The focus of current formal verification methods is mitigating the state explosion problem. One of these formal methods is predicate abstraction, which reduces concrete states of a system to bitvectors of true/false valuations of a set of predicates. Predicate abstraction comes in two flavors, over-approximation and under-approximation. A drawback of over-approximation is that it produces too many spurious errors for data-intensive applications. A more recent under-approximation technique which does not produce spurious errors, does abstract matching on concrete states (AMCS). AMCS adds behaviors to an abstract system by augmenting the set of initial predicates, making use of a theorem prover. The logic behind this approach is that if an error is found in the early coarse abstractions of the system, we save space and time. Our research improves AMCS by providing a refinement technique which guarantees termination. Our technique finds errors in less time and space by using an abstract state splitting algorithm based on intervals, which does not require a theorem prover.

Das reaktiv gesteuerte Ionenstrahlätzen von optischen Aluminiumoberflächen bietet einen vielversprechenden Prozessansatz, um Formfehlerkorrektur, Glättung periodischer Drehstrukturen und die Reduzierung von Rauheitsmerkmalen im Ortsfrequenzbereich der Mikrorauheit in einer Technologie zu kombinieren. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die experimentelle Analyse der niederenergetischen Ionenbestrahlung von einkorn-diamantgedrehten, technischen Aluminiumlegierungen RSA Al6061 und RSA Al905. Die Ionenstrahlbearbeitung unter Verwendung der Prozessgase Sauerstoff und Stickstoff ermöglicht eine direkte Oberflächenformfehlerkorrektur bis zu 1 µm Bearbeitungstiefe unter Beibehaltung der Ausgangsrauheit. Die sich aus dem vorangegangenen Formgebungsverfahren, dem Einkorn-diamantdrehen, ergebende Drehmarkenstruktur schränkt allerdings häufig die Anwendbarkeit dieser Spiegeloberflächen im kurzwelligen Spektralbereich ein. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein zweistufiger Prozessablauf entwickelt, um eine weitere Verbesserung der Oberflächenrauheit zu erreichen. Durch die Ionenstrahl-Planarisierungstechnik unter Verwendung einer Opferschicht werden die im hohen Ortsfrequenzbereich liegenden Drehmarken erfolgreich um insgesamt 82 % reduziert. Eine Kombination mit anschließender, direkter Ionenstrahlglättung zur nachfolgenden Verbesserung der Mikrorauigkeit wird vorgestellt. Um die Prozessführung in einem industrietauglichen Rahmen zu etablieren, wurden die experimentellen Untersuchungen mit einer 13,56 MHz betriebenen Hochfrequenz-Ionenquelle durchgeführt, konnten aber auch erfolgreich auf eine Breitstrahl-Ionenquelle vom Typ Kaufman übertragen werden.:Bibliographische Beschreibung iv Danksagung vi Table of Contents viii 1 Introduction 1 2 Surface engineering with energetic ions 8 2.1 Ion target interactions during ion beam erosion 8 2.2 Ion beam finishing methods 10 2.2.1 Ion beam figuring 11 2.2.2 Ion beam planarization 12 2.2.3 Ion beam smoothing 14 3 Experimental set-up and analytical methods 15 3.1 Experimental set-up 15 3.2 Kaufman-type broad beam ion source 18 3.3 Materials 19 3.3.1 Aluminium alloy materials 19 3.3.2 Photoresist materials as planarization layer 21 3.4 Surface topography error regimes 22 3.5 Analytical Methods 23 3.5.1 Analysis of surface roughness 23 3.5.1.1 White light interferometry (WLI) 23 3.5.1.2 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 25 3.5.1.3 Power spectral density (PSD) analysis 27 3.5.2 Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) 29 3.5.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 31 3.5.4 Time of flight- secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) 32 3.5.5 Reflectometry 34 3.5.6 Photoresist composition 35 3.5.6.1 Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) 35 3.5.6.