The Rarómuri, or Urique Tarahumara (UT), language belongs to the Taracahitian sub-branch of the Uto-Aztecan family. There are five major linguistics variants called Tarahumara, all spoken in Chihuahua state in northern Mexico. This dissertation is an introduction to how both verbal and nonverbal predicates are formed in the language of the Rarómuri people, as spoken in Urique, Chihuahua. The central contribution of this dissertation is found in Chapter IV on nonverbal predication and Chapter V on verbal predication, and the work opens with three chapters: Chapter I is the introduction, Chapter II introduces the orthography and some of the most common morphophonological processes, and Chapter III sketches the morphology and syntax of the Noun Phrase. Chapter VI concludes the dissertation with a discussion of directions for future research. This dissertation is based on a combination of recorded texts and elicited material. The texts provided the natural language where the constructions in question occur in actual use, providing the motivation and signaling directions for elicitation, which then allowed the understanding of the intricate morphological patterns. Both types of data material are invaluable for the researcher, and I include examples of both when possible. One point of typological interest in UT is the verbal indexation system for subjects in the past tense, which includes suffixes for 3SG/PL and 1PL, zero marking (fused with the tense suffix) for 2PL, and verbal enclitics for 1SG and 2SG. The verbal enclitics also occur marking future tense verbs. The verbal enclitics for 1SG and 2SG can also mark object, and alone among core arguments, the 1SG free pronoun object must take a locative suffix. Looking at person marking and object case, it appears that UT has an incipient hierarchical system, with 1SG > 2SG > 1PL/2PL/3. Another of the most salient features of UT is the morphophonology. It is common in UT for a morpheme to present several allomorphs, and some, like the Potential Future, can have up to 9 allomorphs. Some of this allomorphy is phonologically conditioned, other allomorphy is lexically conditioned, and other allomorphy is clearly suppletive. The interaction of these conditioning factors is possible.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho visa investigar a participaÃÃo e a predicaÃÃo em PlatÃo atravÃs dos diÃlogos FÃdon, RepÃblica, ParmÃnides e Sofista. Cabe portanto questionar: o que à participaÃÃo? De que modo a participaÃÃo pode fundamentar a predicaÃÃo? HÃ, na obra de PlatÃo, um sentido unÃvoco de participaÃÃo? Para encontrar respostas para estas perguntas a pesquisa atentarà para as primeiras definiÃÃes de participaÃÃo e de que maneira ela se sustenta, ou nÃo, na sequÃncia dos argumentos e das obras. De inÃcio, à possÃvel conceber, a partir do FÃdon, que a noÃÃo de participaÃÃo em PlatÃo à tal que um ente sensÃvel participa de uma Forma de modo que recebe um predicado em razÃo desta relaÃÃo. PorÃm, compreende-se que esta definiÃÃo de participaÃÃo nÃo à suficiente para dar conta de explicar todos os modos nos quais a participaÃÃo aparece em PlatÃo, sobretudo no fim do FÃdon e na RepÃblica (476a). Assim, a pesquisa investiga as crÃticas que o ParmÃnides elabora acerca de como a participaÃÃo à compreendida e sonda se à possÃvel que o Sofista complemente o sentido de participaÃÃo anteriormente apresentado.

