Acid/base and metal ion adsorption properties have been investigated for a range of chemically modified bleached Kraft fibre materials (pulps). The studies were performed via potentiometric titrations, Flame Atomic Absorbtion (and Emission) Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Extended X-ray Absorbtion Fine Structure measurements. As a result of a chemical modification procedure, the total concentration of acidic carboxylate groups in the fibre materials ranged between 43 and 590 μmol/g. The preferable surface potential model for modelling the ionic strength dependent acid/base properties of fibre materials with low charge densities, i.e. unmodified fully bleached Kraft fibre materials, was found to be the Basic Stern Model. For fibre materials with high total charge, ≳100 μmol/g, this model resulted in poor fits to data, and for such materials a number of Constant Capacitance Models, one at each ionic strength, must be recommended. With respect to metal ion adsorption, the results have indicated that the unspecific Donnan theory could correctly model the simultaneous adsorption of several metal ions, i.e. K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cu2+, provided that the salt concentration in the fibre suspension is low. In suspensions of high salt concentration it was, however, found that this very same model strongly underestimated the adsorption of Ca2+ and Cu2+. Here, the Donnan model had to be complemented by specific ion exchange equilibria. These results were corroborated by spectroscopic evidence of specific interactions between Cu2+-ions and fibres. The spectroscopic indication of a complex formed between two fibre surface carboxylate groups and one Cu2+-ion, agree with the specific ion exchange model. It was therefore concluded that specific metal ionfibre interactions cannot be neglected, especially at high salt concentrations. The interactions occurring between the polycation GaO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+ and fibre materials were studied by both adsorption and spectroscopic measurements. These indicate that GaO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+ is surprisingly stable in fibre suspensions and that intact GaO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+- ions are strongly adsorbed onto the fibres. Also for this ion, specific interactions has to be considered, since the strong adsorption registered was too strong to be explained by Donnan equilibria. In the thesis, the stochiometric composition and an equilibrium constant characterising these interactions is presented.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This work presents the development and application of modern data acquisition and analysis techniques for the investigations of equilibrium and kinetic reactions. The analytical technique is known as second order global analysis and a background of this relatively novel approach has been given. The theory behind and characteristics of the computer programs developed analysis as part of this research are described in Chapter Two along with descriptions of the instrumentation and programs developed for the acquisition of both potentiometric and spectrophotometric data. Applications of the developed programs include a potentiometric and spectrophotometric study of the protonation and stability equilibria of a series of polydentate N-donor ligands, as detailed in Chapter Three. The combination of potentiometric and spectrophotometric analysis has been shown to be a powerful analytical tool. Spectrophotometric titrations were also combined with fast stop-flow experiments in order to elucidate the complex reaction mechanisms associated with helicating ligands. The helication of the ligand ‘PepdaH₂’ with copper(II) and nickel(II) is examined in Chapter Four, along with discussions concerning the ability to induce chirality in the helicates from the addition of a chiral counter ion. Investigations into chirality were further continued in Chapter Five where the stereoselectivity of a benzimidazole-based ligand was investigated with circular dichroism titrations. The synthesis and characterisation of the benzimidazole-based ligands are provided, including a study of the ability of the ligands to form higher order complexes as investigated using electrospray mass spectroscopy. Chapter Six provides an in-depth discussion concerning the use of combined glass hydrogen selective electrodes for the determination of equilibrium constants, as this was a major focus of this research. Different calibration techniques are discussed and a description of the internal calibration technique developed is provided along with examples of the advantages of performing internal calibration of the electrode.

