Les systèmes de recherche d’information utilisent généralement une multitude de fonctionnalités pour classer les documents. Néanmoins, un élément reste essentiel pour le classement, qui est les modèles standards de recherche d’information.Cette thèse aborde une limitation fondamentale des modèles de recherche d’information, à savoir le problème de la disparité des termes <Term Mismatch Problem>. Le problème de la disparité des termes est un problème de longue date dans la recherche d'informations. Cependant, le problème de la récurrence de la disparité des termes n'a pas bien été défini dans la recherche d'information, son importance, et à quel point cela affecterai les résultats de la recherche. Cette thèse tente de répondre aux problèmes présentés ci-dessus.Nos travaux de recherche sont rendus possibles par la définition formelle de la probabilité de la disparité des termes. Dans cette thèse, la disparité des termes est définie comme étant la probabilité d'un terme ne figurant pas dans un document pertinent pour la requête. De ce fait, cette thèse propose des approches pour réduire la probabilité de la disparité des termes. De plus, nous confortons nos proposions par une analyse quantitative de la probabilité de la disparité des termes qui décrit de quelle manière les approches proposées permettent de réduire la probabilité de la disparité des termes tout en conservant les performances du système.Au première niveau, à savoir le document, nous proposons une approche de modification des documents en fonction de la requête de l'utilisateur. Il s'agit de traiter les termes de la requête qui n'apparaissent pas dans le document. Le modèle de document modifié est ensuite utilisé dans un modèle standard de recherche afin d'obtenir un modèle permettant de traiter explicitement la disparité des termes.Au second niveau, à savoir la requête, nous avons proposé deux majeures contributions.Premièrement, nous proposons une approche d'expansion de requête sémantique basée sur une ressource collaborative. Nous concentrons plutôt sur la structure de ressources collaboratives afin d'obtenir des termes d'expansion intéressants qui contribuent à réduire la probabilité de la disparité des termes, et par conséquent, d'améliorer la qualité de la recherche.Deuxièmement, nous proposons un modèle d'expansion de requête basé sur les modèles de langue neuronaux. Les modèles de langue neuronaux sont proposés pour apprendre les représentations vectorielles des termes dans un espace latent, appelées <Distributed Neural Embeddings>. Ces représentations vectorielles s'appuient sur les relations entre les termes permettant ainsi d'obtenir des résultats impressionnants en comparaison avec l'état de l'art dans les taches de similarité de termes. Cependant, nous proposons d'utiliser ces représentations vectorielles comme une ressource qui définit les relations entre les termes.Nous adaptons la définition de la probabilité de la disparité des termes pour chaque contribution ci-dessus. Nous décrivons comment nous utilisons des corpus standard avec des requêtes et des jugements de pertinence pour estimer la probabilité de la disparité des termes. Premièrement, nous estimons la probabilité de la disparité des termes à l'aide les documents et les requêtes originaux. Ainsi, nous présentons les différents cas de la disparité des termes clairement identifiée dans les systèmes de recherche pour les différents types de termes d'indexation. Ensuite, nous indiquons comment nos contributions réduisent la probabilité de la disparité des termes estimée et améliorent le rappel du système.Des directions de recherche prometteuses sont identifiées dans le domaine de la disparité des termes qui pourrait présenter éventuellement un impact significatif sur l'amélioration des scénarios de la recherche. / Even though modern retrieval systems typically use a multitude of features to rank documents, the backbone for search ranking is usually the standard retrieval models.This thesis addresses a limitation of the standard retrieval models, the term mismatch problem. The term mismatch problem is a long standing problem in information retrieval. However, it was not well understood how often term mismatch happens in retrieval, how important it is for retrieval, or how it affects retrieval performance. This thesis answers the above questions.This research is enabled by the formal definition of term mismatch. In this thesis, term mismatch is defined as the probability that a term does not appear in a document given that this document is relevant. We propose several approaches for reducing term mismatch probability through modifying documents or queries. Our proposals are then followed by a quantitative analysis of term mismatch probability that shows how much the proposed approaches reduce term mismatch probability with maintaining the system performance. An essential component for achieving term mismatch probability reduction is the knowledge resource that defines terms and their relationships.First, we propose a document modification approach according to a user query. The main idea of our document modification approach is to deal with mismatched query terms. While prior research on document enrichment provides a static approach for document modification, we are concerned to only modify the document in case of mismatch. The modified document is then used in a standard retrieval model in order to obtain a mismatch aware retrieval model.Second, we propose a semantic query expansion approach based on a collaborative knowledge resource. We focus on the collaborative resource structure to obtain interesting expansion terms that contribute to reduce term mismatch probability, and as a result, improve the effectiveness of search.Third, we propose a query expansion approach based on neural language models. Neural language models are proposed to learn term vector representations, called distributed neural embeddings. Distributed neural embeddings capture relationships between terms, and they obtained impressive results comparing with state of the art approaches in term similarity tasks. However, in information retrieval, distributed neural embeddings are newly started to be exploited. We propose to use distributed neural embeddings as a knowledge resource in a query expansion scenario.Fourth, we apply the term mismatch probability definition for each contribution of the above contributions. We show how we use standard retrieval corpora with queries and relevance judgments to estimate the term mismatch probability. We estimate the term mismatch probability using original documents and queries, and we figure out how mismatch problem is clearly found in search systems for different types of indexing terms. Then, we point out how much our contributions reduce the estimated mismatch probability, and improve the system recall. As a result, we present how the modified document and query representations contribute to build a mismatch aware retrieval model that mitigate term mismatch problem theoretically and practically.This dissertation shows the effectiveness of our proposals to improve retrieval performance. Our experiments are conducted on corpora from two different domains: medical domain and cultural heritage domain. Moreover, we use two different types of indexing terms for representing documents and queries: words and concepts, and we exploit several types of relationships between indexing terms: hierarchical relationships, relationships based on a collaborative resource structure, relationships defined on distributed neural embeddings.Promising research directions are identified where the term mismatch research may make a significance impact on improving the search scenarios.

