Cette étude, syntaxique et textuelle, se penche sur le problème de la définition de l’apposition. Les grammaires de l’allemand et les études linguistiques consacrées à l’apposition font apparaître de grandes divergences quant à l’extension de la notion qui reste encore empreinte du poids de la tradition grammaticale. Les critères relevés dans les différentes définitions (accord casuel, accolage, identité référentielle, non restrictivité, suppressibilité, parenté avec une structure propositionnelle ou relation prédicative) sont soumis à un examen critique qui motive une redéfinition en intension et en extension de l’objet d’étude : la construction détachée à support nominal est une prédication supplémentaire averbale dans laquelle l’apport GN2 peut morphosyntaxiquement toujours se positionner directement à droite du support GN1. Cette définition permet de distinguer la construction détachée de phénomènes considérés comme appositifs (le GN en als et wie, la dislocation, la construction absolue).La mise à distance de GN2 par rapport à GN1 s’explique par la répartition et la hiérarchisation de l’information dans l’énoncé et au-delà, dans le texte. La construction détachée apporte les éléments pertinents pour la compréhension du texte. Cette fonction explicative instaure et entretient l’ethos coopératif du locuteur-scripteur dont celui-ci peut jouer à des fins argumentatives.Le corpus d’étude (volume 2) est composé de textes de presse et de textes littéraires contemporains. / This syntactic and textual study examines the various ways apposition can be defined. German grammars and linguistic studies devoted to apposition vary widely in the range of that notion, which is still very much under the influence of grammatical tradition. The various criteria which appear in definitions (case agreement, adjacency, referential identity, non-restrictiveness, deletability, similarity to a grammatical clause, subject-predicate relation) are critically examined, which leads to a redefinition of the object of our study, both intensionally and extentionally: noun-based detached constructions can be seen as additional averbal predications in which the appositive NP2 can always be morphosyntactically positioned immediately to the right of the NP1 base. Our definition makes it possible to distinguish detached constructions from phenomena which are usually considered as appositive (als- or wie-introduced NPs, dislocations, absolute constructions).NP2 displacement away from NP1 results from the distribution and prioritization of information within utterances, and further at the textual level. Detached constructions provide relevant elements for textual comprehension. This explanatory function creates and maintains a high level of mutual comprehension between the speaker/writer and the reader, which the speaker can use for argumentative purposes.The corpus of our study (vol. 2) is made up of newspaper and magazine articles and contemporary literary texts.

Orientador: Juanito Ornelas de Avelar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T21:58:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_MarcosEroni_M.pdf: 658766 bytes, checksum: 0d51879d2d0dee80f48bf84667a72f87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Seguindo a versão minimalista da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky, 1995 e obras posteriores), esta dissertação tem como objetivo propor um quadro formal para capturar propriedades sintáticas e semânticas demonstradas por sintagmas preposicionados locativos (PPLocs do tipo (lá) em cima de, (aqui) debaixo de, (ali) em frente a, (aí) por trás de, (lá) por dentro de, (aqui) para fora de etc.) em sua relação com constituintes nominais no português brasileiro. Assumindo uma configuração clausal para os PP-Locs (Koopman, 1997; Dikken, 2003; Avelar, 2006; Svenonius, 2007), o estudo aborda casos em que o sintagma locativo funciona ou como um modificador restritivo do nome (quando é tradicionalmente classificado como adjunto adnominal), ou como um elemento que estabelece com a categoria nominal uma predicação secundária (quando assume uma função predicativa). A análise explora a ideia de que, para ter uma função restritiva e funcionar como um adjunto adnominal, o PP-Loc precisa ser complemento de uma categoria que codifique informações sobre referencialidade, de modo a atender requerimentos da interface semântica. A abordagem explora algumas consequências do modelo proposto por Kayne (1994), especificamente no que diz respeito ao estatuto das relações especificador-núcleo, assim como a proposta de Starke (1995), segundo a qual as relações de predicação que caracterizam small clauses envolvem uma projeção LexP. Adotando uma estrutura expandida para os sintagmas nominais de acordo com Vangsnes (2001), o estudo conclui que para um PP-Loc ser [+restritivo] precisa ser obrigatoriamente tomado como um complemento de D(eterminante) na computação sintática, portando consigo um traço de dêixis / Abstract: Following the minimalist version of the Principles and Parameters Theory (Chomsky, 1995 and following works), this thesis aims at proposing a formal framework to capture syntactic and semantic properties displayed by prepositional locative phrases (PP-Locs as (lá) em cima de, (aqui) debaixo de, (ali) em frente a, (aí) por trás de, (lá) por dentro de, (aqui) para fora de etc.) in their interaction with nominal constituents in Brazilian Portuguese. Assuming a clausal configuration for PP-Locs (Koopman, 1997; Dikken, 2003; Avelar, 2006; Svenonius, 2007), the study addresses cases in which the locative phrase works either as a restrictive modifier of the name (when it is traditionally classified as an adnominal adjunct), or as an element that provides a secondary predication together with the nominal category (when it assumes a predicative function). The analysis explores the idea that in order to have a restrictive function and to operate as an adnominal adjunct, PP-Loc needs to be a complement of a category that encodes information about referentiality so as to meet the requirements of the semantic interface. The approach explores some consequences of Kayne's (1994) especifically with respect to the status of Spec-head relations; and also Starke's (1995) proposal, according to which predication relations that characterize small clauses involve a LexP projection. Adopting na expanded structure for nominal phrases following Vangsnes (2001), the study concludes that in order to a PP-Loc to be [+restrictive] it must necessarily be taken as a complement of D(eterminant) in the syntactic computation, carrying with it a deixis feature / Mestrado / Gramatica / Mestre em Linguística

