Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work the relationship between two famous conceptions of existence is investigated. The first, proposed by Kant, excludes the concept of existence from the set of possible predicates or properties of objects. The second, later proposed by Frege, treats the concept of existence as a higher-level predicate, i.e., it presents this concept as a predicate of predicates rather than as a predicate of objects. A closer look at these conceptions reveals, however, that despite this similarity it would be premature to identify their conceptions, because there are differences with regard to the systems in which they are embedded as well as differences with regard to the aims that they pursue. The present work tries to show that Kant developed his conceptions of the concept of existence in an epistemological context whose aim was, as he makes clear in his opus magnum, to warrant the claim that every knowledge should have besides a conceptual element also a counterpart arising from the intuition. Frege, on the other hand, develops his conception in a basically logical context, in which the treatment of expressions is submitted to strong rigor. The aim of the present work is to compare Kant s and Frege s approaches in order to answer the question whether there are significant differences between their characterizations of the concept of existence and, if so, which ones. One important result of the present work is that the differences in their positions are consequences of some differences between the contexts in which they are developed. Another result is that their conceptions include some common theses, such as the claim that the concept of existence is not a concept that can be used to characterize an object, or the claim that existential statements constitute an odd type of judgement whose appearance in natural languages suggests an erroneous reading of them. On the other hand, however, there are significant differences between the positions advocated by Kant and Frege as, for instance, differences with regard to the possibility of deriving statements of existence from the analysis of concepts, a possibility that is categorically denied by Kant but admitted, with some qualifications, by Frege. The third important result finally is that Frege s conception of existence must be regarded as an improvement, not as a mere repetition, of Kant s conception. / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da relação entre duas célebres abordagens do conceito de existência. A primeira, apresentada por Kant, exclui o conceito de existência do conjunto dos possíveis predicados ou propriedades de objetos. A segunda, apresentada mais tarde por Frege, trata o conceito de existência como um predicado de nível superior, i.e., apresenta o conceito como um predicado de predicados, e não como um conceito que se aplica diretamente a objetos. Apesar de ambas abordagens se parecerem muito entre si, um estudo mais aprofundado de ambas servirá para mostrar que a diferença entre os sistemas teóricos em que se inserem, bem como entre os objetivos que visavam, sugerem que seria precipitado identificá-las. Tentar-se-á mostrar, neste trabalho, que Kant desenvolve suas concepções a respeito deste conceito num contexto epistemológico, tendo em vista, como fica claro na sua opus magnum, garantir o requisito de que todo conhecimento deve ter, além do elemento conceitual, também uma contraparte advinda da intuição. Frege, por sua vez, apresenta suas teses a respeito do tema dentro de um contexto basicamente lógico, onde se fazia necessária uma rigorização do tratamento das expressões que compõem a linguagem. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em estudar a abordagem de cada autor separadamente, e, em seguida, comparar as duas abordagens a fim de mostrar se existem diferenças significativas entre as caracterizações que ambos deram ao conceito de existência, e, em caso positivo, mostrar quais seriam estas diferenças. Dentre os principais resultados a que se chegou, destacam-se as diferenças que as posições dos autores possuem; diferenças sugeridas pela diferenciação entre os contextos de apresentação da temática nos dois autores. Também se destaca a equivalência das teses de ambos em alguns aspectos, como por exemplo, a tese segundo a qual o conceito de existência não se encontra entre os conceitos que podem servir para caracterizar um objeto, ou a alegação de que os enunciados existenciais constituem um tipo único de juízo, cuja aparência nas linguagens naturais sugere uma leitura errônea dos mesmos. Deve-se mencionar, por outro lado, a diferença significativa de posições de Kant e Frege em outros aspectos, como no que tange à possibilidade de se derivar existência por meio de análise conceitual, possibilidade negada categoricamente por Kant e admitida, com algumas ressalvas, por Frege. Por fim, destaca-se a possibilidade de se interpretar as teses de Frege como um aperfeiçoamento, mas não como uma mera repetição, das teses de Kant.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 J63 / Master of Science

