El análisis de Fourier es el método fundamental para la medida de armónicos e interarmónicos en señales eléctricas y es el principio de análisis que establece la International Electrotechnical Commission para los instrumentos de medida. Con el objetivo de superar las limitaciones que lo hacen poco efectivo en determinadas condiciones se han propuesto otras técnicas de análisis como las wavelets. En esta tesis doctoral se explora esta alternativa en el campo de la calidad del suministro de energía eléctrica.Como aportación principal se presenta un nuevo método de medida de armónicos e interarmónicos basado en la Transformada Wavelet Packet compatible con el estándar de medida IEC 61000-4-7 de 2002. El método propuesto utiliza un árbol de descomposición wavelet, que en sus distintos niveles suministra la medida de armónicos e interarmónicos de la señal, así como su contenido subarmónico e información de sus variaciones en el dominio temporal.Se exponen las características principales del método en cuanto a la elección de la función wavelet madre, el banco de filtros que implementa el árbol de descomposición wavelet y el postprocesado que posibilita la compatibilidad con el estándar de medida. Se analizan las prestaciones del método en la medida de armónicos e interarmónicos, tanto en condiciones estacionarias como en el caso de pérdida de sincronía por variación de la frecuencia fundamental o variación de la ventana de muestreo de la señal, presencia de componentes no síncronas con la frecuencia de la red o presencia de componentes de amplitud variable. Por último, se expone la información que aporta el método para la estimación temporal de las componentes frecuenciales medidas.El método desarrollado junto con el método de IEC, se ha implementado sobre un equipo electrónico para adquisición y procesado de señal utilizando técnicas de instrumentación virtual. Se expone la estructura y características del hardware utilizado y del software desarrollado así como los resultados obtenidos en la medida del espectro frecuencial de señales de diferente naturaleza.Por último se resumen las conclusiones obtenidas y se proponen futuras líneas de investigación motivadas por la realización de esta tesis doctoral. / Fourier analysis is the fundamental method for the measurement of harmonics and interharmonics in electrical power systems and is the method proposed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for standard measurement instruments. With the objective of overcoming the limitations in certain conditions, other techniques of analysis such as wavelets have been proposed. This doctoral thesis investigates alternatives in the field of the quality of the provision of electrical energy. The main contribution of this thesis is the proposal of a new method of measurement of harmonics and interharmonics based on the Wavelet Packet Transform compatible with the standard IEC 61000-4-7 of 2002. The method proposed simultaneously uses different levels of the same wavelet decomposition tree for the measurement of harmonic, interharmonic and subharmonic components in the input signal as well as their time evolution.The basic characteristics of the method in terms of the choice of the mother wavelet function, the bank of filters that implements the wavelet decomposition tree and the postprocessing to make the method compatible with the measurement standard are explained. The benefits of the method in the measurement of harmonics and interharmonics are analyzed, both in stationary conditions and in the case of loss of synchrony due to variation of the base frequency or variation of the sampling window of the signal, presence of nonsynchronous components with the frequency of the network or presence of components of variable amplitude. Finally, the information that the method provides about the temporal estimation of the measured frequencial components is described.The method developed and the IEC method have been implemented on a virtual instrument. The hardware used and the software developed are explained studying the performance of the instrument under different measurement conditions.Finally the conclusions obtained are summarized and future lines of investigation motivated by this doctoral thesis are proposed.

Rapporten utreder om distributionstransformatorer med märkeffekten 50 kVA i Vattenfall Eldistribution AB:s elnät kan avskaffas till förmån för märkeffekten 100 kVA. Transformatorer med märkeffekten 50 kVA förekommer vid nedtransformering av spänningen från 22 kV och 11 kV till hushållens huvudspänning 0,4 kV. 50 kVA-transformatorer skiljer inte särskilt mycket från transformatorer med den högre märkeffekten i fråga om storlek och pris, och de bedöms kunna bytas ut utan större praktiska svårigheter. Fördelen med 100 kVA är att de elektriska belastningsförlusterna blir lägre i och med den högre märkeffekten. Dessutom innebär ett byte vissa elkvalitetsförbättringar. Nackdelarna med 100 kVA är att de elektriska tomgångsförlusterna är högre och att inköpspriset är högre än för 50 kVA. I övrigt kan kostnaderna likställas för de två alternativen. Endast kostnader för aktiva effektförluster berördes i rapporten då de ekonomiska kostnaderna för reaktiva effektförluster kunde försummas för de aktuella transformatorerna. För att nå ett svar på frågan om det kan vara lönsamt att avskaffa 50 kVA-transformatorerna studerades fem verkliga fall i Vattenfalls svenska elnät. Dessutom studerades eventuella elkvalitetsvinster med ett byte. Svaret blev att inte för något av de fem studerade fallen var det lönsamt med ett byte till 100 kVA-transformator. Rörande elkvalitetsaspekten blev svaret att ett byte visserligen innebär en skillnad men att andra faktorer oftast har större betydelse. Rapportens rekommendation blev att behålla 50 kVA-transformatorn i distributionsnätet.

