Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of African Languages in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2002. / Lolu cwaningo lucubungula ikhono lembongi uMagolwana Jiyane uma ebonga iNkosi uDingane kaSenzangakhona kaJama. Lolu cwaningo iuzogxila kuzithombemagama, izifengqo kanye nasesakhiweni. Isahluko sokuqala sizokwethula ucwaningo kucaciswe nenjongo yalo. Kuzocubungulwa imicabango yongoti. Kuzohlaziywa incazefo yamagama asebenzile afana no-Ephiki no-Ode. Kuzokwenekwa indlela yokuqhuba ucwaningo bese kwenziwa umklamo wocwaningo. Kuzokwenekwa umiando omfishane wembongi uJiyane. UJiyane wawabongela namanye amadodana kaSenzangakhona amakhosi angoShaka noMpande. Xsahluko sesibili sizokwethula kafushane iNkosi uShaka njengombumbi wesizwe samaZulu. Uma imbongi ibonga inkosi isuke ikhuluma. ENkosini uShaka sizobheka ubuhlakani nolwazi nesakhiwo-ke sayo. Sizobuye sichaze ngobuciko bomlomo. Sidingide kafushane izibongo kwaZulu, sibheke isizwe, izibongo nembongi. Sizobuye siveze ukuthi kukhona osekuke kwenziwa ekucwaningeni izibongo, sibheka umklamo wezikhathi: i) Ngaphambi kweNkosi uShaka (1750-1800) ii) Ngesikhathi seNkosi uShaka (1800-1850) iii) Ngemuva kweNkosi uShaka (1850-1900) Siyophetha lesi sahluko ngokuveza kafushane ngempilo yeNkosi uDingane. Isahluko sesithathu sizobhekana nolimi, ubuciko bomlomo nomnikelo wabo. Sibheke izibongo namahubo njengomkhuleko wesizwe. Sibheke ubudleiwano phakathi kwezibongo nezifengqo bese siphetha lesi sahluko ngoveza okuncane osekwenziwe ngezibongo zeNkosi uDingane. Isahluko sesine sizongena shi kwizithombemagama lapho sizobheka isifaniso ukuthi siyini. Sicubungule izinhlobo zesifaniso, sicubungule isingathekiso sibheke nezinhlobo zaso ngokuhtaziya izibonelo sizithatha ezibongweni zayo iNkosi uDingane. Stzohlazrya ukwenzasamuntu, ukwenzasasilwane size sibheke nophawu lapho sizocubungula izinhlobo zalo. Esahlukweni sesihlanu sizobhekana izifengqo lapho sizoveza ukuthi ihaba liyini sicwaninge izibonelo inhlonipho; isiqhathaniso, ukuhambisana kanye novuthondaba. Isahluko sesithupha sizogxila esakhiweni lapho sizobhekana nempindwa, ukuphindaphinda, imvumelwano, ukuxhumana ifanangwaqa, ufanankamisa kanye nefuzankamisa. Isahluko sesikhombisa sizophetha ngezincomo.

This dissertation focuses on an analysis of the poem Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire printed in P. Seloma's An Analysis of the Poetry of Praise and Exhortation in Setswana (1990). The main objective of the investigation is to apply an adapted narratological model which states that there are three operational levels to a literary text, namely the content level, the plot level and the style level. The discussion poem Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire is based on these three levels. The methodological framework of the discussion is based on two main concepts namely the difference between defining and interpreting. It is strongly emphasized that these two concepts are used differently throughout the investigation since they are not synonymous in this discussion. . The content structure is discussed as having four elements, namely: characters, events, time and place. The characters are grouped into two categories namely the kind hearted person (Masire) and quarrelsome people (who are members of the opposition parties). These characters are discussed in relation to the following scheme: intention, patronage, resistance, assistance and success. They are also dealt within relation to each other and their special functions in the text. The setting in Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire is examined according to its two major aspects: time and place. Time at the content level is classified into three categories, namely: specific time, historical time and indefinite time. Place is divided into two categories which are the physical place of events and indefinite place (general locale). The plot structure is examined in respect of two major categories, namely the narrative plot and the poetic metre. In relation to the narrative plot, it is clear that events are controlled by the theme of the text, which is emphasized throughout the discussion. This poem Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire has also been discussed on the basis of the principles of plot: exposition, development, climax and denouement. Other important concepts of the plot structure include the design and the title. The techniques of the plot structure are also examined in this poem. With regard to poetic metre, the poem Tautona Ngaka Quett Masire is discussed using two rules: the rule of division and the rule of symmetrical harmony. The rule of division deals with metrical devices such as caesura, pause and enjambement, while that of symmetrical harmony concerns itself with the number of syllables, the number of penultimate summits and repetition. The discussion of the style of the poem deals with the mood and intention of the poet. In this discussion, diction as style markers and stylistic techniques are examined. It is clear that the poet Rabojalwa Keetile has used quite a number of stylistic techniques, the most frequently used being elision, conjunction and assonance. These techniques have been used to highlight the theme of the poem which is the need for modern development in Botswana. / Dissertation (MA (Setswana))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / African Languages / unrestricted