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 36 3.5.6.3 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 38 3.5.6.4 Gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 39 4 Surface engineering by reactive ion beam etching 41 4.1 Reactive ion beam etching with nitrogen 41 4.1.1 Dependence of the aluminium alloy composition 42 4.1.2 Ion beam etching of Al905 44 4.2 Local smoothing by reactive ion beam etching 50 4.2.1 Local surface error slope dependent sputter erosion 51 4.2.2 RIBE O2 direct smoothing 56 4.2.2.1 Oxygen finishing at 1.5 keV 56 4.2.2.2 Oxygen finishing at 0.6 keV 62 4.3 Conclusions 66 5 Technological aspects on photoresist preparation for ion beam planarization 69 5.1 Selection of a suitable photoresist 69 5.2 Photoresist application steps 71 5.2.1 DUV exposure of the photoresist layer 72 5.2.2 Postbake: the influence of the amount of organic solvent 73 5.2.3 Postbake: the influence of the baking temperature 74 5.3 Influence of process gas composition 77 5.3.1 Influence on roughness evolution during ion beam irradiation of the photoresist layer 78 5.3.2 Dependency of the process gas on the selectivity 79 5.4 Influence of the ion energy on the selectivity 80 5.5 Ion beam irradiation of the photoresist layer with nitrogen at different material removal depths 81 5.6 Conclusions 82 6 Ion beam planarization of optical aluminium surfaces RSA Al6061 and RSA Al905 84 6.1 Photoresist application on SPDT aluminium alloys 84 6.2 Ion beam planarization 85 6.2.1 Iterative nitrogen processing of RSA Al905 86 6.2.2 Iterative nitrogen processing of RSA Al6061 90 6.3 Ion beam direct smoothing 93 6.3.1 RIBE O2 smoothing of RSA Al905 93 6.3.2 RIBE O2 smoothing of RSA Al6061 97 6.4 Conclusions 101 7 Process transfer to a Kaufman-type broad beam ion source 103 7.1 RIBE machining investigations on RSA Al905 103 7.2 Ion beam planarization of RSA Al6061 106 7.3 Ion beam incidence angle dependent sputtering 107 7.4 Conclusions 113 8 Summary 115 9 Conclusions and Outlook 123 A List of abbreviations 127 B Selected properties of photoresist materials 129 References 131 / Reactively driven ion beam etching of optical aluminium surfaces provides a promising process route to combine figure error correction, smoothing of periodically turning structures and roughness features situated in the microroughness regime within one technology. This thesis focuses on experimental analysis of low-energy ion beam irradiation on single-point diamond turned technical aluminium alloys RSA Al6061 and RSA Al905. Reactively driven ion beam machining using oxygen and nitrogen process gases enables the direct surface error correction up to 1 µm machining depth while preserving the initial roughness. However, the periodic turning mark structures, which result from preliminary device shaping by single-point diamond turning, often limit the applicability of mirror surfaces in the short-periodic spectral range. Hence, during this work a two-step process route was developed to attain further improvement of the surface roughness. Within the ion beam planarization technique with the aid of a sacrificial layer, the turning marks situated in the high spatial frequency range are successfully reduced by overall 82 %. A combination with subsequently applied direct ion beam smoothing procedure to perform a subsequent improvement of the microroughness is presented. In order to establish the process control in an industrial framework, the experimental investigations were performed using a 13.56 MHz radio frequency ion source, but the developed process routes are also successfully transferred to a broad-beam Kaufman-type ion source.:Bibliographische Beschreibung iv Danksagung vi Table of Contents viii 1 Introduction 1 2 Surface engineering with energetic ions 8 2.1 Ion target interactions during ion beam erosion 8 2.2 Ion beam finishing methods 10 2.2.1 Ion beam figuring 11 2.2.2 Ion beam planarization 12 2.2.3 Ion beam smoothing 14 3 Experimental set-up and analytical methods 15 3.1 Experimental set-up 15 3.2 Kaufman-type broad beam ion source 18 3.3 Materials 19 3.3.1 Aluminium alloy materials 19 3.3.2 Photoresist materials as planarization layer 21 3.4 Surface topography error regimes 22 3.5 Analytical Methods 23 3.5.1 Analysis of surface roughness 23 3.5.1.1 White light interferometry (WLI) 23 3.5.1.2 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 25 3.5.1.3 Power spectral density (PSD) analysis 27 3.5.2 Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) 29 3.5.