In this thesis, design and implementation of a distribution-type, voltage source converter (VSC) based static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) having the simplest converter and coupling transformer topologies have been carried out. The VSC STATCOM is composed of a +/- 750 kVAr full-bridge VSC employing selective harmonic elimination technique, a low-pass input filter, and a &amp / #8710 / /Y connected coupling transformer for connection to medium voltage bus. The power stage of VSC based STATCOM is composed of water-cooled high voltage IGBT modules switched at 850 Hz for the elimination of 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd,and 25th voltage harmonics. Special care has been taken in the laminated busbar design to minimize stray inductances between power semiconductors and dc link capacitor. Reactive power control is achieved by applying the phase angle control technique. The effect of input filter on total demand distortion has been investigated theoretically by mathematical derivations. The proposed VSC STATCOM has been implemented for reactive power compensation of Coal Preparation System in Kemerk&ouml / y Thermal Power Plant. The field test results have shown the success of the implemented system in view of fast response in reactive power compensation, and minimum input current harmonic content, and compliance with the IEEE Std. 519-1992 even for the weakest power systems. The application of selective harmonic elimination technique and phase angle control to VSC STATCOM has led to optimum switching frequency and device utilization for high voltage IGBTs at the expense of slower response as compared to other PWM techniques.

In this research work, two new flickermeters are proposed to estimate the light flicker caused by electric arc furnaces (EAFs) where the system frequency deviates significantly. In these methods, analytical expressions of the instantaneous light flicker sensation are obtained beginning from a voltage waveform and these expressions are used to obtain a flicker estimation method based on the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) flickermeter. First method is a spectral decomposition based approach using DFT to estimate the light flicker. The leakage effect of the DFT algorithm due to fundamental frequency variation is reduced by employing spectral amplitude correction procedure around the fundamental frequency. Second method is a Kalman filter based approach, in which the frequency domain components of the voltage waveform are obtained by Kalman filtering. Then these components are used to obtain the light flicker. Since the frequency decomposition is obtained by Kalman filtering, no leakage effect of the DFT is involved in case of frequency deviations which is an important advantage. Both methods are tested on both simulated data and field data obtained from three different EAF plants where the flicker level and frequency variation is considerably high. The comparison with the digital realization of the IEC flickermeter shows that the methods are successful in estimating light flicker with low computational complexity. The methods are especially useful for conditions such as disturbances and subsequent system transients where the system frequency deviates significantly, since the methods avoid the need for online sampling rate adjustment to prevent the DFT leakage effect.

This research work is devoted to the design, development and implementation of a Current Source Converter (CSC) based Active Power Filter (APF) for Medium Voltage (MV) applications. A new approach has been proposed to the design of the CSC based APF for reducing the converter kVA rating considerably. This design approach is called the Selective Harmonic Amplification Method (SHAM), and is based on the amplification of some selected harmoniccurrent components of the CSC by the input filter, and the CSC control system, which is specifically designed for this purpose. The proposed SHAM has been implemented on the first industrial CSC based APF for the elimination of 11th and 13th current harmonics of 12-pulse rectifiers fed from Medium Voltage (MV) underground cables in order to comply with IEEE Std. 519-1992. 450 kVA rated APF with only 205 kVA CSC rating has been connected to the MV bus via a coupling transformer of 600kVA, 34.5/1.1 kV. The power stage of the CSC based APF is composed of water-cooled high voltage IGBT and diode modules. Reference currents to be generated by the CSC are obtained by the use of a selective harmonic extraction method, by mploying synchronously rotating reference frames for each selected harmonic component. An Active damping method is also used to suppress the oscillations around the natural frequency of the input filter, excluding the harmonic components to be eliminated by APF. Simulation and field test results have shown that SHAM can successfully be applied to a CSC based APF for reduction of converter kVA rating, thus making it a cost- competitive alternative to voltage source converter based APFs traditionally used in industry applications.