This dissertation is concerned with finite state machine-based technology for modeling natural language. Finite-state machines have proven to be efficient computational devices in modeling natural language phenomena in morphology and phonology. Because of their mathematical closure properties, finite-state machines can be manipulated and combined in many flexible ways that closely resemble formalisms used in different areas of linguistics to describe natural language. The use of finite-state transducers in constructing natural language parsers and generators has proven to be a versatile approach to describing phonological alternation, morphological constraints and morphotactics, and syntactic phenomena on the phrase level.The main contributions of this dissertation are the development of a new model of multitape automata, the development of a new logic formalism that can substitute for regular expressions in constructing complex automata, and adaptations of these techniques to solving classical construction problems relating to finite-state transducers, such as modeling reduplication and complex phonological replacement rules.The multitape model presented here goes hand-in-hand with the logic formalism, the latter being a necessary step to constructing the former. These multitape automata can then be used to create entire morphological and phonological grammars, and can also serve as a neutral intermediate tool to ease the construction of automata for other purposes.The construction of large-scale finite-state models for natural language grammars is a very delicate process. Making any solution practicable requires great care in the efficient implementation of low-level tasks such as converting regular expressions, logical statements, sets of constraints, and replacement rules to automata or finite transducers. To support the overall endeavor of showing the practicability of the logical and multitape extensions proposed in this thesis, a detailed treatment of efficient implementation of finite-state construction algorithms for natural language purposes is also presented.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Computing and Information Sciences / Gurdip Singh / In this dissertation, we propose a cyber-physical system model, and based on this model, present algorithms for a set of distributed computing problems. Our model specifies a cyber-physical system as a combination of cyber-infrastructure, physical-infrastructure, and user behavior specification. The cyber-infrastructure is superimposed on the physical-infrastructure and continuously monitors its (physical-infrastructure's) changing state. Users operate in the physical-infrastructure and interact with the cyber-infrastructure using hand-held devices and sensors; and their behavior is specified in terms of actions they can perform (e.g., move, observe). While in traditional distributed systems, users interact solely via the underlying cyber-infrastructure, users in a cyber-physical system may interact directly with one another, access sensor data directly, and perform actions asynchronously with respect to the underlying cyber-infrastructure. These additional types of interactions have an impact on how distributed algorithms for cyber-physical systems are designed. We augment distributed mutual exclusion and predicate detection algorithms so that they can accommodate user behavior, interactions among them and the physical-infrastructure. The new algorithms have two components - one describing the behavior of the users in the physical-infrastructure and the other describing the algorithms in the cyber-infrastructure. Each combination of users' behavior and an algorithm in the cyber-infrastructure yields a different cyber-physical system algorithm. We have performed extensive simulation study of our algorithms using OMNeT++ simulation engine and Uppaal model checker. We also propose Cyber-Physical System Modeling Language (CPSML) to specify cyber-physical systems, and a centralized global state recording algorithm.

This thesis investigates the syntactic features, functions, and diachrony of a complex predicate called ‘the inceptive construction’ which is based on a grammaticalised use of the converbs ‘get up’, ‘pick up’, ‘grasp’, and ‘take’. The languages under investigation are Amharic, Argobba, Harari, Zay, and Selt’i. The data collection that was analized consists of elicitations, audio recordings, and written texts. The analysis shows that the converbs identify the initial phase of the event encoded by a following verb. The converbs are further associated with nuances like volition, surprise, and emphasis. The rise of such interpretations as surprise and emphasis appears to depend mainly on context, while volition is inherent to the construction. The languages generally do not show much variation. However, there is a notable difference in some co-occurrence restrictions. Moreover, there is a difference in the presence/absence of certain converbs mainly in Harari and Zay, which is clearly a matter of preference between individual consultants. Regarding the origin of the inceptive construction, collocation, frequency, and speakers’ conception of the action of the converbs are possible factors that lead the verbs to grammaticalize into markers of the inception phase. Only some traces of the construction are found in an old Amharic text from the 15th century. The converb is the main verb form used in the inceptive construction, although other verb forms are allowed which may take a coordinating conjunction (in the cases of Amharic and Argobba) and an iterative/simultaneity marker (‘while’). The Amharic conjunction =nna ‘and’ links the light verb with the reference verb in the inceptive construction, but is also used in causal(purposive) and conditional coordination. The criteria of tense iconicity and variable positions indicate that =nna is a coordinating conjunction in the former, but a subordinator in the latter. Lastly, the converb in Amharic is shown to become insubordinated, i.e. the main verb or auxiliary it depends on gets ellipsed over time and it comes to function as a main verb. An insubordinated converb is used in the expression of surprise/exclamation, interrogation, rhetorical questioning, wishing, and the resultative/perfective. The point is it is still possible to use the notion of ‘converb’ in the inceptive construction as this is a separate historical process.

