Globally there has been a reported increase in consumerism as a main driver of de-professionalization in the practice of medicine with a corresponding increase in cases of self-reported breaches of professionalism and ethical misconduct by students. This trend has necessitated a renewed focus on the experiences of professionalism among students in health care practice. Aim: The aim was to assess the Bachelor of Clinical Medical Practice (BCMP) students’ experiences and perceptions of professionalism during clinical rotations with a view to making recommendations designed to enhance congruency between the teaching and practice of professionalism as exhibited during clinical rotations. Methods: Following five-week attachments at purposefully selected clinical departments in designated District Education Campuses (DECs), final-year BCMP students were asked to reflect on Hatem’s definition of professionalism. Students reflected on their time in three of the five rotations, namely: Paediatrics (Paeds), Emergency Medicine (EM) and Adult in-Patient wards (AIPW). The research involved a collective case study of the three settings and took the form of a retrospective, descriptive, analytical and review-based design of 71 student portfolios. Qualitative methods were used to assess in the first instance the BCMP students’ ability to reflect critically and independently on moral and ethical issues (personal attributes). Secondly, quantitative elements were incorporated to evaluate the students’ ability to reflect on the core values of professionalism (contextual attributes) as determined by the Health Professions Council of South Africa. Results: With regards to personal attributes, the majority of BCMP students (n=54) reflected on the determinants of accountable and responsible practice. As they encountered a range of ethical issues/challenges, the most critical finding was the internalization of the Oath directly linked to students showing empathy to their patients. Many of the students (n=51) were motivated to exhibit model behaviour, and recognised the value of constant reflection as a skill. Just over a third of the students (n=25) reflected on feeling like “guinea pigs” going through a period of uncertainty to becoming “teachable learners” who accepted the responsibility of becoming future role models as members of their profession. Because of the shortage of health care workers and an increasing burden of disease, the BCMP students felt pressured into “pushing the line”. Professionalism with regard to contextual attributes was presented as positive experiences (53.8%) with the BCMP students developing a good work ethic as they were mentored, observed role modelling and functioned as part of a team. Comparatively, negative experiences of professionalism (46.2%) were context-specific as students had to navigate parents’ or family interests; as well as traditional and cultural practices. The unprofessional behaviour of a few individuals resulted in access to health care being compromised, inadequate or in extreme cases denied, with student learning compromised. Conclusions: Portfolios provided a medium through which the voices of the BCMP students could be heard. The internalization of the Oath could possibly be attributed to an integrated curriculum and early exposure to the clinical training environment. Students were drawn to health care workers who embodied a good work ethic and expressed a desire to emulate such behaviours. The role of clinical teachers is critical in graduating a morally competent, ethically reflective and professional health care worker.

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My work does not aim to answer a question or solve any problems; it tries to activate a conversation around the content. I intend to keep things playful and entertaining because not only is that how I relate best to the subject, but I find it helps animate aspects of culture that people enjoy responding to and thinking about. Like “The Real World,” or Facebook, my work entertains me, but it has a way of slowing down certain aspects of life, letting someone take a breath, have a conversation and maybe LOL.

Parental stress is associated with increased obesogenic family lifestyle behaviors contributing to childhood obesity. Novel interventions are needed to reduce parental stress and improve healthy lifestyle behaviors for preschool-age children and families. The primary study aim was to analyze preliminary effects of a digitally enhanced evidence-based cognitive- behavior skill-building (CBSB) intervention on parental stress and healthy lifestyle behaviors (diet and physical activity) among parents of preschool-age children. A secondary aim was to evaluate feasibility/acceptability of this school-based virtual intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 12-week intervention involved text messaging and three pre-recorded CBSB educational video presentations accessed by parents of preschool-age children (n=21) from a password-protected website. The Healthy Child Healthy Family Behavior Checklist (HCHF) measured lifestyle behaviors. Parent stress was measured using the self-reported Parental Stress Scale (PSS) and parents' hair cortisol concentration (HCC) levels. Paired t-tests/Wilcoxon signed rank tests determined pre/post-intervention differences among healthy family lifestyle behaviors and parental stress. Pearson/Spearman Rho correlations determined if significant relationships existed between parent stress and healthy family lifestyle behaviors. Both parent stress measures were significantly reduced post-intervention (p< .05). A modest increase in HCHF from baseline (M=60.38; SD=6.48) to post-intervention (M=61.43; SD=6.85); [t(20)= -0.695, p=0.487)] was non-significant. No significant correlations were found among the parental stress and HCHF variables. All parental responses about text messaging were positive and most (86%) reported that messages motivated healthy behavior changes. Digitally enhanced CBSB virtually delivered interventions with parents in a school-based setting are feasible/acceptable and may potentially improve parental stress and family lifestyle behaviors.