Voltage fluctuations under 30 Hz in the electricity grid, leads to oscillations in the light intensity that can be perceived by human eye, which is called flicker. In this thesis, the sources of the flicker at a point of common coupling is investigated. When there are more than one flicker sources connected to a PCC, individual effects of each flicker source is determined by using a new method which depends on the reactive current components of the sources. This method is mainly based on the flickermeter design defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), but uses the current variations in addition to the voltage variations to compute flicker. The proposed method is applied to several different types of loads supplied from a PCC and their flicker contributions on the busbar are investigated. Experiments are performed on field data obtained by the power quality analyzers (PQ+) developed by the National Power Quality Project and the method has been found to provide accurate results for flicker contributions of various loads. The PQ+ analyzers with the proposed flicker contribution detection algorithm are called Flicker Contribution Meters (FCM) and they will be installed at the points of the Turkish Electricity Transmission Network when required.

It is known from the literature that conventional voltage and current transformers measure inaccurate values for voltage and current harmonics which are parts of power quality. Maximum bandwidth of conventional current transformers, which are used in electricity transmission and distribution systems, is 1.5-2 kHz and it is lower for conventional voltage transformers. Also, it is known that / voltages in some frequency spectrum are measured higher and voltages in another frequency spectrum are measured lower by the conventional voltage transformers. Furthermore, because of the phase shift of fundamental component caused by the conventional current and voltage transformers, losses and efficiency can not be calculated accurately. In this work, through the simultaneous measurements taken at the same feeder by both conventional transformers and new technology measurement transformers / amplitude and phase shift errors which are caused by conventional transformers depending on frequency and so harmonics, are examined and evaluated. Amplitude coefficients and phase shifts are determined for different types of conventional transformers to be able to calibrate measurement deviation. Through this work, measured data by conventional transformers will be accurate and realistic in terms of harmonic components. This matter is important to determine whether the accurate limits which will be set in the future possibly concerning with harmonics and interharmonics, are surpassed or not / also for punitive sanction.