Cette recherche est axée sur la langue et la littérature orale des Punu du sud du Gabon. Elle explore le champ littéraire punu et plus particulièrement la devise qui n’a que très rarement été étudiée. Définie comme une formule de louange que l’individu déclame pour s’identifier, elle lui permet de se distinguer et d’exprimer sa vision du monde. Cette thèse se divise en cinq chapitres et dresse un essai théorique sur ce genre dans la société. En prenant la notion de performance comme critère définitoire, elle met en évidence les propriétés discursives ainsi que les fonctions de la devise. A cela s’ajoute un corpus inédit de devises claniques et individuelles, transcrit, traduit et commenté. / This research study focuses on language and oral literature of the Punu people in the south of Gabon. The study explores the punu styles of literature in particular praise-poetry (devise), which has been, up to now, very rarely studied. Considered to be a form of praise by which an individual declaims his identity, praise-poetry allows an individual to stand out and express his vision of the world.This thesis is divided into five chapters which together provide a theoretical attempt of this literary genre in the society. Taking the notion of permanence as a defining criterion, the study highlights the discursive properties of praise-poetry and its functions. Added to this is a unique corpus of clan and individual praise poems, transcribed, translated and commented.

Cette recherche est axée sur la langue et la littérature orale des Punu du sud du Gabon. Elle explore le champ littéraire punu et plus particulièrement la devise qui n’a que très rarement été étudiée. Définie comme une formule de louange que l’individu déclame pour s’identifier, elle lui permet de se distinguer et d’exprimer sa vision du monde. Cette thèse se divise en cinq chapitres et dresse un essai théorique sur ce genre dans la société. En prenant la notion de performance comme critère définitoire, elle met en évidence les propriétés discursives ainsi que les fonctions de la devise. A cela s’ajoute un corpus inédit de devises claniques et individuelles, transcrit, traduit et commenté. / This research study focuses on language and oral literature of the Punu people in the south of Gabon. The study explores the punu styles of literature in particular praise-poetry (devise), which has been, up to now, very rarely studied. Considered to be a form of praise by which an individual declaims his identity, praise-poetry allows an individual to stand out and express his vision of the world.This thesis is divided into five chapters which together provide a theoretical attempt of this literary genre in the society. Taking the notion of permanence as a defining criterion, the study highlights the discursive properties of praise-poetry and its functions. Added to this is a unique corpus of clan and individual praise poems, transcribed, translated and commented.

Cette recherche est axée sur la langue et la littérature orale des Punu du sud du Gabon. Elle explore le champ littéraire punu et plus particulièrement la devise qui n’a que très rarement été étudiée. Définie comme une formule de louange que l’individu déclame pour s’identifier, elle lui permet de se distinguer et d’exprimer sa vision du monde. Cette thèse se divise en cinq chapitres et dresse un essai théorique sur ce genre dans la société. En prenant la notion de performance comme critère définitoire, elle met en évidence les propriétés discursives ainsi que les fonctions de la devise. A cela s’ajoute un corpus inédit de devises claniques et individuelles, transcrit, traduit et commenté. / This research study focuses on language and oral literature of the Punu people in the south of Gabon. The study explores the punu styles of literature in particular praise-poetry (devise), which has been, up to now, very rarely studied. Considered to be a form of praise by which an individual declaims his identity, praise-poetry allows an individual to stand out and express his vision of the world.This thesis is divided into five chapters which together provide a theoretical attempt of this literary genre in the society. Taking the notion of permanence as a defining criterion, the study highlights the discursive properties of praise-poetry and its functions. Added to this is a unique corpus of clan and individual praise poems, transcribed, translated and commented.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)), 2014