This thesis concerns the question of what it is for a subject to act. It answers this question in three steps. The first step is taken by arguing that any satisfactory answer must build on the idea that an action is something predicable of the acting subject. The second step is taken by arguing in support of an answer which does build on this idea, and does so by introducing the idea that acting is doing something which is an exercise of a particular kind of disposition on the part of the acting subject. The third step is taken by arguing that the disposition in question must be of a kind which is exercised in conditions in which the acting subject thinks they are acting. From this vantage point the thesis develops many further commitments: That action is constitutively subject to a mode of explanation that mentions the kind of disposition just mentioned; that any case of acting requires a veridical representation of a means by which the action is performed; and that a problem about the underspecified nature of desire ascriptions can be solved by appeal to the conceptual materials made available by these investigations. The thesis finally develops several objections to the account it gives, both substantive and methodological, and explains why these objections ought to be rejected.

With the recent rise in interest in critical readings of our history, scholars have begun noticing that historical documents such as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle may have functioned as propaganda (e.g., Yorke, 2006; Konshuh, 2020). The present study examines how Britons (i.e., Brythonic-Celtic-speaking people) are discursively represented in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The aim of the study is twofold. First, drawing upon theories from Role and Reference Grammar (RRG, e.g., Van Valin, 1993), this study applies the notion of thematic roles to investigate what roles Britons may take as arguments in the Chronicle. Secondly, the study takes a socio-cognitive approach to discourse (e.g., van Dijk, 2017), conceptualizing arguments and the roles they take as corresponding to the Anglo-Saxons’ shared mental representations of the referents. The results show Britons are construed mainly as passive, often taking the roles of Theme or Patient as they are fought, slain and put to flight. When taking an Agent role, Britons are mostly performing actions related to fear caused by the Anglo-Saxons.  Based on this, it was concluded that the Britons are construed as a cowardly and rather anonymous group, whom the Anglo-Saxons have all the right to eradicate. The portrayal of Britons in the Chronicle furthermore resembles portrayals of other colonized peoples, and it appears that strategies observed in orientalist discourses may have parallels in medieval English discourses.  Moreover, the results provide linguistic empirical evidence for what previous research in history has indicated: that the Anglo-Saxons used opposing groups as part of their narrative in which they were the rightful rulers of Britain (Yorke, 2006; Konshuh, 2020).

本研究將原有概念工程的服務設計方法，結合預測市場的理論，設計出一套新的概念設計流程，就是因為服務業的特性與傳統製造業的模式大不相同。過去單方面的由公司或是廠商設計產品，顧客只能從現有產品中挑選買單的狀況將越來越不復存在。在未來服務業的世界中，越發重視與顧客間的互動，在設計的過程中就與顧客有高度的互動，強調服務是與顧客共同創作的成品，服務永遠沒有最後的完成版本，只有不斷因應環境與顧客需求改變的beta測試版本。就是因為加入人這樣極度不安定的因素，造成整體服務在設計上的困難，除此之外，也由於需要顧客的高度參與也導致設計時間成本的激增，環境的瞬息萬變，無法即時掌握顧客的需要並快速做出反應，無論是在現在與未來都將是嚴重的致命傷，也因此組織與個人都將面臨嚴峻的考驗。如何在服務水準與開發成本之間取得一個平衡點，正是本研究所希望能提供的。 / In service exchange, both providers and customers are involved in shaping the continuum of value co-production. Combining the concepts of prediction market and concept engineering, service concept design engaged by providers and customers can become much efficient and economical. The providers and customers in service industry are changing all the time. In this industry, there are many uncertain factors to consider and it is important for a design team to establish the relationship with their customers and unfold a service concept design process which can meet consumers’ expectations and needs. This study proposes an IT-enabled process of new service concept design grounded on the analytical model of precision market to achieve the design goal while minimizing the concept development cost by collective customer involvement. This IT-enabled service concept design process comprises four parts (Collecting the voice of the customers, Requirement rater, Concept generator and Concept selector) unfolding the customer-based design of new service concepts in order to meet the customer needs and potentially improve customer satisfaction in light of the uncertainty and the dynamics in what the customers want for services.