Este trabalho apresenta o controle de potência em um gerador de indução duplamente alimentado (GIDA) utilizado em uma micro turbina eólica, visando o controle de potência ativa e reativa para minimizar as variações de tensão em redes rurais. Com a inserção destas fontes renováveis de energia no sistema de distribuição em baixa tensão, é fundamental analisar os impactos na qualidade de energia no ponto de conexão (PC) e implementar o controle adequado para atender os requisitos técnicos dos procedimentos de distribuição estabelecidos por norma. Uma equação é apresentada para relacionar a variação de tensão com a potência injetada em uma rede de distribuição em baixa tensão. Uma rede rural típica é emulada nesse trabalho para analisar este impacto na variação de tensão em áreas remotas. O sistema utiliza malhas de controle tradicionais PI para as correntes retóricas e malha de potência ativa e reativa, e as referências são então definidas para auxiliar a evitar uma violação da banda de variação de tensão permitida por norma. Devido ao fato de que a inserção de potência ativa em redes rurais é o principal fator de variação da tensão no PC, resultados experimentais são apresentados para validar a teoria desenvolvida e comprovar a eficácia do sistema projetado. / This work presents the power control in a double fed induction generator (DFIG) used in a wind turbine, aiming the control of active and reactive power to minimize the voltage variations in rural networks. With the insertion of these renewable energy sources in the low voltage distribution system, it is fundamental to analyze the impacts on the quality of energy at the point of connection (PC) and to implement adequate control to attend the technical requirements of the distribution procedures established by standard. An equation is presented to relate the voltage variation to the injected power in a low voltage distribution network. A typical rural network is emulated in this work to analyze this impact on the voltage variation in remote areas. The system uses traditional PI control meshes for rotor currents and active and reactive power mesh, and the references are then set to help prevent a violation of the allowable voltage variation band as per standard. Due to the fact that the insertion of active power in rural networks is the main factor of variation of the voltage in the PC, experimental results are presented to validate the developed theory and to prove the efficiency of the designed system.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e adaptação de técnicas para minimizar os efeitos das variações de carga e de frequência da rede em controladores repetitivos aplicados a filtros ativos de potencia. Para minimizar os efeitos provenientes de sinais aperiódicos decorrentes da conexão ou desconexão de cargas não lineares é elaborada uma técnica que diferencia cargas lineares de não lineares. Esta técnica opera de forma a só reinicializar o controlador quando o erro devido ao transitório for de valor considerável ou quando ocorrer a transição de carga não linear para linear. Também é desenvolvido um algoritmo de adaptação do ganho do controlador repetitivo baseado em uma função de adaptação sigmóide, com intuito de minimizar os efeitos provocados por ruído aleatório no sistema de medição. Na sequência, são analisados os efeitos da variação de frequência e apresentados os principais métodos de compensação deste problema. Entre as soluções apresentadas, encontra-se o método da alteração do número de amostras por período e o método da variação da taxa de amostragem. O primeiro possui a vantagem de utilizar técnicas de projeto lineares e invariantes no tempo. Já o segundo método, por variar a frequência de amostragem, deve ser analisado sob um aspecto de sistema variante no tempo, o que acarreta em maior complexidade na prova de estabilidade. Os algoritmos de reinicialização e adaptação do ganho do controlador repetitivo são analisados sob variação da frequência da rede. Para a compensação da variação da rede, utiliza-se o método do truncamento do número de amostras e o da variação da taxa de amostragem. Por fim, para validar os algoritmos desenvolvidos s˜ao realizados testes em uma plataforma experimental. / This work presents the development and modification of techniques to reduce the effects of load variation and mains frequency deviation in repetitive controllers applied to active power filters. To minimize the effects of aperiodic signals resulting from the connection or disconnection of non-linear loads is developed a technique which recognizes linear and nonlinear loads, and operates to reset the controller only when the error due to the transition of considerable value, and the transition is from non-linear to linear load. An algorithm to adapt the gain of the repetitive controller, based on a sigmoid function adaptation, in order to minimize the effects caused by random noise in the measurement system is also used. This work also analyzes the effects of frequency variation and presents the main methods to cope with this situation. Some solutions are the change in the number of samples per period and the variation of the sampling rate. The first has the advantage of using linear design techniques and results in a time invariant system. The second method changes the sampling frequency and leads to a time variant system that demands a difficult analysis of stability. The proposed algorithms were tested using the methods of truncation of the number of samples and the method of changing the sampling rate of the system to compensate possible frequency variations of the grid. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposal.

CAPES / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e implementação de um sistema constitu ído por um hardware para aquisição de sinais e um software para a análise da qualidade de energia. O sistema de aquisição contém uma interface para conexão com computadores pessoais para o envio dos dados coletados para serem analisados via software. O software é desenvolvido utilizando-se ferramentas livres, reduzindo, assim, o custo de implementação do sistema. Além disso, são empregadas as mais recentes de nições para o cálculo de potências, presentes na Norma IEEE 1459-2010, a qual descreve os cálculos de potências para sistemas desbalanceados em regimes não senoidais. Para se obter uma maior precisão nos resultados, é utilizado o ltro de Kalman para a decomposição dos sinais de tensão e corrente em suas componentes fundamental e harmônicas, o qual apresenta melhores resultados em regimes transitórios quando comparados à FFT. O trabalho descreve todo o desenvolvimento de hardware e software, incluindo a estrutura interna do software e detalhes da implementação computacional dos cálculos. Por fim, são apresentados os resultados simulados e experimentais para a validação da proposta, os quais são comparados com resultados teóricos e os resultados obtidos pelo analisador de energia Fluke 434. / This document describes the development and implementation of a power analyzer system that is composed by a signal acquisition hardware and a power analyzer software. The acquisition system contains an interface to connect personal computers and transfer the acquired data to be analized by the software. The software was developed using free tools and frameworks, what reduces the development cost. Furthermore, the latest de nitions for power computation are used, that are described by IEEE Std 1459-2010, for unbalanced and non-sinusoidal systems. ITo obtain results with better accuracy, it is used the Kalman lter to decompose the voltage and current signals into their fundamental and harmonic components. This document describe the development of hardware and software, including the internal software structure and implementation details of the power computations. Finally, simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposal. Then, these results are compared with theoretical results and the values obtained by the Fluke 434 Power Analyzer.