Sammanfattning  Bakgrund Tidigare forskning visar att det finns ett samband mellan olika språkliga förmågor och läs- och skrivutvecklingen, varav morfologisk medvetenhet är en av dessa förmågor. Att bedöma morfologisk medvetenhet kan alltså vara ett sätt att identifiera barn som är i risk för läs- och skrivsvårigheter. I dagsläget finns inte ett heltäckande svenskt morfologiskt bedömningsmaterial. Syfte Studiens syfte var att undersöka samband mellan olika test av förmågor som är viktiga för den tidiga läs- och skrivutvecklingen, vilket innefattar avkodning, stavning, ordförståelse och morfologisk medvetenhet hos elever i årskurs 2. Studien undersökte även den interna och externa validiteten hos ett nyutvecklat morfologitest kallat ”Bygga ord” och utvärderade detta test kvalitativt.  Metod Deltagarna bestod av 33 elever i årskurs 2 från två skolor i norra Sverige. Testningarna skedde på skolan under skoltid, både i helklass och individuellt. Samtliga elever fick genomföra tre avkodningstest, två morfologiska test, ett stavningstest och ett ordförståelsetest. Resultat Signifikanta samband påvisades mellan resultaten från testning av förmågorna morfologisk medvetenhet, avkodning, stavning och ordförståelse. Resultaten visade att det nyutvecklade morfologiska testet hade god intern och extern validitet. Den kvalitativa analysen av testet visade att några instruktioner kan behöva förtydligas, vissa deltest upplevdes som svåra, tidsåtgången varierade mellan deltesten, samt att kategorin ”Böjning” upplevdes som enklast.  Slutsatser Resultaten styrker tidigare fynd att morfologisk medvetenhet har en inverkan på utvecklingen av läs- och skrivförmågor. Dock kan inga slutsatser dras gällande kausalitet för de påvisade sambanden. Det nyutvecklade morfologiska testet mäter den förmåga det avser att mäta (morfologisk medvetenhet) och den kvalitativa analysen av testet visar att bedömningsmaterialet i sin helhet fungerar väl, men några revideringar rekommenderas.

The Kayayei of Ghana have been studied over several decades though there still exists a gap in the literature based on their profiles. A contributing factor to that gap is the limited information around how many Kayayoo are across the country. Another is the varied demographic and biographic profiles of Kayayoo that provide a good extent of diversity but not depth. Current policy and program interventions are driven by the profiles of Kayayoo, as is presented in existing research. However, the existing profiles miss out on the richness and texture of the Kayayoo's life, which means that programs and policy interventions that use them are not as effective as they could be in reaching the Kayayoo's needs. This phenomenological study revealed that there is likely no need to continue trying to conduct a census of Kayayoo in other to understand their lives. Especially since the nature of their movements in migration remain nomadic. Instead, what is needed are interventions on their external environment that will strengthen their sense of choice and agency. This study's insights show that the meaning and connections the Kayayoo constructs of family, social network, and work are driven by their construction of self. It showed that the Kayayoo exercises more of their agency than may be evident. Their actions are engendered by what they perceive allows them to exercise this agency and choice. With this insight, what is needed is a mapping of the Kayayoo's external environment to identify their intersections with public policy and other services, and then design interventions on that environment to maximize the benefits of their actions when they make a choice to access it. The outcomes of policy and programs will undoubtedly be better and more impactful if designed based on this more in-depth understanding of the Kayayei from their point of view.