The Crime of Money Laundering under Section 216 of the Czech Criminal Code Abstract The diploma thesis aims to examine the crime of legalization of proceeds of criminal activities in its narrower sense, i.e. the crime under S. 216 (2) of the Czech Criminal Code. This crime is referred to as "the crime of money laundering" throughout the thesis, as opposed to the crime of possession of stolen goods under S. 2016 (1) of the Czech Criminal Code. The opening chapter reviews the terminology used by Czech law. Then the thesis briefly addresses the phenomenon of money laundering in a broader context; this chapter also provides with statistics of criminal prosecutions for the named crime in the Czech Republic. In a separate chapter, the thesis names some of the most essential international documents adopted in the area of combating money laundering so far. The thesis then describes and evaluates the evolution of the crime of money laundering under Czech criminal law, namely regarding the respective amendments of the law. The following chapter then analyses the most significant elements of the crime of money laundering, and as such, it represents the centrepiece of the thesis. From this analysis, several important and disputed questions arise and are examined further. The thesis emphasizes e.g. the issue of...

The objective of the thesis Reflection of the Predicate Preconception in Studying Process in 6th Grade of Elementary School is to ascertain how the 6th year pupils (aged 12-13 years) think about the predicate. The thesis is grounded in constructivism which actively works with preconcepts, and is related to Czech language teaching. Predicate is described from the linguistic perspective as well as its didactical notion in the Framework Educational Program and in existing textbooks. 37 pupils from 4 schools in Prague completed a series of individual tasks specifically designed for the purpose of this study, and semi-structured interviews with these pupils were recorded, transcribed and analysed. The study shows that the pupils strongly prefer verbal predicate to its verb-noun variety, while they are still capable of suggesting a communication situation for either type of predicate. The study further investigates whether the pupils actively use nouns and adjectives as a non-verb part of a predicate. While adjectives were used frequently, using nouns proved to be challenging. The analysis proves that the pupils do not identify the predicate as a part of sentence important for the meaning of the sentence. The results of the study confirm that pupils consider the meaning of individual words rather than...

Esta tese tem por objetivo descrever e analisar, com base na Teoria Gerativa, as construções semiclivadas e pseudoclivadas no português brasileiro. Reconhecemos, para ambas as construções, a necessidade de uma análise dual, que identifica dois tipos. Quanto às semiclivadas, um tipo (e este é o grande grupo) recebe uma análise monoracional e independente das pseudoclivadas, são as chamadas semiclivadas verdadeiras, e o outro, bem delimitado e restrito, recebe uma análise bioracional, como uma versão reduzida das pseudoclivadas. Em nossa proposta de uma análise monoracional para a sintaxe das semiclivadas verdadeiras, a cópula, que imediatamente precede o foco, é a realização de uma categoria funcional envolvida no estabelecimento de relações de predicação, um RELATOR ou LINKER, seguindo a sintaxe da predicação desenvolvida em Den Dikken (2006a). Explorando a aplicação de Inversão de Predicado, com suas implicações, como a emergência de uma cópula, o congelamento do sujeito da predicação (que fica in situ) para manipulações sintáticas, e que recebe, invariavelmente, a interpretação de foco nas interfaces, alargamos o tratamento conferido à sintaxe da predicação, tratando inclusive a relação \'objeto de\' como uma relação essencialmente predicacional. Por sua vez, quanto às pseudoclivadas, os dois tipos reconhecidos recebem ambos análises bioracionais (contra análises monoracionais e de reconstrução). A proposta de uma análise dual para as pseudoclivadas, em tipo A e tipo B, na esteira de Den Dikken, Meinunger & Wilder (2000), se fundamenta na heterogeneidade dos dados em nossa língua - sobretudo com relação às diferenças entre os dois padrões dessas construções (com oração-wh inicial e final) e ao tipo de oração-wh que pode ocorrer em cada qual (interrogativa ou relativa livre) - que resistem a um tratamento único, inteiramente homogêneo. Essa análise dual tem alcance interlinguístico, parcial ou total, de acordo com as características das línguas. Procuramos mostrar como orações-wh diferentes estão relacionadas a padrões diferentes de pseudoclivadas, cada qual com uma estrutura sintática particular, bem como algumas decorrências que