No description available.

The work deals with a complex analysis of displacements and deformations of one bridge span of the railway bridge "Gagarin". The bridge structure was since 2009 annually measured. In addition to long-term monitoring of the bridge a 24-hour automatized monitoring was conducted in 2015 using robotic total station. The results of monitoring enables the analysis of displacements and deformations, analysis of measurement accuracy and also environmental influences on the structure - determination of the temperature dependence of deformations. Another part of the work is evaluating the long-term stability of the height reference frame that was used for geodetic epoch measuring of the bridge columns. The results of the work are the values of detected displacements and deformations, their graphical illustration, geometric interpretation and relevant characteristics of accuracy.

Tato diplomová práce je zaměřena na analýzu lehkých prvků (tj. uhlík, sýra a fosfor) v železných slitinách pomocí metody laserem indukovaného plazmatu (LIBS). Hlavním cílem je vyvinout a implementovat nový modul, který bude umožňovat analýzu v hluboké ultrafialové oblasti (VUV), což je nezbytné jak pro stanovení chemického složení lehkých prvků v ocelích tak pro mnoho dalších aplikací metody LIBS. V první části je vytvořen přehled moderních přístupů optické emisní spektroskopie (OES) a rovněž jsou shrnuty tradiční techniky používané v metalurgii pro analýzu ocelí. Teorie absorpce ultrafialového záření vzduchem a optickými skly byla důkladně studována a shrnuta k získání potřebného teoretického základu k vývoji modulu. Před návrhem finální verze modulu byl navržen experimentální modul s cílem otestovat navržený koncept analýzy ve VUV oblasti metodou LIBS. Na základě testování byla navrhnuta finální verze založená na unikátním klínovém mechanismu. Funkční vzorek byl vyroben ve spolupráci s extérním výrobcem a vlastnosti modulu byly následně demonstrovány naměřením pěti certifikovaných ocelových standardů. Experiment určil limity detekce pro uhlík jako 0.028 hm.%. Nicméně, síra ani fosfor nebyly detekovány v žádném ze vzorků. Tato práce vytvořila modul nezbytný pro budoucí zkoumání metody LIBS v oblasti VUV v Laboratoři laserové spektroskopie v Brně.