Maintaining cotton fiber quality is crucial for the survival of the U.S. cotton industry. Previous studies have indicated that spatial variability of fiber quality parameters exists in cotton fields. If site-specific measurement and prediction of quality is possible, then fiber could be segregated during the harvesting process, thus increasing the overall price a producer would receive for his crop. Because of the importance of fiber micronaire to the textile industry, the fact that micronaire exhibits moderate variation in the field, and the fact that it has been shown to be related to optical properties of cotton fibers, micronaire measurement was considered for quality segregation. Two years? cotton and soil data from two fields in Brooksville, Mississippi were used to investigate how much spatial variation in cotton quality factors could be explained by soil parameters. It was found that spatial variability exists in soil and cotton quality parameters, and micronaire (maturity and fineness) was found to have relatively large variability compared to other quality parameters. About 22 to 35% of the variation in micronaire could be explained by soil parameter variability. Site-specific prediction of micronaire based on only soil seems to be not practical according to the results of this study. Another objective was to develop a methodology for measuring important parameters of cotton crop quality in the field. USDA Micronaire Standard Calibration samples were used in infrared spectral measurements in order to relate their micronaire values to near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelength spectra. Near-infrared reflectance measurements in certain wavelengths ranging from 800 to 2500 nm were found to be closely correlated to micronaire values. Mid-infrared transmittance measurements (ratios) in certain wavelengths ranging from 2.5 to 25 µm were also related to micronaire values. The R2 value of the optimal prediction model was 0.92. This model was validated with HVI measurement of cotton samples from Mississippi and Arizona. Optical sensors based on spectral reflectance and transmittance measurements seem to be a reasonable choice for site-specific harvesting. A practical sensor mounted on cotton picker for measuring cotton micronaire appears to be feasible and a draft design was proposed.

This is a study of processes of structural and functional diversification of the uses of three cognate verbs across the Indo-Iranian language family: “do/make”, “be/become”, and “give”. First, this study identifies over sixty distinct construction types in which these verbs are used, including complex predicate constructions, nominal predication constructions, serial verb constructions, and several distinct auxiliary constructions. Since the sets of verbs studied here are cognates, and share a common source, crosslinguistic differences in their uses are the result of grammatical change, and especially shared and parallel innovations of similar uses. Then, this study presents a taxonomy of different complex predication types with “do/make”, and shows that there are general patterns in the deployment of different types of complex predication to express different types of situations. These patterns exhibit “transitivity prominence” previously identified by typologists with “heavy” or “lexical” verbs. This study then shows that these patterns are the result of several distinct pathways of grammatical change, often motivated by analogy to existing constructions, giving raise to different types of N-V complex predication constructions. Then, this study shows that despite the fact that Indo-Iranian speakers can potentially deploy distinct constructions to encode each of the six nominal predication functions, sets of such functions are often co-expressed by the same structural coding means, especially clauses with cognate “be/become” verbs. This study uses a novel method, based on bipartite network graphs, to compare of the degree to which nominal predication functions are co-expressed in different languages. Finally, this study shows that the three sets of cognate verbs are more likely to be used similarity within branches and subbranches of Indo-Iranian than across branches. The scope of this branches, however, is different for different verbs: “do/make” and “give” behave more similarly in languages which belong to the same major branch, Iranian or Indo-Aryan, but “be/become” clusters are at different levels of subbranching. This is the result of the different types of innovations attested with these verbs: reanalysis and actualization motivated by analogy with “do/make” and “give”, and metaphorical and metonymy extensions with “be/become”.

This dissertation presents a theory of grammatical aspect in which perfects and prospectives form a sub-group separate from perfectives and imperfectives. I claim that aspects in this sub-group display a number of similar semantic and syntactic behaviors because of the way in which they relate event and reference times. While perfectives and imperfectives situate these times in inclusion relations, perfects and prospectives separate event time from reference time. This effectively creates an interval, homogeneous with respect to the eventuality, that can be interpreted as a state. The separation of the times in these aspects also means that modification of the interval between these times is possible, as is modification by adverbials like since that cannot occur with other aspects. These claims are supported by the morphosyntax and semantics of aspect particles in Scottish Gaelic, with additional data from English. I investigate six particles in Scottish Gaelic, focusing on four I claim to mark various aspects and one I claim to be simply a preposition. I argue that in addition to two inclusion aspects, perfective and imperfective (expressed via a synthetic form and by a' , respectively), Scottish Gaelic shows four distinctions of precedence aspect - two retrospective (air , as dèidh) and two prospective (gu , a' dol do). I provide a neo-Reichenbachian analysis of these particles within event semantics. In each case, the particle is an instantiation of an Aspect head that existentially quantifies over an event and places its runtime in a relation to reference time. I also argue that the particle ann, which seems to appear with both verbal and nominal material, is not an aspect particle but a preposition. Its appearance in the same linear position as the aspect particles belies its distinct syntactic structure. Overall, the data indicate the benefit of a view of grammatical aspect in which the basic time relations of reference time within, before, and after event time delineate groups of aspects rather than individual distinctions. This view of aspect is a more cohesive alternative to one in which aspects that may actually be very similar are taken to exist in separate categories.