delas surgem e que contrastam entre si, conforme previsto. Mostramos, ainda, dentre os polêmicos efeitos de conectividade que as pseudoclivadas podem exibir, quais merecem tratamento sintático e quais não. Conectividades envolvendo anáfora e pronomes ligados são melhor tratadas sob uma perspectiva semântica, haja vista sua ocorrência mesmo em copulares especificacionais não-clivadas, independentemente da ordem entre os termos pré e pós-cópula, e para as quais mesmo um tratamento via reconstrução (última chance de um tratamento ainda sintático) é, às vezes, impossível. Crucialmente, as conectividades envolvendo IPN (itens de polaridade negativa) e Caso são as distintivas para a análise das pseudoclivadas em dois tipos. As pseudoclivadas do tipo A recebem uma análise bioracional com elipse, na qual a oração-wh é uma interrogativa e o contrapeso, uma resposta sentencial completa para essa pergunta, sujeita à elipse preferencial do material repetido. Assim, em analogia aos question-answer pairs, essas pseudoclivadas são chamadas de self-answering questions, com uma estrutura \'tópico-comentário\', cuja ordem é rígida, resultando somente no padrão com oração-wh inicial (pergunta<resposta). Já as pseudoclivadas do tipo B, por sua vez, têm uma estrutura predicacional como base, uma small clause. Elas recebem uma análise também bioracional, mas do tipo WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get), em que a oração-wh, aqui uma relativa livre, é o predicado, e o XP, seu sujeito, necessariamente o foco da sentença. A relativa livre, na qualidade de um predicado nominal, está sujeita à Inversão de Predicado; consequentemente, a ordem das pseudoclivadas do tipo B é mais flexível, produzindo tanto o padrão com oração-wh inicial, quanto final. Por fim, resgatamos o segundo tipo de semiclivadas, o pequeno grupo restrito que é uma versão reduzida das pseudoclivadas, como evidenciado pelos fatos relativos à concordância do verbo lexical. A ocorrência dessas semiclivadas é limitada às semiclivadas de sujeito. Em face de dois tipos de pseudoclivadas, mostramos que somente as do tipo A permitem \'redução\'. Colaboram para isso a rigidez na ordem, característica das semiclivadas e apenas das pseudoclivadas do tipo A, e a possibilidade de omissão do pronome wh (\'wh-drop\'), possível em interrogativas (como uma opção disponível na Gramática Universal), mas nunca em relativas livres. Sendo essas pseudoclivadas reduzidas restritas às de sujeito, seu wh nulo (ocorrência de \'wh-drop\') é reanalisado como prowh nas línguas românicas que dispõem dessas construções. / This dissertation aims to describe and analyse semiclefts and pseudoclefts constructions in Brazilian Portuguese, with the background of Generative Theory. Given the heterogeneity of the facts analysed, we propose an approach that divides both constructions in two types. Regarding the semiclefts, one type (and this is the big group) receives a monoclausal analysis, independent of pseudoclefts, which are called true semiclefts, whereas the other, well delimited and restricted, receives a biclausal analysis, as a reduced version of pseudoclefts. In our proposal of a monoclausal analysis to the syntax of true semiclefts, the copula, which immediately precedes the focus, is the spell out of a functional category involved in the establishment of predication relations, either a RELATOR or a LINKER, following the syntax of predication developed in Den Dikken (2006a). Exploring the application of Predicate Inversion, with its implications, such as the emergence of a copula, the freezing of the subject of predication to syntactic manipulations which stays in situ and receives, invariably, the focus interpretation at the interfaces, we enlarge the approach given to the syntax of predication, treating also the \'object of\' relation as an essentially predicational relation. As for the pseudoclefts, the two types recognized receive both a biclausal analysis (contra monoclausal and reconstruction analyses). The proposal of a dual analysis to pseudoclefts, in type A and type B, a la Den Dikken, Meinunger & Wilder (2000), is based on the heterogeneity of the data in our language - especially regarding the differences attested between the two patterns of these constructions (with wh-clause initial or final) and regarding the type of wh-clause that can occur in each of them (an interrogative or a free relative) - data that resist a single fully homogeneous treatment. This dual analysis has crosslinguistic (partial or total) scope, according to the characteristics of the languages. We tried to show how different wh-clauses are related to different patterns of pseudoclefts, each of them with its particular syntactic structure, as well as some consequences that they give rise to and that contrast