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 31 3.5.4 Time of flight- secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) 32 3.5.5 Reflectometry 34 3.5.6 Photoresist composition 35 3.5.6.1 Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) 35 3.5.6.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 36 3.5.6.3 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 38 3.5.6.4 Gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 39 4 Surface engineering by reactive ion beam etching 41 4.1 Reactive ion beam etching with nitrogen 41 4.1.1 Dependence of the aluminium alloy composition 42 4.1.2 Ion beam etching of Al905 44 4.2 Local smoothing by reactive ion beam etching 50 4.2.1 Local surface error slope dependent sputter erosion 51 4.2.2 RIBE O2 direct smoothing 56 4.2.2.1 Oxygen finishing at 1.5 keV 56 4.2.2.2 Oxygen finishing at 0.6 keV 62 4.3 Conclusions 66 5 Technological aspects on photoresist preparation for ion beam planarization 69 5.1 Selection of a suitable photoresist 69 5.2 Photoresist application steps 71 5.2.1 DUV exposure of the photoresist layer 72 5.2.2 Postbake: the influence of the amount of organic solvent 73 5.2.3 Postbake: the influence of the baking temperature 74 5.3 Influence of process gas composition 77 5.3.1 Influence on roughness evolution during ion beam irradiation of the photoresist layer 78 5.3.2 Dependency of the process gas on the selectivity 79 5.4 Influence of the ion energy on the selectivity 80 5.5 Ion beam irradiation of the photoresist layer with nitrogen at different material removal depths 81 5.6 Conclusions 82 6 Ion beam planarization of optical aluminium surfaces RSA Al6061 and RSA Al905 84 6.1 Photoresist application on SPDT aluminium alloys 84 6.2 Ion beam planarization 85 6.2.1 Iterative nitrogen processing of RSA Al905 86 6.2.2 Iterative nitrogen processing of RSA Al6061 90 6.3 Ion beam direct smoothing 93 6.3.1 RIBE O2 smoothing of RSA Al905 93 6.3.2 RIBE O2 smoothing of RSA Al6061 97 6.4 Conclusions 101 7 Process transfer to a Kaufman-type broad beam ion source 103 7.1 RIBE machining investigations on RSA Al905 103 7.2 Ion beam planarization of RSA Al6061 106 7.3 Ion beam incidence angle dependent sputtering 107 7.4 Conclusions 113 8 Summary 115 9 Conclusions and Outlook 123 A List of abbreviations 127 B Selected properties of photoresist materials 129 References 131

Vid GNSS-positionering i samband med fastighetsbildningsåtgärder används vanligtvis den traditionella RTK-mätningen (Real-Time Kinematic) via SWEPOS nätverks-RTK-tjänst. Denna tjänst kräver mobiltelefontäckning eller motsvarande tvåvägskommunikation, vilket kan vara problematiskt inom områden med bristfällig mobiltelefontäckning. Under dessa förhållanden kan istället PPP-mätning (Precise Point Positioning) vara användbart vid fastighetsbildningsåtgärder då dessa tjänster tar emot korrektionsdata i realtid från satelliter. PPP kräver inte någon mobiltelefontäckning, däremot krävs en kommunikationslänk, en RTX-tjänst för att erhålla korrektioner externt från en RTX-satellit. Syftet med studien är att undersöka möjligheten till att nyttja PPP i realtid vid fastighetsbildningsåtgärder som ett alternativ till traditionell GNSS-mätning med nätverks-RTK. För att PPP ska vara ett alternativ till traditionell GNSS-mätning i realtid krävs det att mätosäkerhetskraven inom fastighetsbildning uppfylls. Mätosäkerheten undersöktes genom att utgå ifrån