While It's Still Morning is a collection of lyric poems exploring themes of love, gratitude, and praise. The critical essay introducing the collection discusses possible pitfalls of this genre of poetry and how I've sought to avoid them. It also details qualities often present in my favorite poems (surprise, particularity, strangeness, tension, attention, allusion) and ways in which I've striven to create these qualities in my own poetry.

This thesis is a critical examination of the poetry of S. M. Bums-Ncamashe. In his poetry Bums-Ncamashe handles poems of different categories; namely praise poetry, elegiac poetry, didactic poetry and protest poetry. He also employs a number of devices that determine amongst others, the form and imagery of his poetry. They are also used to add clarity to the meaning of his poetry. All this is discussed in the chapters numerated below: Chapter one outlines the basic guidelines to be followed in this study. It presents the aim of the study, scope of the work and method of research. A definition of the concept poetry is also provided in this chapter. The biography of Bums-Ncamashe and the influence of his background on his poetry are also part of this first chapter. Chapter two discusses the characteristics of Bums-N camashe' s praise poetry and the functions this poetry fulfils. Chapter three is a discussion ofBums-Ncamashe's elegiac, didactic and protest poetry. Chapter four discusses the devices that determine the form ofBums-Ncamashe's poetry. These include repetition, contrast, compounding, ideophones, and interjectives. Chapter five concentrates on imagery and other aspects of Bums-Ncamashe's poetry. Imagery is discussed from the viewpoint of simile, metaphor, personification and symbolism. Also included in this chapter is euphemism, hyperbole, idiomatic expressions, humour, satire and adaptation. Chapter six is a concluding chapter in which some findings and recommendations from the entire study are reflected upon. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This thesis is a critical examination of the poetry of S. M. Bums-Ncamashe. In his poetry Bums-Ncamashe handles poems of different categories; namely praise poetry, elegiac poetry, didactic poetry and protest poetry. He also employs a number of devices that determine amongst others, the form and imagery of his poetry. They are also used to add clarity to the meaning of his poetry. All this is discussed in the chapters numerated below: Chapter one outlines the basic guidelines to be followed in this study. It presents the aim of the study, scope of the work and method of research. A definition of the concept poetry is also provided in this chapter. The biography of Bums-Ncamashe and the influence of his background on his poetry are also part of this first chapter. Chapter two discusses the characteristics of Bums-N camashe' s praise poetry and the functions this poetry fulfils. Chapter three is a discussion ofBums-Ncamashe's elegiac, didactic and protest poetry. Chapter four discusses the devices that determine the form ofBums-Ncamashe's poetry. These include repetition, contrast, compounding, ideophones, and interjectives. Chapter five concentrates on imagery and other aspects of Bums-Ncamashe's poetry. Imagery is discussed from the viewpoint of simile, metaphor, personification and symbolism. Also included in this chapter is euphemism, hyperbole, idiomatic expressions, humour, satire and adaptation. Chapter six is a concluding chapter in which some findings and recommendations from the entire study are reflected upon. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The study sets to establish trends with regard to the role of the praise singer, the changes with regard to the traditional praise singer's rendition/performance and the material or content of his/her poetry. Thus the study highlights the distinction observed between the praise singer of the past and the present praise singer. The study also shows that the praise singer's performance, in terms of his/her role and content, is in the state of flux. The study also demonstrates that the singer of the past and the present praise singer have the same role and their chants or poetry or songs have the same effect. It also highlights situations where praises are chanted in modern times. These are graduation ceremonies, weddings, political gatherings and traditional ceremonies, for example, the annual rain making ceremonies. These events or occasions are inextricably linked to traditional praises. The study also highlights the fact that traditional praises present the history and heroic deeds of members of the clan to which the beneficiary belongs. They also express the deep feeling of royalty and loyalty. Like in the past they boost morale. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)