À la lumière de l’analyse des animaux rencontrés sur les cinq sites d’art rupestre étudiés dans le Bassin de Kufra, nous pouvons proposer une classification en trois périodes : 1) une première phase bovidienne, observée à Bzima, Rebiana, Bir el-Awadel, ne concernent que des gravures. Le nombre de découvertes est peu important, et les figurations humaines demeurent rares. Dans cette première période, la chasse occupe une place importante. On y rencontre, à côté de bovins, représentés dans un style plutôt réaliste, plusieurs espèces d’antilopes, peut-être un éléphant et d’autres animaux non identifiés. La plupart des gravures de cette période sont localisées en hauteur, sur la paroi verticale de petites falaises ; 2) la période pastorale bovidienne a laissé des traces dans toute la région du Bassin de Kufra, particulièrement dans la région du jebel el-Uweinat, riche en œuvres peintes. Les sujets des gravures sont variés, mais sont largement dominés par les représentations de bovidés, associés à quelques figurations d’hommes et de différents animaux sauvages. Les compositions décrivant un aspect de la vie quotidienne sont rares, à l’exception de quelques représentations de chasse. On note également la présence de nombreuses figurations géométriques et d’empreintes de pattes d’animaux, notamment à Bzima 2. Les dimensions des gravures varient avec le temps, les plus grandes semblant les plus anciennes et l’on ne constate pas de superpositions de gravures, hormis à Bir el-Awadel. Toutes les techniques de réalisation des gravures sont utilisées, l'incision présentant des profondeurs et des largeurs diverses, de même que le piquetage et le bouchardage. Elles sont parfois combinées. Les rares peintures conservées autour de Kufra sont de petites tailles, et seule la couleur rouge a résisté aux dommages causés par les intempéries ; 3) la période cameline est essentiellement représentée à Bzima et Rebiana. Cette période comporte exclusivement des gravures. Les blocs gravés de cette période se situent généralement à proximité des lieux d’habitation et de sépultures. Les camélidés représentent l’essentiel des figurations et apparaissent tantôt en groupes, tantôt individuellement, parfois accompagnés par des chameliers. Les autres espèces animales sont rares, tandis que des figures géométriques apparaissent régulièrement en association avec les camelins incisés. Les mises en scènes sont nombreuses, souvent des caravanes ou troupeaux de dromadaires, et une représentation de conflit armé oppose deux groupes d’hommes à la Gara el-Mekhaze. Quelques gravures camelines recouvrent des gravures bovidiennes, mais le plus souvent ces dernières sont respectées et parfois copiées maladroitement. Les techniques utilisées recouvrent l’incision, le piquetage, le bouchardage et le polissage. Cependant, c’est l’incision - technique très facile à exécuter - qui a été la plus utilisée. La grande variété d’aspect et de maîtrise des tracés indique par ailleurs que les artistes ont été nombreux à se succéder pour graver dans la pierre le fruit de leur imagination. Il n’y a aucune inscription en langue ancienne, mais des inscriptions en arabes souvent récentes. La période cameline semble parfois, dans notre secteur d’étude, en adéquation avec une position de refuge des populations concernées, probablement face à une situation de conflit et rezzous. C’est pourquoi, comme à Rebiana, les sites sont dans les éboulis rocheux au pied des reliefs. A Bzima la situation est plus contrastée, avec des implantation en plaine et dans les éboulis. Aucun des cinq sites étudiés n’a livré jusqu’à présent de représentations de la période cabaline. Le style « Tête-ronde d’el-Uweinat » reste cantonné à ce massif. Une différence très claire se manifeste ainsi entre les cultures du Sud-Est et du Sud-Ouest libyen, de part et d’autre du Waw en-Namus. / In the light of our analysis of the animals encountered at the five rock art sites studied in the Kufra Basin, we are able to put forward a classification of three periods : 1. A first bovidian period encountered in a number of places such as Bzima, Rebiana and Bir el-Awadel and only in the form of engravings. Not many examples of this style have been found and depictions of humans are rare. In this first period hunting scenes predominate, where bovids, portrayed in a rather naturalistic style, are represented by several species of antelope, perhaps an elephant, and other unidentified animals. Most of the engravings from this period are located in hilly areas on the vertical walls of low cliffs. 