redan kända koordinater (RIX 95-punkter). Mätningarna har genomförts på fem olika platser i Sverige, Göteborg, Vänersborg, Karlstad, Torsby och Malung-Sälen. Mätdata som erhölls från undersökningsplatserna har analyserats samt jämförts med fastighetsbildningskraven. Resultatet av studien erhölls i form av analyserad mätdata med jämförelser mot redan kända (RIX 95) punkter. Avikelsen från känd RIX 95-punkt redovisas i resultatet utifrån tidsaspekten, den systematiska avvikelsen av translativ art, förändringar i avvikelsen från söder till norr samt utifrån två beräkningsmodeller, varav en translation och en transformation. För att få den erhållna mätdatan från RTX-tjänsten att överensstämma bättre med referenspunkten (RIX 95-punkten) togs beräkningsmodellerna fram för att möjliggöra modellering av systematiska avvikelser som uppkommit och därmed uppfylla kraven inom fasighetsbildningsåtgärder. Genom att ha analyserat och granskat olika samband har det framkommit att efter ca 20 minuters mätning, börjar precisionen för mätningarna att bli stabila. Utifrån resultatet är slutsatsen att PPP inte fungerar vid fastighetsbildningsåtgärder för områden inom stomnät, däremot fungerar metoden för skogs- och jordbruksfastigheter utanför stomnät. Förutsatt att en modellering genom translation alternativt transformation som är framtagen i denna studie används för att justera koordinaterna så fungerar PPP-mätning inom samtliga fastighetsbildningsåtgärder. Detta kräver då att mätdata erhålls efter 20 minuters mätning eller mer. / GNSS positioning in conjunction with the real property is usually used the traditional RTK measuring (Real-Time Kinematic) by SWEPOS network RTK service. This service requires mobile phone coverage or equivalent two-way communication, which can be problematic in areas with poor mobile phone coverage. Under these circumstances, PPP (Point Positioning Precise) could be more useful in real property measures when such services receives the correction data in real time from the satellites. PPP does not require any cell phone coverage, however it requires a communication link, a RTX service to obtain corrections externally from a RTX satellite. The purpose of the study is to examine the possibility of using PPP in real time at the real property as an alternative to traditional GNSS measurements with network RTK. The measurement uncertainty was investigated by starting out from already known coordinates (RIX 95 points). The measurements were performed out at five different locations in Sweden, Gothenburg, Vanersborg, Karlstad, Torsby and Malung-Salen. Measurement data obtained from the observations have been analyzed and compared with real property requirements. The results of the study were obtained in the form of data analyzed by comparison of the known (RIX 95) points. The deviation is known from RIX 95 point recognized in income based on the time factor, the bias of the translative case species, changes in deviation from south to north and from two calculation models, a translation and a transformation. To correct the measured values from the RTX service for a better match to the RIX 95 points calculation models were developed to facilitate the modeling of systematic deviations incurred and meet the demands of real property. Analyzing and examining various relationships have shown that after about 20 minutes of measuring, the precision of the measurements starts to become more stable. Based on the results, the conclusion is that the PPP does not work in real property areas within the core network, however, the method works for forestry and agricultural properties outside the core network. Assuming a modelling through translational alternative transformation, developed in this study is used to adjust the coordinates, the PPP measurement is working in all real property registration measures. This requires that the measurement data is obtained after 20 minutes of measurement or more.