Landman (1989) introduced contemporary linguistics to the as-phrase. An as-phrase is a qualifier, introduced in English by "as." "John is corrupt as a judge," for instance, contains the as-phrase "as a judge." Philosophical discourse is full of examples of as-phrase sentences. Their presence can make it difficult to distinguish valid from invalid arguments, a perennial concern for philosophers. Landman proposed the first formal semantic theory of as-phrases, based on a set of seven intuitively-valid patterns of inference involving as-phrases. Szabó (2003), Jaeger (2003), Asher (2011) each attempt to improve upon Landman's theory. Chapter 1 reviews and criticizes a temporal account of as-phrase semantics, while tracing some precedents and motivations for my approach. Chapters 2-3 criticize Szabó's and Asher's theories. Szabó's theory shows problems handling the future tense and intensional contexts. Asher's complex theory solves these problems, but resorts to the obscure notions of relative identity and bare particulars. Chapter 4 argues that neither Szabó's nor Asher's theory is clearly superior, because implicitly, they focus on different classes of sentences, which I call "Type A" and "Type B." From John Bowers' syntactic research, I argue that the element common to Type A and Type B is Pr, a predication head pronounced "as" in some contexts. Chapter 5 develops a formal semantic theory tailored to Type A sentences that solves the problems of Szabó's theory while avoiding Asher's assumptions. On my approach, the semantic properties of Type A sentences resolve into an interaction among generic quantifiers, determiner-phrase interpretation, and one core quantifier based on a principal ultrafilter. It is the interaction-effects of these elements that give rise to the many unusual readings we find in these as-phrase sentences. This result supports my motivating view that linguistic research helps to solve semantic problems of philosophical interest.

SOUSA NETO, Otacilio Luciano de. O problema da participação nos Diálogos de Platão: Fédon, República, Parmênides e Sofista. 2017. 136f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2017. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-16T11:37:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_olsousaneto.pdf: 695221 bytes, checksum: 4dae090c850af9166994b64b6ed70c5b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-16T14:00:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_olsousaneto.pdf: 695221 bytes, checksum: 4dae090c850af9166994b64b6ed70c5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-16T14:00:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_olsousaneto.pdf: 695221 bytes, checksum: 4dae090c850af9166994b64b6ed70c5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Este trabalho visa investigar a participação e a predicação em Platão através dos diálogos Fédon, República, Parmênides e Sofista. Cabe portanto questionar: o que é participação? De que modo a participação pode fundamentar a predicação? Há, na obra de Platão, um sentido unívoco de participação? Para encontrar respostas para estas perguntas a pesquisa atentará para as primeiras definições de participação e de que maneira ela se sustenta, ou não, na sequência dos argumentos e das obras. De início, é possível conceber, a partir do Fédon, que a noção de participação em Platão é tal que um ente sensível participa de uma Forma de modo que recebe um predicado em razão desta relação. Porém, compreende-se que esta definição de participação não é suficiente para dar conta de explicar todos os modos nos quais a participação aparece em Platão, sobretudo no fim do Fédon e na República (476a). Assim, a pesquisa investiga as críticas que o Parmênides elabora acerca de como a participação é compreendida e sonda se é possível que o Sofista complemente o sentido de participação anteriormente apresentado.

