Face à la forte concurrence internationale, de nombreuses entreprises manufacturières orientent leurs investissements vers les marchés africains pour accroître leur part de marché et rester compétitives sur le marché mondial. Ces marchés sont effet en plein essor mais demandent des produits de grande diversité. En dépit de cette attractivité, les flux commerciaux en Afrique demeurent faibles en raison de la faible qualité des infrastructures et de l’absence d’écosystèmes logistiques régionaux connectant les pays africains de manière fiable et efficace.C’est pourquoi cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à la modélisation et à la résolution du problème de conception de réseaux de distribution hybrides en Afrique, intégrant des plateformes de distribution et de personnalisation finale des produits. Ces réseaux incluent, en amont, des hubs régionaux servant de porte d’entrée vers les marchés d’une région continentale. Le report de la personnalisation finale en aval du réseau logistique permet de réduire les délais de livraison aux marchés et le coût de distribution tout en maintenant une économie d’échelle. La méthodologie que nous proposons repose sur deux grands axes de recherche :▪ Le premier axe vise à définir la localisation des hubs logistiques régionaux, sur la base d’une analyse multicritères floue, version améliorée de TOPSIS floue et d'AHP ;▪ Le deuxième axe aborde conception de réseaux de distribution hybrides servant des marchés fortement diversifiés (exemple : marchés des engrais). Nous avons proposé deux nouveaux modèles d'optimisation multi-objectifs minimisant le coût total d’exploitation et d’investissement, maximisant la proximité des produits aux marchés et minimisant les dommages sur les produits finis durant leur distribution. Le premier modèle est déterministe tandis que le deuxième propose une conception flexible alignée sur la dynamique et l’incertitude de l’évolution des marchés africains. / In the context of intense international competition, many manufacturing firms are directing their investments toward African markets to increase their market share and maintain their competitiveness in the global market. These markets are rapidly growing but require customized products. Despite their attractivity, trade flows in Africa remain low due to the poor quality of infrastructure and the lack of regional logistic ecosystems, connecting African countries through reliable and efficient services.This doctoral thesis therefore focuses on modelling and solving the problem of designing hybrid distribution networks in Africa, integrating distribution and final customization platforms. These networks incorporate, upstream, regional hubs that serve as gateways to regional markets. The postponement of final customization downstream of the logistics network reduces the delivery times and downstream distribution costs while maintaining upstream economies of scale.The methodology we suggest is based on two main areas of research:▪ The first axis aims to define the location of regional logistics hubs, based on a fuzzy multi-criteria analysis approach, which is an improved version of TOPSIS fuzzy and AHP;▪ The second axis focuses on the design of hybrid distribution networks serving highly diversified markets in Africa (for example: fertilizer markets). To this aim, we propose two new multi-objective optimization models minimizing total operating and investment costs, maximizing product proximity to markets and minimizing damage to finished products during their distribution. The first model is deterministic while the second one proposes a flexible design in response to the dynamics and uncertainty of the evolution of African markets.

This diploma thesis deals with an admission procedure to the first form of primary education, school readiness, beginning of the school attendance and a formation of initial literacy in the first form of primary school. The theoretical part focuses on the ontogeny of a child in the pre-school and young school age, school readiness, the beginning of school attendance and the initial reading and writing skills. The research focuses on the preparation of children in kindergartens for school. It also describes three processes of admission procedure to the first form of primary school at three different schools. The author also analyses results of these admission procedures in 2018. She also analyses the human body drawings in connection with the school readiness. Last but not least she analyses the formation of hygiene habits of pupils in the first forms. The findings of this research are compared with the information in the theoretical part. There are also many appendices that document the research. At the end of the thesis there is the interpretation of the research and a description of contemporary school readiness issues.