with each other, as predicted. We also claim that, among the polemic connectivity effects that pseudoclefts can have, some deserve a syntactic account, whereas others do not. Connectivity effects related to anaphors and bound pronouns are better accounted for by a semantic account, given their occurrence even in simple (non-cleft) specificational copular sentences, regardless of the order between the pre and postcopular terms, and for which even an analysis via reconstruction (last chance to still have a syntactic treatment) is sometimes impossible. Crucially, connectivity effects related to NPI (negative polarity items) and Case are the relevant ones to distinguish the pseudoclefts in two types. Type A pseudoclefts receive a biclausal analysis with ellipsis, in which the wh-clause is an interrogative and the counterweight is a full sentence, the complete answer to the question, subject to (strongly favoured) ellipsis of the repeated part. In analogy to the question-answer pairs, these pseudoclefts are called self-answering questions, with a \'topic-comment\' structure, whose order is rigid, resulting only in the wh-clause-initial pattern (question<answer). On the other hand, type B pseudoclefts are based on a predicational structure, a small clause. They also receive a biclausal analysis, but one of the WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) kind, in which the wh-clause, here a free relative, is the predicate, and the XP, its subject, necessarily the focus of the sentence. The free relative, as a predicate nominal, is subject to Predicate Inversion; consequently, the order of type B pseudoclefts is more flexible, resulting in both patterns, wh-clause-initial or final. Finally, we go back to semiclefts, more specifically, to its the second type, the limited group that is a reduced version of pseudoclefts, as indicated by the facts related to the agreement in the lexical verb. The occurrence of such semiclefts is restricted to the subject semiclefts. In face of two types of pseudoclefts, we show that only type A allow \'reduction\'. Factors that contribute to this are the rigid order, characteristic of semiclefts and only of type A pseudoclefts, and the possibility of omission of the wh pronoun (\'wh-drop\'), possible in interrogatives (as an available option in Universal Grammar), but never in free relatives. Since these reduced pseudoclefts are limited to the subject ones, their null wh (an instance of \'wh-drop\') is reanalysed as a prowh in the romance languages that have these constructions.

Esta tese tem por objetivo descrever e analisar, com base na Teoria Gerativa, as construções semiclivadas e pseudoclivadas no português brasileiro. Reconhecemos, para ambas as construções, a necessidade de uma análise dual, que identifica dois tipos. Quanto às semiclivadas, um tipo (e este é o grande grupo) recebe uma análise monoracional e independente das pseudoclivadas, são as chamadas semiclivadas verdadeiras, e o outro, bem delimitado e restrito, recebe uma análise bioracional, como uma versão reduzida das pseudoclivadas. Em nossa proposta de uma análise monoracional para a sintaxe das semiclivadas verdadeiras, a cópula, que imediatamente precede o foco, é a realização de uma categoria funcional envolvida no estabelecimento de relações de predicação, um RELATOR ou LINKER, seguindo a sintaxe da predicação desenvolvida em Den Dikken (2006a). Explorando a aplicação de Inversão de Predicado, com suas implicações, como a emergência de uma cópula, o congelamento do sujeito da predicação (que fica in situ) para manipulações sintáticas, e que recebe, invariavelmente, a interpretação de foco nas interfaces, alargamos o tratamento conferido à sintaxe da predicação, tratando inclusive a relação \'objeto de\' como uma relação essencialmente predicacional. Por sua vez, quanto às pseudoclivadas, os dois tipos reconhecidos recebem ambos análises bioracionais (contra análises monoracionais e de reconstrução). A proposta de uma análise dual para as pseudoclivadas, em tipo A e tipo B, na esteira de Den Dikken, Meinunger & Wilder (2000), se fundamenta na heterogeneidade dos dados em nossa língua - sobretudo com relação às diferenças entre os dois padrões dessas construções (com oração-wh inicial e final) e ao tipo de oração-wh que pode ocorrer em cada qual (interrogativa ou relativa livre) - que resistem a um tratamento único, inteiramente homogêneo. Essa análise dual tem alcance interlinguístico, parcial ou total, de acordo com as características das línguas. Procuramos mostrar como orações-wh diferentes estão relacionadas a padrões diferentes de pseudoclivadas, cada qual com uma estrutura sintática particular, bem como algumas decorrências que delas surgem e que contrastam entre si, conforme previsto. Mostramos, ainda, dentre os