Esta tese aborda o tema Transitividade Verbal em construções predicativas encontradas em corpus construído com textos jornalísticos impressos do Brasil. Os verbos são estudados segundo ocorrências retiradas de jornais de grande circulação em três capitais. Toma-se a semântica, a pragmática e a sintaxe como determinantes potenciais da transitividade verbal e aborda-se o tema segundo perspectiva histórica, ou seja, procura-se desenhar o percurso do tema nos estudos de língua portuguesa desde a sua primeira gramática, chegando-se, então, a reflexões mais atuais e também ao tratamento dispensado aos verbos e sua construção predicativa em dicionários e em gramáticas pedagógicas. O confronto com estudos acerca da língua espanhola também é motivo de atenção, devido à proximidade que o tema apresenta nas duas línguas. A partir desses estudos, buscou-se elaborar quadro sistemático e mais coerente dos verbos segundo a transitividade e construção predicativa, procurando aliar-se a base teórica consistente, apresentada pela tradição dos estudos gramaticais, às reflexões técnico-científicas acordadas com a realidade lingüística levantada a partir do corpus / This theory approaches the theme Verbal Transitivity starting from the predicative constructions found in corpus of the printed of Brazil journalistic language. The verbs are studied according to solitary occurrences of newspapers of great circulation in three capitals. It is taken the semantics, the pragmatic and the syntax as potential determinant of the verbal transitivity and the theme second historical perspective is approached, in other words, it tries to draw the course of the theme in the studies of portuguese language from her first grammar, being arrived, then, to more current reflections and also to the treatment released to the verbs and her predicative construction in dictionaries and in pedagogic grammars. The confrontation with studies concerning the spanish language is also reason attention for, due to the proximity that the theme presents in the two languages. To leave of those studies, it is looked for to elaborate systematic and more coherent picture of the verbs according to the transitivity, trying to ally the solid theoretical base presented by the tradition of the grammatical studies to the awake technician-scientific reflections with the lifted up linguistic reality starting from the corpus

Esta tese aborda o tema Transitividade Verbal em construções predicativas encontradas em corpus construído com textos jornalísticos impressos do Brasil. Os verbos são estudados segundo ocorrências retiradas de jornais de grande circulação em três capitais. Toma-se a semântica, a pragmática e a sintaxe como determinantes potenciais da transitividade verbal e aborda-se o tema segundo perspectiva histórica, ou seja, procura-se desenhar o percurso do tema nos estudos de língua portuguesa desde a sua primeira gramática, chegando-se, então, a reflexões mais atuais e também ao tratamento dispensado aos verbos e sua construção predicativa em dicionários e em gramáticas pedagógicas. O confronto com estudos acerca da língua espanhola também é motivo de atenção, devido à proximidade que o tema apresenta nas duas línguas. A partir desses estudos, buscou-se elaborar quadro sistemático e mais coerente dos verbos segundo a transitividade e construção predicativa, procurando aliar-se a base teórica consistente, apresentada pela tradição dos estudos gramaticais, às reflexões técnico-científicas acordadas com a realidade lingüística levantada a partir do corpus / This theory approaches the theme Verbal Transitivity starting from the predicative constructions found in corpus of the printed of Brazil journalistic language. The verbs are studied according to solitary occurrences of newspapers of great circulation in three capitals. It is taken the semantics, the pragmatic and the syntax as potential determinant of the verbal transitivity and the theme second historical perspective is approached, in other words, it tries to draw the course of the theme in the studies of portuguese language from her first grammar, being arrived, then, to more current reflections and also to the treatment released to the verbs and her predicative construction in dictionaries and in pedagogic grammars. The confrontation with studies concerning the spanish language is also reason attention for, due to the proximity that the theme presents in the two languages. To leave of those studies, it is looked for to elaborate systematic and more coherent picture of the verbs according to the transitivity, trying to ally the solid theoretical base presented by the tradition of the grammatical studies to the awake technician-scientific reflections with the lifted up linguistic reality starting from the corpus

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