Les phénomènes d’adsorption interviennent dans les processus géochimiques gouvernant ainsi le transport des contaminants. Par ailleurs, les variations de température sont susceptibles d’influencer significativement leur comportement vis-à-vis de la surface des minéraux. Aussi, l'influence de la température sur la sorption doit être étudiée afin de mieux appréhender le devenir des éléments dans l'environnement. Dans cette optique, l'interaction entre un ion modèle, l'uranyle et deux minéraux a été étudiée. Dans un premier temps, un composé méthodologique, la monazite, a été choisi afin de déterminer la démarche à suivre pour étudier l'influence de la température sur la sorption de l'uranyle dans trois milieux plus ou moins complexants. Puis, des tests préliminaires ont été réalisés pour étudier la sorption de l'uranyle sur un composé d'intérêt industriel, la magnétite, en appliquant la démarche mise en place. Le solide a d'abord été caractérisé d'un point de vue massif puis les caractéristiques acido-basiques de sa mise en suspension dans les trois électrolytes (NaClO4, NaNO3 et Na2SO4) ont été étudiées en fonction de la température. Les constantes d'équilibre associées aux réactions de déprotonation des sites de surface ont été déterminées entre 25°C et 95°C par modélisation de courbes de titrages potentiométriques. Les simulations ont été effectuées en limitant au maximum le nombre de degrés de liberté du système. Le modèle 1-pK a donc été préféré au modèle 2-pK en raison du nombre de paramètres ajustables plus limité dans ce modèle. Des contraintes expérimentales telles que le pH de point de charge nulle ou les enthalpies déterminées par mesure directe des chaleurs associées par microcalorimétrie de mélange ont été imposées pour déterminer les constantes d'équilibre acido-basiques. La sorption de l'uranyle en fonction du pH sur le même intervalle de température a été étudiée en alliant l'acquisition de données macroscopiques telles que les sauts de sorption et la spéciation en solution à une étude structurale menée par analyse par spectrofluorimétrie laser permettant l'identification des espèces sorbées. La simulation des sauts de sorption permettant d'accéder aux constantes associées aux réactions de sorption a été réalisée en imposant les caractéristiques acido-basiques préalablement déterminées. Des mesures directes, par microcalorimétrie de mélange, des chaleurs mises en jeu lors de la sorption de l'uranyle ont permis de tester la validité de la loi de Van't Hoff sur ce phénomène. La même démarche a été suivie pour étudier l'influence de la température sur la sorption de l'uranyle sur la magnétite en milieu NaClO4 et NaNO3. Cependant, l'étude structurale par spectrofluorimétrie laser n'a pu être réalisée en raison de la couloration noire de la magnétite. / The migration of radiotoxic elements in the geosphere is mainly regulated by chemical parameters which control the partitioning of the elements between mineral phases and aqueous solutions. Variation in temperature may affect the retention properties of a mineral surface and requires a careful investigation in order to understand the radionuclides behavior in the geosphere. In this way, the interaction mechanisms between uranium(VI) and two minerals (LaPO4 and Fe3O4) have been studied. In a first step, the monazite (LaPO4) has been chosen as methodological solid in order to clearly define all the different stages needed to completely characterize the influence of temperature on the sorption phenomena. To reach that goal, three media, more or less complexants towards aqueous uranyl and the mineral surface, have been considered. Physico-chemical as well as surface acid-base properties of the solid surface have been studied by considering three electrolytes (NaClO4, NaNO3 and Na2SO4) and temperatures ranged from 25°C to 95°C. The point of zero charge has been found to be identical for perchlorate and nitrate media (pHPZC=2.1) but it was found to be one pK unit higher for the sulfate medium indicating a sorption of the background electrolyte ions. The reaction heats associated to the hydration of the solid have been measured by using microcalorimetry and the nature of the reactive surface sites has been determined by carrying out Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS). On the basis of these experimental constraints, the titration curves obtained for the monazite suspensions were fitted by using the Constant Capacitance Model and the 1-pK model was preferred to characterize the surface charge evolution, due to the limited number of adjustable parameters. The surface protonation constants being determined, the behavior of U(VI) towards the monazite surface in the three electrolytes has been investigated. On the basis of both U(VI) speciation in solution and the results of a structural study carrying out by using TRLFS together with calorimetric measurements, the sorption edges have been modeled and the corresponding sorption constants determined. Since these values take into account a wide number of experimental results (both structural and thermodynamical ones) they appear to be accurate and could be extrapolated more confidently to other physico-chemical conditions. The experimental approach being validated with the methodological solid, preliminary tests have been carried out to study uranyl sorption onto a second substrate, the magnetite, more relevant than monazite in the field of radionuclides migration in the geosphere.