polêmicos efeitos de conectividade que as pseudoclivadas podem exibir, quais merecem tratamento sintático e quais não. Conectividades envolvendo anáfora e pronomes ligados são melhor tratadas sob uma perspectiva semântica, haja vista sua ocorrência mesmo em copulares especificacionais não-clivadas, independentemente da ordem entre os termos pré e pós-cópula, e para as quais mesmo um tratamento via reconstrução (última chance de um tratamento ainda sintático) é, às vezes, impossível. Crucialmente, as conectividades envolvendo IPN (itens de polaridade negativa) e Caso são as distintivas para a análise das pseudoclivadas em dois tipos. As pseudoclivadas do tipo A recebem uma análise bioracional com elipse, na qual a oração-wh é uma interrogativa e o contrapeso, uma resposta sentencial completa para essa pergunta, sujeita à elipse preferencial do material repetido. Assim, em analogia aos question-answer pairs, essas pseudoclivadas são chamadas de self-answering questions, com uma estrutura \'tópico-comentário\', cuja ordem é rígida, resultando somente no padrão com oração-wh inicial (pergunta<resposta). Já as pseudoclivadas do tipo B, por sua vez, têm uma estrutura predicacional como base, uma small clause. Elas recebem uma análise também bioracional, mas do tipo WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get), em que a oração-wh, aqui uma relativa livre, é o predicado, e o XP, seu sujeito, necessariamente o foco da sentença. A relativa livre, na qualidade de um predicado nominal, está sujeita à Inversão de Predicado; consequentemente, a ordem das pseudoclivadas do tipo B é mais flexível, produzindo tanto o padrão com oração-wh inicial, quanto final. Por fim, resgatamos o segundo tipo de semiclivadas, o pequeno grupo restrito que é uma versão reduzida das pseudoclivadas, como evidenciado pelos fatos relativos à concordância do verbo lexical. A ocorrência dessas semiclivadas é limitada às semiclivadas de sujeito. Em face de dois tipos de pseudoclivadas, mostramos que somente as do tipo A permitem \'redução\'. Colaboram para isso a rigidez na ordem, característica das semiclivadas e apenas das pseudoclivadas do tipo A, e a possibilidade de omissão do pronome wh (\'wh-drop\'), possível em interrogativas (como uma opção disponível na Gramática Universal), mas nunca em relativas livres. Sendo essas pseudoclivadas reduzidas restritas às de sujeito, seu wh nulo (ocorrência de \'wh-drop\') é reanalisado como prowh nas línguas românicas que dispõem dessas construções. / This dissertation aims to describe and analyse semiclefts and pseudoclefts constructions in Brazilian Portuguese, with the background of Generative Theory. Given the heterogeneity of the facts analysed, we propose an approach that divides both constructions in two types. Regarding the semiclefts, one type (and this is the big group) receives a monoclausal analysis, independent of pseudoclefts, which are called true semiclefts, whereas the other, well delimited and restricted, receives a biclausal analysis, as a reduced version of pseudoclefts. In our proposal of a monoclausal analysis to the syntax of true semiclefts, the copula, which immediately precedes the focus, is the spell out of a functional category involved in the establishment of predication relations, either a RELATOR or a LINKER, following the syntax of predication developed in Den Dikken (2006a). Exploring the application of Predicate Inversion, with its implications, such as the emergence of a copula, the freezing of the subject of predication to syntactic manipulations which stays in situ and receives, invariably, the focus interpretation at the interfaces, we enlarge the approach given to the syntax of predication, treating also the \'object of\' relation as an essentially predicational relation. As for the pseudoclefts, the two types recognized receive both a biclausal analysis (contra monoclausal and reconstruction analyses). The proposal of a dual analysis to pseudoclefts, in type A and type B, a la Den Dikken, Meinunger & Wilder (2000), is based on the heterogeneity of the data in our language - especially regarding the differences attested between the two patterns of these constructions (with wh-clause initial or final) and regarding the type of wh-clause that can occur in each of them (an interrogative or a free relative) - data that resist a single fully homogeneous treatment. This dual analysis has crosslinguistic (partial or total) scope, according to the characteristics of the languages. We tried to show how different wh-clauses are related to different patterns of pseudoclefts, each of them with its particular syntactic structure, as well as some consequences that they give rise to and that contrast with each other, as predicted. We also claim that, among the polemic connectivity