Bibliography: leaves 82-87. / The aim of the present study is to assess the level of learners' exposure to gang violence and their participation in high-risk behaviour in and outside of a selected secondary school in the Western Cape. The study was exploratory and a self-report questionnaire - 'School Safety Survey' devised by Cornell and Loper of the Virginia University School Project, appropriately modified to fit the South African context was employed to gather qualitative and quantitative data. Disproportional stratified sampling was employed to select the initial sample of 125 learners because the race, grade and gender subgroups varied with regard to the proportion of their members appearing in the study population, but only a total ofll21earners attended school and participated in the study on the day. Even though the survey was administered to 112 learners, the researcher only retained 97 surveys that had complete data on all variables. In this study descriptive statistics are used to analyse the demographic details of the final sample population. The chi-square test was used to determine if there are significant differences in learners' exposure to gang and non-gang violence and their participation in high-risk behaviours in and outside of school. The two factors that were considered to potentially impact on the scores obtained for these categories are Grade and Gender. The survey results identified that in general, the observed frequency of learners' exposure to gang and non-gang violence was relatively higher outside of school than their exposure to gang and non-gang violence in school. Moreover, there were also no statistically significant grade and/or gender differences in learners' overall exposure to gang and non-gang violence in and/or outside of school at 95% confidence level (p = 0.05). In addition the observed frequency of learners' overall participation or endorsement of high-risk behaviour was relatively higher outside of school than in school. There were also no statistically significant grade and gender differences in learners' overall participation in high-risk behaviour in school at 95% confidence level (p=0.05) but there were significant gender differences in learner's participation in high-risk behaviour outside of school. In response to the findings a number of recommendations are made to stabilise and develop the school infrastructure, taking particular cognisance of the physical resources required for making the school a safer environment. In addition, it was proposed that educators create opportunities to develop leadership within the pupil body and introduce age-appropriate life skills and empowerment workshops to address the difficulties that these learners may experience.

Includes bibliographical references. / The aim of this study is to detennine the experiences of NICRO volunteers and diversion workers in the implementation of the YES programme as a diversion option in the Western Cape. This stems from the need to examine the current practice of diversion services in anticipation of the implementation of the Child Justice Bill (Bill 49 of 2002). The implementation of this Bill will have far-reaching repercussions for diversion service providers as it will mean an increase in demand for diversion services and the implementation of minimum standards for such services. A qualitative, evaluative research design was used for this cross-sectional study. The population of NICRO diversion workers in the Western Cape and a sample of volunteers from each of the NICRO offices in the Western Cape were included in the study. Individual interviews were conduded with the volunteers in their respective towns across the Western Cape using an interview schedule. Two focus group sessions were held with the diversion workers. Audio recordings were made of the interviews with volunteers and of the focus group sessions. The transcripts were then analysed for trends, themes and categories. The results were compiled and conclusions drawn. Volunteers and diversion workers generally experienced the YES programme as being positive and making a difference to the lives of participants. The volunteers derived personal satisfaction from facilitating programmes and receiving positive feedback from parents and participants alike. They faced a number of challenges, though, when facilitating the programme. Examples of such problems are with diversity of language, culture, age and educational levels within groups and the lack of co-operation of parents and resistant participants. These challenges volunteers faced with the assistance and guidance of the diversion workers and drawing on their own strengths and capacities.

The qualitative study was conducted, within the judicial and social welfare system. Using convenience sampling (non-probability), magistrates, prosecutors and probation officers were specifically targeted to ascertain to what extend participants were currently implementing the approach of restorative justice in the sentencing of young offenders. Data was collected from charge sheets with regard to sentence remarks and the type of crime committed, and served as proof of implementation of such an approach. The study also explores the knowledge of these three professional groups with regard to restorative justice and their attitudes towards its implementation.

The number of brands using Instagram as a branding tool is steadily rising and so too is the rate of brand related consumer Interactions on social media. The sociocultural shifts in behavioural norms on Instagram have facilitated an increase in social word-of mouth that is surpassing traditional media advertising as the primary influence on consumers' purchase decisions. This revolution in Instagram marketing has facilitated the development of the Instagram Economy. This research aims to draw actionable insights into the South African Instagram Economy, which brand managers can use to inform their Instagram marketing strategies in order to leverage the economic capabilities of this platform. In order to draw actionable insights the study focused on each of the three main role players of the Instagram Economy: brands, Instagram influencers and consumers. The method of research for each of these three components of study was: a case study of a brand Instagram account, a quantitative content analysis of Instagram influencers' brand sponsored posts and lastly a closed, fixed response consumer questionnaire which prospective respondents could voluntarily participate in. This research identified that in order to develop successful brand presence on Instagram and increase the rate of brand related Instagram interactions that influence consumer purchase decisions, brands need to develop the right content for their target audience, partner with influencers that match the brand's values and know their audience's Instagram usage habits in order to reach them effectively.