本研究針對工業電腦產業，探索其創新產品服務：快速客製化（半客製化）服務的兩大產品服務模組化系統SOM(System On Module)及接單設計服務DTOS(Design To Order Service)-客製底板CSB的客製化服務之間的關聯影響，及對快速客製化（半客製化）服務的影響及關聯性。本研究以個案訪談法，以研華科技為研究對象；加上部份的問卷調查，為主要的研究方法。 　　本研究歸納分析研究發現如下： 　　【研究發現1】共通性模組的共通性程度會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現2】變異性模組的變異性程度會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現3】模組的介面標準化程度會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現4】設計延遲會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現5】最佳資源統治形式會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現6】接單後生產機制會影響快速客製化服務績效 　　【研究發現7】共通性模組的共通性程度會影響設計延遲 　　【研究發現8】變異性模組的變異性程度會影響最佳資源統治形式 　　【研究發現9】模組化是接單後生產機制的必備條件 　　研究結果發現：快速客製化服務是結合「快速設計客製化」及「大量客製化」的新興事業模式；並發現模組化及設計延遲理論對快速客製化服務的重大影響。 　　因此本研究建議：廠商應該致力於推動模組化系統SOM的產業標準化，運用延遲理論於接單設計DTOS及接單生產BTO服務，及運用交易成本理論於最佳資源統治形式來提高客製底板CSB快速客製化服務的績效。 / This research focused on studying the new business model for Fast Customization Service which is the combination of Fast Design Customization Service and Mass Customization Service. 　　The research result shows that Fast Customization Service is significantly influenced by “Modularity” and “Design Postponement” . 　　The Author suggests that the IPC makers should endeavor for promoting the industrial standardization of SOM (System On Module) , implementing Postponement theory into DTOS (Design To Order Service) and BTO (Build To Order) , and implementing Transaction-Cost Theory into the best Governance Structure .

Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-06T01:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 145.pdf: 641826 bytes, checksum: 2dfa402b4643fbeb63eb472871487783 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Discute o fenômeno do adiamento da maternidade após os 35 anos, relacionando-o ao processo de Destradicionalizaçao Social, que vem ocorrendo em todas as esferas da vida cotidiana-inclusive, no contexto sócio-familiar brasileiro. Independente das transformaçoes no ethos da maternidade, o discurso médico define, a partir do enfoque de risco, o que é "normal" e "anormal"nos comportamentos reprodutivos. Com base nestes pressupostos analisamos as percepçoes das mulheres que adiaram a maternidade, para depois dos 35 anos, em relaçao ao relacionamento afetivo-familiar, ao trabalho, a gravidez e à maternidade. Foram realizadas, no Ambulatório de Pré-Natal do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (entre julho e outubro/1998), nove entrevistas com gestantes entre 36 e 39 anos, nao portadoras de doenças crônicas ou intercorrências físico-clínicas. Os resultados deste estudo, qualitativo, indicam que o processo modernizador e as conseqüentes mudanças nos tradicionais padroes familiares, imprimem suas marcas na experiência da maternidade. Essa revisao de valores, referentes à funçao feminina e ao papel materno acompanha a incorporaçao da mulher ao mercado de trabalho e o crescente peso do capital escolar. Tornou-se possível concluir ainda, que em funçao dos valores atuais, o "ser mae" para algumas mulheres nao é mais percebido como o único objetivo, já que o trabalho é fonte de realizaçao pessoal. / The present study has the purpose of discussing the phenomenon of the postponement of maternity to the age of 35 years aged of, relating this process to the Social Destraditionalization, which is taking place in all everyday’s spheres, inclusively in Brazilian social-familiar context. Apart from the changes in the ethos of maternity, the medical speech defines, from the risk focus, what is normal and abnormal in the reproductive behavior. Based on such assumptions we analysed the perception of women who postponed maternity to the age of 35 years, associating that to the affective-familiar relationship, work, pregnancy and mothernity. We interviewed nine pregnant women between 35 and 39 years old in the Ambulatory of the Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto from july to october of 1998, who had no chronic illness or physical- linicalintercurrency. The results of this qualitative study points out that the modernizing process and its changes in the traditional familiar standard, influences the experience of maternity. This review of values which reters to the female functions and the mother role follows to the incorporation of women to the job market and the steady increase of the school capital. We were also able to conclude that because of the current values, “being mother” to some women is no longer realized as the only aim in life, seeing that work is as personal achievements.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-03T18:50:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARDOSO_Fabio_2016.pdf: 71020829 bytes, checksum: e1413b4896bf3ed023f3e1c2ca8eb956 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-03T18:50:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CARDOSO_Fabio_2016.pdf: 71020829 bytes, checksum: e1413b4896bf3ed023f3e1c2ca8eb956 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-03T18:50:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CARDOSO_Fabio_2016.pdf: 71020829 bytes, checksum: e1413b4896bf3ed023f3e1c2ca8eb956 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T18:50:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARDOSO_Fabio_2016.pdf: 71020829 bytes, checksum: e1413b4896bf3ed023f3e1c2ca8eb956 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-12 / Não recebi financiamento / Logistics has been a differentiator more and more important among automakers, since quality, price and technical characteristics have been moving towards a common ground. In order to seek for additional differentiation, companies focus on strategies of stock allocation that allow them to either increase revenue or reduce costs. Stock allocation strategies within the companies requires the decision between centralizing and decentralizing stocks. Present research aims at investigating the decision process about stock allocation for auto parts in aftersales Market, and analyzing what the important criteria for such a decision are. It was conducted a descriptive research with that purpose. It was investigated relevant criteria within literature and validated through questionnaires performed with dealership. Because dealers are the ultimate responsible for the brand image to the customer, they also participated in criteria and alternatives ponderations. Then, it was possible to suggest a final decision for stock allocation, through the organization of all criteria and alternatives in a decision tree together with their weights. Research results seems to suggest the necessity that automakers focus the aftersales resources in increasing their service level to dealership through stock decentralization, as a method to increase their revenue in long-term. Present research contributes to management because it investigates which are the relevant criteria and their weight for centralization decision. In addition, the use of multi-criteria decision making aid to suggest a postponement decision in auto parts distribution chain also represent a contribution. / A logística é um diferenciador cada vez maior entre empresas automobilísticas concorrentes, dada a equiparação da qualidade, dos preços e características notada nos veículos. Ao buscar essa diferenciação, as empresas privilegiam estratégias de alocação de estoques que permitam o aumento de sua receita e/ou a redução de seus custos. As estratégias de alocação de estoques de uma empresa privilegiam a centralização ou descentralização dos estoques. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é investigar o processo de decisão acerca da alocação de estoques de peças de reposição para o mercado de pós-vendas, ao analisar quais critérios são relevantes para essa decisão. Com esse objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva. Os critérios relevantes para a decisão foram investigados na literatura e validados através de questionários realizados com concessionárias. Sendo a concessionária uma grande responsável pela imagem final da marca diante do cliente, elas participaram ainda na ponderação desses critérios e também das alternativas. Foi possível então sugerir uma decisão para alocação de estoques, através da organização dos critérios e alternativas ponderados em uma árvore de decisão. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam para a necessidade de as montadoras descentralizarem suas distribuições de autopeças, elevando assim o nível de serviço para as concessionárias, como meio de elevarem suas receitas no longo-prazo. Esta pesquisa possui contribuições gerenciais de curto e de longo prazos. Em adição, o uso de técnicas de apoio à decisão multicritério para decisões sobre o uso de postergação para cadeias de distribuição também representa uma contribuição em si.