effects that pseudoclefts can have, some deserve a syntactic account, whereas others do not. Connectivity effects related to anaphors and bound pronouns are better accounted for by a semantic account, given their occurrence even in simple (non-cleft) specificational copular sentences, regardless of the order between the pre and postcopular terms, and for which even an analysis via reconstruction (last chance to still have a syntactic treatment) is sometimes impossible. Crucially, connectivity effects related to NPI (negative polarity items) and Case are the relevant ones to distinguish the pseudoclefts in two types. Type A pseudoclefts receive a biclausal analysis with ellipsis, in which the wh-clause is an interrogative and the counterweight is a full sentence, the complete answer to the question, subject to (strongly favoured) ellipsis of the repeated part. In analogy to the question-answer pairs, these pseudoclefts are called self-answering questions, with a \'topic-comment\' structure, whose order is rigid, resulting only in the wh-clause-initial pattern (question<answer). On the other hand, type B pseudoclefts are based on a predicational structure, a small clause. They also receive a biclausal analysis, but one of the WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) kind, in which the wh-clause, here a free relative, is the predicate, and the XP, its subject, necessarily the focus of the sentence. The free relative, as a predicate nominal, is subject to Predicate Inversion; consequently, the order of type B pseudoclefts is more flexible, resulting in both patterns, wh-clause-initial or final. Finally, we go back to semiclefts, more specifically, to its the second type, the limited group that is a reduced version of pseudoclefts, as indicated by the facts related to the agreement in the lexical verb. The occurrence of such semiclefts is restricted to the subject semiclefts. In face of two types of pseudoclefts, we show that only type A allow \'reduction\'. Factors that contribute to this are the rigid order, characteristic of semiclefts and only of type A pseudoclefts, and the possibility of omission of the wh pronoun (\'wh-drop\'), possible in interrogatives (as an available option in Universal Grammar), but never in free relatives. Since these reduced pseudoclefts are limited to the subject ones, their null wh (an instance of \'wh-drop\') is reanalysed as a prowh in the romance languages that have these constructions.

Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous proposons d’analyser la langue militaire et particulièrementcelle de l’armée de Terre. Dans un premier temps, nous traitons de la terminologie, de lalangue militaire technique par rapport à la langue générale et d’un aperçu des dictionnaires despécialité et glossaires de la Défense. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous appuyons sur lanotion des classes d’objets, instaurées par G. GROSS, qui demeure la meilleure méthoded’analyse de la langue militaire en étudiant les propriétés syntaxiques des prédicats nominauxd’action, les verbes supports et appropriés et leur actualisation. Pour illustrer et approfondirnotre travail, nous nous basons sur les actions des militaires en préparation d’une opération,pendant la projection et à l’issue de l’engagement. Par ces actions, nous démontrons toutes lespropriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques spécifiques à chaque classe de prédicats. La troisièmepartie, consacrée aux arguments de type humain, inanimé concret et locatif, est la suitelogique de l’étude des classes d’objets. Avec cette thèse, nous possédons tous les élémentspour envisager, par exemple une étude contrastive avec une autre langue et surtout grâce auxanalyses, la création d’un dictionnaire bilingue. / Within the framework of this study, we propose to analyse military language and particularlythat of the army. In part One, we deal with terminology, technical military language inrelation to everyday language as well as a survey of Defense-related specialized dictionariesand glossaries. In part Two, we take our cue from G. GROSS’s concept of object classes,which remains the best way of approaching military language specifically action-orientednominal predicates’syntactical properties, and support and appropriate verbs. We drew ourexamples from military action during fieldwork, both home and abroad, and upon the returnhome. Making use of these three phases, we outline syntactical and semantic propertiesspecific to each class of predicates. Part Three is devoted to arguments of three types : human,inanimate and locative ; it follows logically upon our analysis of object classes. Thisdissertation will help us carry out a contrastive analysis with another language as well as thecreation of a bilingual dictionary.