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Les constructions à verbe support et les constructions à prédicat composé ont été longuement étudiées, mais de façon indépendante dans la linguistique française et anglo-saxonne. En se basant sur le courant du Lexique-Grammaire, cette thèse a visé de répondre à la lacune dans les langues africaines, des études sur des constructions similaires dans lesquelles le verbe est sémantiquement vague et dont la force prédicative repose principalement sur nom. Cette thèse comprend aussi une étude comparative entre les langues des familles différentes pour valider la notion d’universalité de ce type de verbes qui sont dénommés les verbes supports dans le courant dont nous nous basons. En effet notre recherche à démontré que les verbes délexicalisés et désemantisés actualisent des nominaux gérondifs prédicatifs dans la langue éwé, une langue Kwa de la famille Nigéro-congolaise pour laquelle il n’existait pas d’études préalables à ce sujet. D’ailleurs, une étude comparative nous a aussi révélé que les constructions à verbe support en français partagent certaines propriétés syntaxico-sémantiques avec des constructions à prédicat composé en anglais et des constructions à nominal gérondif en éwé telles que la réduction du verbe support et sa reconstructibilité par le biais d’une proposition relative. Les trois langues ont aussi partagé la propriété de certains verbes actualisateurs fonctionnant comme des agents de nominalisation. Cependant, il existe aussi des différences au niveau des constructions. L’une des différences est le fait que la détermination du nom joue un rôle important dans les constructions à verbe support en français et les constructions à prédicat composé en anglais alors que la détermination n’est pas un enjeu important dans la construction à nominal gérondif. D’autres différences qui sont ressorties de notre thèse étaient les différences dans le nombre et la fréquence des constructions à verbe support dans les trois langues ainsi que les différences dans les relations d’interdépendance des éléments différents des constructions étudiées dans les trois langues. En général, l’anglais et le français semblaient très proches et il y avait peu des distinctions syntaxico-sémantiques. Par contre, l’éwé montrait plus de différences – ce qui est un argument en faveur de l’existence de grammaires locales différenciées selon les langues comme le suggère le cadre du Lexique-Grammaire.Cependant, il existe aussi des différences au niveau des constructions. L’une des différences est le fait que la détermination joue un rôle important dans les constructions à verbe support en anglais et en français alors que la détermination n’est pas un enjeu important dans la construction à support en éwé. D’autres différences qui sont ressorties de notre thèse étaient les différences dans le nombre et la fréquence des constructions à verbe support dans les trois langues ainsi que les différences dans les relations d’interdépendance des éléments différents des CVS dans les trois langues. En général, l’anglais et le français semblaient très proches et il y avait peu des distinctions syntaxico-sémantiques. Par contre, l’éwé montrait plus de différences – ce qui est un argument en faveur de l’existence de grammaires locales différenciées selon les langues comme le suggère le cadre du Lexique-Grammaire. / Support verbs have been studied to a great extent in the Lexicon-Grammar framework. This thesis aims at filling the gap of studies of support verb constructions in African languages, as well as that of comparative studies among languages of different families in order to validate the notion of the universality of support verbs. Indeed our research has demonstrated that support verbs do exist in Ewe, a Kwa language of the Niger-Congo family for which there had been no prior study of this notion. Moreover, a comparative study also revealed to us that support verb constructions in English, French and Ewe share certain syntax-semantic properties such as the reduction of the support verbe and its reconstruction through a relative clause. The three languages also shared the property of support verbs being agents of nominalization. However, there are also differences in these constructions. One of the differences is the fact that determination plays an important role in support verb constructions in English and French. However, determination is not an important factor in support verb constructions in Ewe. Other differences that were reflected in our thesis include the differences in number and frequency of support verb constructions (SVCs) in the tree languages, as well as differences in the interdependency links among the various elements of SVCs in the three languages. On the whole, English and French seem linguistically close and there were few syntax-semantic differences. On the other hand, Ewe displayed more differences – which supports the concept of different language-specific local grammars suggested by the Lexical-Grammar framework.