This thesis deals with diagnosing school readiness at enrollment for compulsory school attendance. The paper defines the terms of school readiness, school maturity, enrollment for compulsory school attendance, school attendance postponement and acceptance of the child younger than six years. Another part describes the enrolment process for compulsory education in primary schools in Českobudějovicko. Three goals have been set: how teachers of selected primary schools in Českobudějovicko diagnose school readiness during enrollment for compulsory school attendance, what is their experience with school start postponement and early school starts (before 6 years), and to see if elementary schools cooperate with kindergartens in enrollment for compulsory school attendance. To achieve the goals was used qualitative research, an interrogation method, semi-structured interview technique. Through interviews with selected teachers coming from nine primary schools these objectives have been met. Elementary schools use different methods for diagnosing school maturity, but in most cases they diagnose the child in the fields recommended by literature. They also cooperate with kindergartens in the enrolment process. Experience of their teachers with an additional postponement in enrolment, or with early enrolment...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the topic of school-matureness diagnostics.Through theoretical background it presents, at which level a child should be developed enough in terms of his/her character and knowledge, before entering the compulsory school attendance. Terms such as school knowledge and school readiness are tightly connected to the topic and explained in this research. Recent and former legislative requirements concerning the beginning of one's compulsory school attendance, school enrollment, and postponement of compulsory school attendance are mentioned. Following the theoretical part, the practical part of this thesis diagnoses school maturity. The Preliminary test of school maturity by Jaroslav Jirasek is described in detail, other often used diagnostically materials and publicly available publications with content being well usable for the diagnoses are also shortly introduced. Base don those publications a test for the diagnosis of school maturity was developed, and it was together with Jirasek's Preliminary test of school maturity used for testing school maturity with a research sample. The results were analyzed and compared. The research focus was oriented on the applicability of Preliminary test of school maturity by Jaroslav Jirasek. Its results were compared with...

This dissertation describes the decision-making process of parents in the field of postponing the compulsory school attendance or starting it on schedule. The qualitative research is based on an aggregate of 41 semi-structured interviews with parents and two focus groups, completed by subsequent observations and interviews with parents and teachers. The research goal consisted in illuminating the background of the high number of postponements in the Czech Republic, where every year about 20 % of children start in the first class a year later. The dissertation also provides insight on this topic in a comparative perspective and analyzes the initiation of compulsory education in selected European countries. The research results presented in the form of an established theory document that parents' decisions are based primarily on the needs of the family and especially of the need to be a good parent. The decision making is influenced also by the parents' attitude to the delay which has also impact on the weight being attached to other factors of the decision-making process, such as school maturity and individual areas of school readiness as well as the month of birth. During the decision-making process the experience of parents with enrolment in the first grade plays an important role as well. The...

Fertility postponement in the Czech republic and selected European countries in the period 1990−2015 Abstract We have been able to observe the trend of shifting of maternity to later periods of life in European countries since the second half of the 20th century. However crucial for this thesis is to determine whether there have been disparity in delaying of maternity between selected Eastern European (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland) and Western European (Germany and Austria) countries since 1990 till present. The goal of this work is to find the relationship among setting of family policies, fertility rate of older women and respondents' views. In the first part of this thesis are outlined basic theories explaining postponing of maternity. There are also listed consequences related to the late maternity. The thesis touches a topic of family policies which influence the phenomenon of late maternity. It presents several fundamental tools of family policies and compares them among selected countries. The second part focuses on a description of demographic indicators that demonstrate the shift in timing of maternity. The main analysis in this thesis is a logistic regression, which explains respondent's views on issues related to a harmonization of family and employment by selected explanatory variables from...

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of school maturity and readiness of pupils in the preparatory class. In the theoretical part the basic terminology from the field of pre-school education and problems of entering the elementary school is defined. There are also the principles of the preliminary test of school maturity described in detail. They are subsequently applied in practical research. The research part focuses on the comparison of the level of school maturity and readiness of pupils in the preparatory class and children in kindergarten. The survey was mainly conducted using qualitative methods, specifically through interviews, questionnaires and anamnesis. However, one quantitative method was also included - the standardized preliminary test of school maturity. This test focuses on fine motor skills and visuo-motor coordination ability. The research was carried out in preparatory classes and kindergartens in Mladá Boleslav and its surroundings. The goal of this diploma thesis was to find out whether education in a certain kind of preschool facility can affect children's readiness for school. Research results showed, that preparatory classes have better conditions for the development of a preschool pupil with postponement of school attendance than kindergartens. KEY WORDS Preschool...