本論文以公司規模大小、公司成長率、盈餘變異程度、盈餘持續率、負債比率、系統風險、以及產業別為控制變數，探討管理當局持股比率與管理當局自願性（強制性）盈餘預測準確度、盈餘管理程度之關係。並進一步探討管理當局持股比率與七個控制變數之交互作用對管理當局自願性（強制性）盈餘預測準礁度及盈餘管理程度之影響。 　　本實證研究結果發現： 　　1、自願性盈餘預測方面： 　　(1)管理當局持股比率越高且盈餘變異程度越大之公司，盈餘預測誤差越高，盈餘預測準確度越低。 　　(2)管理當局持股比率越高且負債比率越高之公司，盈餘預測誤差越高，盈餘預測準確度越低。 　　(3)產業別會影響其預測準確度，而產業中以鋼鐵業之盈餘預測準確度，顯著較高。 　　(4)公司成長率越高、盈餘持續率越高，其盈餘管理程度越高。 　　(5)產業中以電子業有顯著較高之盈餘管理程度。 　　2、強制性盈餘預測力面： 　　(1)管理當局持股比率與盈餘預測準確度成正相關。 　　(2)公司規模與盈餘預測準確度成負相關。 　　(3)盈餘持續率與盈餘預測準確度成負相關。 　　(4)產業別確實與強制性盈餘預測準確度有關，其中以電子業之盈餘預測準確度顯著較低。 　　(5)管理當局持股比率越高之紡織業其盈餘預測準確度顯著較低。 　　(6)強制性盈餘預測並無顯著的盈餘管理情況產生。 　　3、綜合結論： 　　(1)自願性之盈餘預測準確度高於強制性之盈餘預測準確度。 　　(2)自願性之盈餘管理程度高於強制性之盈餘管理程度。 / This research hypothesizes that the level of managerial ownership that controlling for earnings growth、earnings variability、earnings persistence、company risk、 debt、industry、and size has effect on both the magnitude of forecast precise of voluntary(compelling) forecast and the magnitude of discretionary accounting accrual adjustment. 　　In addition，this study examines that there are interaction of ownership effects on both the magnitude of forecast precise of voluntary (compelling) forecast and the magnitude of discretionary accounting accrual adjustment. 　　The empirical results show as follow: 　　1、Voluntary forecast aspect: 　　(1) Managerial ownership is negatively associated with the magnitude of forecast precise. 　　(2) Managerial ownership of is positively associated with the magnitude of discretionary accounting accrual adjustment. 　　2、Compelling forecast aspect: 　　(1) Managerial ownership is positively associated with the magnitude of forecast precise. 　　(2) Managerial ownership is not associated with the magnitude of discretionary accounting accrual adjustment. 　　3、Conclusion explication: 　　(1) The magnitude of forecast precise of voluntary forecast is more than that of compelling forecast. 　　(2) The magnitude of discretionary accounting accrual adjustment of voluntary forecast is more than that of compelling forecast. 　　(3) Industry variable indeed affects both the magnitude of forecast precise and the magnitude of discretionary accounting accrual adjustment.

Le GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), et en particulier sa composante actuelle le système américain GPS et le système russe GLONASS, sont aujourd'hui utilisés pour des applications géodésiques afin d'obtenir un positionnement précis, de l'ordre du centimètre. Cela nécessite un certain nombre de traitements complexes, des équipements coûteux et éventuellement des compléments au sol des systèmes GPS et GLONASS. Ces applications sont aujourd'hui principalement réalisées en environnement " ouvert " et ne peuvent fonctionner en environnement plus contraint. L'augmentation croissante de l'utilisation du GNSS dans des domaines variés va voir émerger de nombreuses applications où le positionnement précis sera requis (par exemple des applications de transport/guidage automatique ou d'aide à la conduite nécessitant des performances importantes en terme de précision mais aussi en terme de confiance dans la position -l'intégrité- et de robustesse et disponibilité). D'autre part, l'arrivée sur le marché de récepteurs bas-coûts (inférieur à 100 euros) capables de poursuivre les signaux provenant de plusieurs constellations et d'en délivrer les mesures brutes laisse entrevoir des avancées importantes en termes de performance et de démocratisation de ces techniques de positionnement précis. Dans le cadre d'un utilisateur routier, l'un des enjeux du positionnement précis pour les années à venir est ainsi d'assurer sa disponibilité en tout terrain, c'est-à-dire dans le plus grand nombre d'environnements possibles, dont les environnements dégradés (végétation dense, environnement urbain, etc.) Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de la thèse a été d'élaborer et d'optimiser des algorithmes de positionnement précis (typiquement basés sur la poursuite de la phase de porteuse des signaux GNSS) afin de prendre en compte les contraintes liées à l'utilisation d'un récepteur bas coût et à l'environnement. En particulier, un logiciel de positionnement précis (RTK) capable de résoudre les ambiguïtés des mesures de phase GPS et GLONASS a été développé. La structure particulière des signaux GLONASS (FDMA) requiert notamment un traitement spécifiques des mesures de phase décrit dans la thèse afin de pouvoir isoler les ambiguïtés de phase en tant qu'entiers. Ce traitement est compliqué par l'utilisation de mesures provenant d'un récepteur bas coût dont les canaux GLONASS ne sont pas calibrés. L'utilisation d'une méthode de calibration des mesures de code et de phase décrite dans la thèse permet de réduire les biais affectant les différentes mesures GLONASS. Il est ainsi démontré que la résolution entière des ambiguïtés de phase GLONASS est possible avec un récepteur bas coût après calibration de celui-ci. La faible qualité des mesures, du fait de l'utilisation d'un récepteur bas coût en milieu dégradé est prise en compte dans le logiciel de positionnement précis en adoptant une pondération des mesures spécifique et des paramètres de validation de l'ambiguïté dépendant de l'environnement. Enfin, une méthode de résolution des sauts de cycle innovante est présentée dans la thèse, afin d'améliorer la continuité de l'estimation des ambiguïtés de phase. Les résultats de 2 campagnes de mesures effectuées sur le périphérique Toulousain et dans le centre-ville de Toulouse ont montré une précision de 1.5m 68% du temps et de 3.5m 95% du temps dans un environnement de type urbain. En milieu semi-urbain type périphérique, cette précision atteint 10cm 68% du temps et 75cm 95% du temps. Finalement, cette thèse démontre la faisabilité d'un système de positionnement précis bas-coût pour un utilisateur routier.

Sammanfattning Titel: Billigt eller dyrt, udda eller jämt? - Hur prisprecisionseffekten påverkar Willingness to pay Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Lovisa Axenfalk Pettersson och Wilhelm Ericsson. Handledare: Jonas Kågström. Datum: 2018 - Maj. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur prisprecisionseffekten i samband med Willingness to pay påverkar bostadstransaktioner. Metod: Kvantitativ metod, enkäter med experimentella inslag. Resultat och slutsats: Denna studies resultat visar att när det kommer till priser på bostäder, är det inte enbart priset som påverkar köpet och WTP. Gällande det marknadsförda pris som lockar flest spekulanter, bör det antingen vara avrundat pris eller just below pris. Det mest ärliga marknadsmässiga priset är avrundat pris. Ett precist pris är det utgångspris, som anses vara satt av en seriös fastighetsmäklare och visar att fastighetsmäklaren är kunnig och sätter ett seriöst pris utifrån vad bostaden faktiskt är värd. Gällande vad som leder till det högsta slutpriset, kan det vara avrundat pris, precist pris samt just below pris. Varför resultatet av slutpriset skiljer sig åt är beroende på situationen på marknaden och tillgänglig information för köparen. Examensarbetets bidrag: Denna studie har bidragit med att skapa en ökad förståelse till personer som är delaktiga i en köpprocess utifrån prisprecisionseffektens prissättningar. Vidare är bidraget att människor påverkas av tillgänglig information, vilket påverkar köparens WTP och vad köpare anser om olika priser. Med kunskap från denna studie kan köpare av bostäder få en bättre förståelse för hur det marknadsförda utgångspriset kan påverka köparens WTP av bostaden de är intresserad av att köpa och den bostadens slutpris. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Studien fastställer att det finns flera möjligheter till fortsatt forskning. Det skulle kunna vara att studera prisprecisionseffekten i en verklig miljö. Att studera hur ankareffekten och prisprecisionseffekten påverkar varandra. Väva in andra prispåverkande faktorer än bara själva priset. Samt att vända perspektiv och utgå från säljaren istället. Nyckelord: Prisprecisionseffekten, WTP - Willingness to pay, avrundat pris, precist pris, just below pris, utgångspris och bostadstransaktioner. / Abstract Title: Cheap or expensive, odd or even? - How the price precision effect, affects willingness to pay Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration. Author: Lovisa Axenfalk Pettersson and Wilhelm Ericsson. Supervisor: Jonas Kågström. Date: 2018 - May. Aim: The aim is to further investigate how the price precision effect associated with willingness to pay affects sales