and social dimensions of the city from the 14th to the 17th century through faunal remains. Thanks to the analysis of the proportions of species of animals eaten by age and gender, it is possible to define the main trends of meat supply in Tours over the period of time considered as well as to describe the many different ways of acquiring domestic and wild animals. In order to cater to its cattle need, Tours used local livestock bred for meat as well as milk and wool production. This research also sheds light on the industrial processing of beef carcasses (meat processing and fat collection). It is also possible to define the meat diet of city dwellers and of various social contexts of the city, highlighting for instance the difference in the meat diet of the religious elite, who ate prime cuts, and the rest of the population, more specifically city shopkeepers and craftsmen, whose diet mainly comprised of offal.