This thesis treats of problems of nonlinear circuits. In introduction the basic possibilities of solving nonlinear circuits are described. Then the basic information on modern current active elements is mentioned, for example current follower, current operational amplifier and current conveyor. In the next part of this thesis the problem of real characteristics of semiconductor diodes is described, major attention is focused on reverse recovery time. Three various types of circuits with nonlinear elements are described in this masters thesis. The first type of circuits are diode precision rectifiers, the full-wave rectifiers containing voltage operational amplifier are most explored, current follower and other active components are described in previous chapters. Simulations in PSpice were executed for each of these circuits. Then the attention was devoted to increase of maximum working frequence. The minimum necessary amplitude of input signal was also analyzed. In the following part two designs of diode function converters are processed, function converter with voltage operational amplifier and function converter with current follower. For each of the diode function converters designed, simulations were executed to find their real properties. The variety of diode voltage limiters and diode current limiters are the third type of nonlinear circuits described, from which the upper limiter and double limiter are investigated in more detail. Simulations were executed for all limiters and their functionality and problems connected with their usage for limitation of high frequency signals were analyzed. In the last part of the thesis there is described the practical realization of precise rectifier, which showed the best ability to process high frequency signals of all investigated circuits. This circuit was realized so that it is able to operate in current and mixed mode. Measured values of real circuits were compared with values gained from the simulations.

The main subject of this diploma thesis is monitoring of horizontal and vertical displacements of the supporting wall in village Smědčice. The thesis describes the whole production process, from construction of the reference net and the net of observed points to the final review. There are also displayed main theoretical basis. Final outputs of the thesis are charts, graphical sketches, tables and final word summary.

The aim of this work is to design fully working measuring system for the reactive ion etching system (RIE). The Michelson interfometer, previously developed in Ústav přístrojové techniky, v.v.i., is used in this work. The theoretical part is aimed at description of interferometric methods for precise measuring of length. In next part the etching proces with RIE is described. In practical part the testing system was constructed from the parts of Thorlabs company . The functionality was controlled with this system and the results of measuring were compared with the profilometer. In next step technical drawings were created and the whole system was made.

As the success of nanostructures grows in modern society so does the importance of our ability to control their synthesis in precise manners, often with atomic precision as this can directly affect the final properties of the nanostructures. Hence it is crucial to have both deep insight, ideally with real-time temporal resolution, and precise control during the fabrication of nanomaterials. Transmission electron microscopy offers these attributes potentially providing atomic resolution with near real time temporal resolution. In addition, one can fabricate nanostructures in situ in a TEM. This can be achieved with the use of environmental electron microscopes and/or specialized specimen holders. A rather simpler and rapidly growing approach is to take advantage of the imaging electron beam as a tool for in situ reactions. This is possible because there is a wealth of electron specimen interactions, which, when implemented under controlled conditions, enable different approaches to fabricate nanostructures. Moreover, when using the electron beam to drive reactions no specialized specimen holders or peripheral equipment is required. This review is dedicated to explore the body of work available on electron-beam induced synthesis techniques with in situ capabilities. Particular emphasis is placed on the electron beam-induced synthesis of nanostructures conducted inside a TEM, viz. the e-beam is the sole (or primary) agent triggering and driving the synthesis process.

The thesis deals with processing of epoch-wise GNSS measurements from local geodynamic network Sněžník. Its aim is to evaluate the geodynamics in the area of Králický Sněžník Massif and to assess the capabilities of epoch-wise GNSS measurements to detect the geodynamic movements. Within the thesis the comprehensive processing of all the GNSS measurements observed between years 1997 and 2011 is realized using the reprocessed products of first IGS reprocessing Repro1. Bernese GPS software version 5.0 is used for all the processing.

No description available.