of real estate transactions. Method: Quantitative method through a survey with experimental elements. Result and conclusion: The results in the study indicates, regarding prices on the housing market, that it is not only the price that affects pursues and WTP. Regarding the marketed list price, which attracts the most potential buyers, they should either be a rounded or just below price. The most honest market price is a rounded price. A list price set at a precise price, is considered to be listed from a serious real estate broker. It also indicates that the real estate broker is knowledgeable and puts a serious price based on what the residence is actually worth. To get the highest selling price, it can be all of the price precision effect prices, rounded price, precise price or just below price. Why the result of the highest selling price differ, is depending on the situation on the market and available information for the buyer. Contribution of the thesis: The contribution for this study has been to create an increased understanding about the price precision effect and its prices for the persons involved in a buying process. Furthermore, the contribution is that people are influenced by available information, affecting the buyer's WTP and what buyers consider about different prices. With knowledge from this study, buyers can gain a better understanding of how the marketed list price may affect the buyer's WTP for the real estate they are interested in buying and its final selling price. Suggestion for future research: To summarize the possibilities for future research this paper suggests; to analyze the price precision effect from the sellers point of view. To analyze the price precision effect in a real setting instead, where actual transactions are being made. To further investigate the ratio between the anchoring effect with the price precision effect, and how they affect each other. The final suggestions for future research is to involve other aspects into the price precision effect, despite only the price, because it is not only the price that affects the house buying market. Keywords: Price precision effect, WTP - willingness to pay, rounded price, precise price, just below price, list price and real estate transaction.

Slogans can be attributed as a way in which to communicate a brand's message to its key consumer. An effectively established brand amongst targeted consumers can in turn generate profitability and ever further promote the brand. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effectiveness of advertisements that employ vague or precise cosmetic product brand slogans among both male and female consumers. Ultimately, the end goal of marketing is to make a sale. Additionally, the purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the length of a slogan is an influential factor on the participant's motivation to purchase a cosmetic or skincare product. Data was collected through the use of survey in an online social media format, in order to test the effectiveness of different lengths of slogans for slogan recall, brand recall, brand awareness and purchase intention. Prior research and hypotheses were used to predict the concept that shorter more concise or precise slogans in this study would heighten the levels of all measured variables in the study, slogan recall, brand recall, brand awareness and purchase intention. The results of this paper conclude overall vague slogans have the potential to reach higher levels of slogan recall ability , brand recall and the intent to purchase, on the contrary shorter more precise slogans affect brand awareness at a greater level than the lengthier slogans.

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本論文では，配列制御ペプチド−ビニルポリマー・ハイブリッドの合目的的な機能設計とその精密合成法の確立を目指し，グラフト型，トリブロック型，マルチブロック型など多様な高分子形状のハイブリッドポリマーの設計およびその合成法について明らかにした．ペプチド−ビニルポリマー・ハイブリッドは，各構成成分の種類 (一次構造) やその組み合わせ方 (高分子形状) により無限の機能・構造設計が可能な新しいスマートバイオマテリアルであり，そのハイブリッド化の組み合わせ方は機能発現の鍵を握る重要な因子である．特に，ペプチド−ビニルポリマー・ハイブリッドによるGFP様の蛍光発現の再現，および全ユニットがアミノ酸で構成されたハイブリッドポリマーによる単鎖フォールディング形成の実現は，合成高分子化学の究極の目標の一つである人工タンパク質開発において大変意義深く，新しい設計・合成指針を提供する． / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

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