Esta tese investiga o modo de organização dos domínios nominal, verbal e dos adjetivos em Português do Brasil (PB), tendo como guia a aceitabilidade de sentenças com todo. Para o inglês, a natureza do parâmetro orienta a seleção de argumentos por operadores; já para o PB, o que importa é a oposição entre tipos de escala. O PB não tem determinantes que distingam entre nome contável e massivo, como much e many. O operador aspectual progressivo não modifica estados em inglês, mas em PB sim. Em inglês, very seleciona adjetivos de parâmetro relativo. Em PB, muito + adjetivo tem parâmetro relativo, e todo + adjetivo tem parâmetro absoluto. Todo é um operador interdomínios, sensível aos tipos de escala. Todo modifica a relação de predicação. Todo impõe condições (quantitativas) sobre como a saturação de um predicado por certo argumento deve ocorrer. Todo não é nem um modificador nominal, nem um quantificador canônico como cada. Todo não cria, apenas modifica uma relação existente. A distribuição que ocorre em sentenças com todo é uma entre as muitas formas de saturação de um predicado por um argumento: uma relação incremental. Se o argumento for quantizado, o predicado necessariamente também se tornará quantizado. Analisamos uma descrição definida (DD) como um sintagma de medida (SM). O artigo definido torna um predicado nominal em denotação quantizada, mas todo não. Relacionamos ser quantizado a ser argumental, e ser cumulativo a ser predicativo. E associamos sentidos diferentes às posições de todo na sentença. / This thesis takes the distribution of todo as a probe for the structure of nominal, verbal and adjective domains in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Todo is a Degree Modifier (DM) and is sensitive to scale structure. English DMs (e.g., very) select adjectives by their standards; the BP DMs select adjectives only by their scale structure. However, they produce phrases with standard specialization. Todo + adjective shows absolute standard interpretation. We claim that the domains show the same properties in both languages, but the nature of scale standard matters in a distinct level for each one. We claim that todo is neither a noun modifier nor a true quantifier. Todo is a relation modifier. Todo modifies the way the argument saturates the predicate. A quantized incremental argument will make the predicate quantized as well. Todo is not the true source of distributivity, since incremental relations occur even in its absence. Definite Descriptions are treated as measure phrases. The definite article relates noun predicates to situations. So it will change a bare noun into a quantized denotation, which todo cannot do. Each land site corresponds to a different meaning for floating todo.

Cette étude compare le fonctionnement de l’énoncé averbal (EAV) en kabyle et en allemand, en prenant comme cadre théorique la triade sémantico-logique établie par Zemb (1978), i. e. le thème (ce dont on parle), le rhème (ce qu’on en dit) et le phème (lieu d’articulation de la modalisation et de la négation) appliquée par Behr et Quintin (1996) et Behr (2013) à la catégorisation des EAV de l’allemand. Nous postulons que chaque langue dispose de moyens morphosyntaxiques, contextuelles et situationnelles contribuant à la réalisation d’EAV et que ces moyens sont plus étendus en kabyle. Nous supposons qu’il existe des structures sémantico-logiques uniques qui pourraient s’exprimer à travers des structures morphosyntaxiques variées. Nous supposons enfin que les EAV réalisent toutes les modalités, disposent de moyens morphologiques et/ ou contextuels permettant de les localiser dans le cadre temporel. Parmi les résultats, nous avons constaté que les EAV sont plus fréquents en kabyle grâce aux structures prédicatives grammaticalisées, sauf l’EAV représentant une continuité syntaxique avec le segment de gauche dont la fréquence en allemand est due au scrambling. Au niveau syntaxique, la pré-/postposition du thème par rapport au rhème obéit à des contraintes liées à la langue, i. e. l’état du nom en kabyle et la définitude du GN en allemand ; des contraintes propres à l’EAV se manifestent dans la prédilection pour l’ordre rhème-thème en allemand. Les EAV expriment toutes les modalités, ils sont situés dans le temps par les circonstants, certains démonstratifs ou le contexte, et les nominalisations en tant que rhème existentiel expriment l’aspectualité télique et atélique. / The study compares the functioning of non-verbal utterances in German and Kabyle (Berber) using the Zemb’s (1978) semantico-logical triad as a theoretical framework, i.e. the theme (what is being talked about), the rheme (what is said about the theme) and the phème (place of articulation of modalisation and negation), applied by Behr and Quintin (1996) and Behr (2013) to categorisation of German non-verbal utterances. We posit that each language has morphosyntactic, contextual and situational means allowing the construction of non-verbal utterances and that these means are more extensive in Kabyle.We also hypothesise that there are unique semantico-logical structures which could be expressed through varied morphosyntactical structures. Finally, we presume that non-verbal utterances express all the modalities; they have morphological and/ or contextual possibilities which locate them within the temporal framework. We have observed, among other results, that the frequency of non-verbal utterances is higher in Kabyle due to grammaticalized predicative structures, except for those depending syntactically on a main sentence, which could be explained by the scrambling-process. At the syntactic level, the pre-/postposition of the rheme in relation to the theme is subject to language specific constraints, i.e. changes in the noun state in Kabyle, the determination and definiteness in German; constraints concerning non-verbal utterances appear in the preference of the rheme-theme order in German. Non-verbal utterances express all modalities; they are located in time by circumstances, by some demonstratives or by the context, and nominalisations as existential rheme express telic and atelic aspectuality.

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