2. The pastoral period (bovidian), found throughout the Kufra Basin, particularly the Jebel el-Uweinat region, where painted works are more numerous than engraved ones. The subjects of the engravings vary according to the sites but are mainly bovids associated with a few depictions of humans and various wild animals. Portrayals of humans within a scene, describing for example an aspect of daily life, are rare with the exception of a few representations of trapping or hunting. Also present are numerous geometric images and impressions of animal feet, particularly at Bzima 2. The dimensions of the engravings vary according to their age, the largest appearing to be the oldest and, except at Bir el-Awadel, there is no superimposition of engravings. All types of engraving techniques have been used – incisions of various depths and widths as well as picking and pick dressing, sometimes in combination. The few paintings remaining around Kufra are small in size and only the colour red has resisted damage caused by weather. 3. The cameline period found in the el-Uweinat region, especially at Bzima and Rebiana. The rock art of this period consists entirely of engravings – no paintings of dromedaries have been discovered, in contrast to the south-west of Libya. The engraved boulders from this period are generally found close to habitation and burial sites. Images of camels predominate, at times in groups, at times individually, and sometimes accompanied by camel drivers. Other animal species are rare whereas geometric designs regularly appear in conjunction with incised images of camels. There are numerous portrayals of scenes, often of caravans or herds of dromedaries, and in the Gara el-Mekhaze one engraving depicts armed conflict between two opposing groups of men. A few cameline engravings overlap bovidian ones, but most of the time the latter have been respected or at times unskilfully copied. The techniques used include incision, picking, pick dressing and polishing. However it is incision, a technique very easy to execute, which has been most often used. In addition, the great variety in the appearance of the engravings, and in the levels of expertise they reveal, indicates that there has been a succession of many artists expressing the product of their imagination on these boulders. No inscriptions in an ancient language have been found, but there are inscriptions in Arabic, often recent. The cameline period seems at times in our sector of study to correspond with positions of refuge for the populations concerned, probably in response to conflict, in particular raids from neighbouring territories. That is why, as at Rebiana, the sites are among fallen boulders on mountain slopes. However this is not always the case as at Bzima. The “Round Heads” style, found in the Jebel el-Uweinat, is found in our region only in the Karkour Ibrahim. Similarly, in none of the five sites studied have representations from the equidian (or caballine) period so far been found, in contrast to the Akakus region of south-west Libya where they abound. Thus a very clear difference becomes apparent between the cultures of the south-east and south-west of Libya, on either side of the Waw an Namus.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T15:18:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3894051 bytes, checksum: ab4fdebd7b07fc792e8dcfa06ab6496c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The dissertation has been designed by several visits to the Site of the Boqueirão, district of Venturosa - PE, where pictorial manifestations have been identified that offer rich material for the study of the printing process developed by the authors of such actions. The study area is defined from an archaeological site with petroglyphs have not dated and printed on a granite formation that stands out in the Vale Ipanema. The pictorial works in these rocky surface is present within a predominantly geometric style, reflecting complex printing processes that use paint as a vehicle of expression. After identifying and analyzing sets of graphs, there are aspects to form, rhythm, technical combinations, hierarchies and structures that aesthetically the object of research, as well as characteristics linked to forms of exposure and preservation of visual production concerned. Analyzing the graphical material selected, designed the presence of point, line, plane and color as structural elements of morphogenesis lytic printed surfaces. This material will be observed in different expressive contexts that allow an information meeting on the historical, cultural and aesthetic object of the present study. Based on theoretical references from different areas of academic knowledge, the process of analyzing the paintings of Archaeological Sitio da Buquinha present in this work is presented in an interdisciplinary way, investigating the relationships between contexts and the structures attached to the object visual analysis. Thus, it becomes possible with the work proposed, a universe of foster interdisciplinary research, analyzing this type of prehistoric visual production as part