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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Etude thermodynamique de la sorption de l'uranyle sur la monazite et la magnétite / Thermodynamic study of uranyl sorption onto lanthanum monophosphate (LaPO4) and magnetite (Fe3O4)

Felix, Olivia 10 July 2012 (has links)
Les phénomènes d’adsorption interviennent dans les processus géochimiques gouvernant ainsi le transport des contaminants. Par ailleurs, les variations de température sont susceptibles d’influencer significativement leur comportement vis-à-vis de la surface des minéraux. Aussi, l'influence de la température sur la sorption doit être étudiée afin de mieux appréhender le devenir des éléments dans l'environnement. Dans cette optique, l'interaction entre un ion modèle, l'uranyle et deux minéraux a été étudiée. Dans un premier temps, un composé méthodologique, la monazite, a été choisi afin de déterminer la démarche à suivre pour étudier l'influence de la température sur la sorption de l'uranyle dans trois milieux plus ou moins complexants. Puis, des tests préliminaires ont été réalisés pour étudier la sorption de l'uranyle sur un composé d'intérêt industriel, la magnétite, en appliquant la démarche mise en place. Le solide a d'abord été caractérisé d'un point de vue massif puis les caractéristiques acido-basiques de sa mise en suspension dans les trois électrolytes (NaClO4, NaNO3 et Na2SO4) ont été étudiées en fonction de la température. Les constantes d'équilibre associées aux réactions de déprotonation des sites de surface ont été déterminées entre 25°C et 95°C par modélisation de courbes de titrages potentiométriques. Les simulations ont été effectuées en limitant au maximum le nombre de degrés de liberté du système. Le modèle 1-pK a donc été préféré au modèle 2-pK en raison du nombre de paramètres ajustables plus limité dans ce modèle. Des contraintes expérimentales telles que le pH de point de charge nulle ou les enthalpies déterminées par mesure directe des chaleurs associées par microcalorimétrie de mélange ont été imposées pour déterminer les constantes d'équilibre acido-basiques. La sorption de l'uranyle en fonction du pH sur le même intervalle de température a été étudiée en alliant l'acquisition de données macroscopiques telles que les sauts de sorption et la spéciation en solution à une étude structurale menée par analyse par spectrofluorimétrie laser permettant l'identification des espèces sorbées. La simulation des sauts de sorption permettant d'accéder aux constantes associées aux réactions de sorption a été réalisée en imposant les caractéristiques acido-basiques préalablement déterminées. Des mesures directes, par microcalorimétrie de mélange, des chaleurs mises en jeu lors de la sorption de l'uranyle ont permis de tester la validité de la loi de Van't Hoff sur ce phénomène. La même démarche a été suivie pour étudier l'influence de la température sur la sorption de l'uranyle sur la magnétite en milieu NaClO4 et NaNO3. Cependant, l'étude structurale par spectrofluorimétrie laser n'a pu être réalisée en raison de la couloration noire de la magnétite. / The migration of radiotoxic elements in the geosphere is mainly regulated by chemical parameters which control the partitioning of the elements between mineral phases and aqueous solutions. Variation in temperature may affect the retention properties of a mineral surface and requires a careful investigation in order to understand the radionuclides behavior in the geosphere. In this way, the interaction mechanisms between uranium(VI) and two minerals (LaPO4 and Fe3O4) have been studied. In a first step, the monazite (LaPO4) has been chosen as methodological solid in order to clearly define all the different stages needed to completely characterize the influence of temperature on the sorption phenomena. To reach that goal, three media, more or less complexants towards aqueous uranyl and the mineral surface, have been considered. Physico-chemical as well as surface acid-base properties of the solid surface have been studied by considering three electrolytes (NaClO4, NaNO3 and Na2SO4) and temperatures ranged from 25°C to 95°C. The point of zero charge has been found to be identical for perchlorate and nitrate media (pHPZC=2.1) but it was found to be one pK unit higher for the sulfate medium indicating a sorption of the background electrolyte ions. The reaction heats associated to the hydration of the solid have been measured by using microcalorimetry and the nature of the reactive surface sites has been determined by carrying out Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS). On the basis of these experimental constraints, the titration curves obtained for the monazite suspensions were fitted by using the Constant Capacitance Model and the 1-pK model was preferred to characterize the surface charge evolution, due to the limited number of adjustable parameters. The surface protonation constants being determined, the behavior of U(VI) towards the monazite surface in the three electrolytes has been investigated. On the basis of both U(VI) speciation in solution and the results of a structural study carrying out by using TRLFS together with calorimetric measurements, the sorption edges have been modeled and the corresponding sorption constants determined. Since these values take into account a wide number of experimental results (both structural and thermodynamical ones) they appear to be accurate and could be extrapolated more confidently to other physico-chemical conditions. The experimental approach being validated with the methodological solid, preliminary tests have been carried out to study uranyl sorption onto a second substrate, the magnetite, more relevant than monazite in the field of radionuclides migration in the geosphere.
52

Měření malých stejnosměrných napětí / Low level DC voltage measurement

Obšilová, Lucie January 2015 (has links)
This thesis deals with low level DC voltage measurement by three methods. First part of this thesis describes each method. It is about potentiometric method, reference step method and direct method. This thesis also describes Josephson voltage standard which was used for calibration nanovoltmeter and Zener reference. The theoretical part of this thesis also deals with the evaluation of key comparison data. The main goal of this thesis is the comparison of methods used to measure low level DC voltage. The practical part of the thesis deals with the implementation of measurement with all methods in cooperation with Czech metrology institute. The measured values are processed including uncertainty evaluations. The final part of this thesis focuses on comparison of measurement methods. The key comparison reference value and the degree of equivalence of the measurement of each method are determined. Next part of comparison consisted of graphic comparison of methods. The end of the thesis contains evaluation of the achieved results.
53

Charakterizace a analytické využití pyridinoporfyrazinátu kobaltu jako neplatinového mediátoru v elektrokatalýze vodíku / Characterization and Analytical Application of Cobalt Pyridinoporfyrazinate as a Non-Platinum Mediator in Hydrogen Electrocatalysis

Klusáčková, Monika January 2019 (has links)
This work reports on the cobalt pyridinoporphyrazinate (CoTmtppa) as a platinum-group metal-free catalyst for hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions with the possibility of use in hydrogen energy and hydrogen potentiometric sensing. A different interaction of CoTmtppa with various electrode substrates, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and annealed gold (Au(111)), affects its electrocatalytic behaviour in hydrogen reactions. The formation of a hydride-type complex with the bonding of hydrogen atoms to cobalt centre is supposed to be the rate-determining step. In the case of hydrogen evolution, the maximum catalytic activity of mediator was reached at pH = 11,0, when the HOPG/CoTmtppa showed overpotential decrease by 300 mV and an almost 60-fold increase of current densities compared to HOPG. The electrocatalytic activity of Au(111)/CoTmtppa resulted in a further decrease of overpotential by 175 mV in comparison with HOPG/Co(I)Tmtppa. The electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen was found to depend on hydrogen source which was electrochemically generated on-site or molecular hydrogen supplied from an external source. In the case of electrochemically generated hydrogen, the maximum activity of HOPG/CoTmtppa was reached at pH = 2.1 and an additional it was observed 50 % increase in current...

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