of a system of visual representation reinterpret them mainly through theoretical studies that pervade the Visual Arts. They are different and complementary steps of the research: a literature review that provides context and relates to the object of research, the research field, where it was possible to visit the primary sources and organize a database by collecting and conducting photographic decals Finally, the last stage of work is presented through the construction of the dissertative text. / A dissertação apresentada foi concebida através de diversas visitas realizadas no sítio do Boqueirão, distrito do município de Venturosa PE, onde foram identificadas manifestações pictóricas que oferecem rico material para o estudo do processo gráfico desenvolvido pelos respectivos autores de tais ações. A área de estudo é definida a partir de um sítio arqueológico com pinturas rupestres ainda não datadas e impressas em uma formação granítica que se destaca no meio do vale do Ipanema. Os trabalhos pictóricos presentes na superfície rochosa apresentam-se dentro de um estilo predominantemente geométrico, refletindo complexos processos gráficos que se utilizam da pintura como veículo de expressão. A partir da identificação e análise dos conjuntos gráficos, observam-se os aspectos ligados à forma, ao ritmo, às combinações técnicas, hierárquicas e estruturais que caracterizam esteticamente o objeto de pesquisa e também peculiaridades relacionadas às formas de exposição e conservação da produção visual em questão. Analisando o material gráfico selecionado, verificamos a presença do ponto, da linha, do plano e da cor como elementos estruturais da morfogênese impressa nas superfícies líticas. Esse material expressivo será observado em diferentes contextos que possibilitem uma reunião de informações sobre as características históricas, culturais e estéticas presentes no objeto de estudo. Partindo de referenciais teóricos de diversas áreas do conhecimento acadêmico, o processo de análise das pinturas do sítio arqueológico Pedra da Buquinha, presente neste trabalho, apresenta-se de maneira interdisciplinar, investigando as relações entre os contextos e as estruturas visuais inerentes ao objeto analisado. Dessa forma, torna-se possível, com o trabalho proposto, fomentar um universo de pesquisa interdisciplinar, analisar esse tipo de produção visual pré-histórica como parte de um sistema de representação visual e reinterpretá-lo principalmente através de referenciais teóricos que permeiam os estudos científicos em Artes Visuais. Constituem etapas diferentes e complementares da pesquisa: um levantamento bibliográfico que contextualiza e relaciona-se com o objeto pesquisado, o trabalho de pesquisa em campo, onde foi possível visitar as fontes primárias e organizar um banco de dados através de coletas fotográficas e da realização de decalques e, por fim, a última etapa do trabalho se apresenta através da construção do texto dissertativo.

Esta pesquisa visa a compreensão das indústrias líticas relacionadas ao sambaquis Bacanga, Panaquatira e Paço do Lumiar, existentes, respectivamente, nos municípios de São Luís, São José de Ribamar e Paço do Lumiar, localizados na Ilha de São Luís, Maranhão. Os sítios cujo material foi analisado estão em uma região costeria, inseridos em ambiente de estuário e apresentaram cronologias variando entre 3.840 e 1420 anos antes do presente. Os conceitos básicos utilizados para compreender as indústrias foram os de cadeia operatória e sistema tecnológico. / This research aims at understanding the lithic industries related to shellmounds Bacanga, Panaquatira and Paço do Lumiar existing, respectively, in the municipalities of São Luís, São José de Ribamar and Paço do Lumiar, located on the island of São Luís, Maranhão. The sites where in a coastal region inserted in estuary environment and showed varying timelines between 3840 and 1420 years before present. The key concepts used to understand the industries were the operative chain and technological system.

Feasting is one of the most ubiquitous communal activities in the history of humanity. Oftentimes, feasting is accompanied by a substantial amount of material culture that carries intimate details of the activities that took place at these events. In fact, the changes in the material culture of a feast can also inform us as to how society itself was transforming by becoming increasingly insular or shifting toward a more regional sense of identity. One of the established methods of analyzing a feast is through the examination of its ceramic assemblage. The Bronze Age site of Mochlos in East Crete has a well-stratified Early Minoan deposit which has provided me with an opportunity to interpret a number of social, political, and economic intricacies taking place in East Crete as Minoan society approached the palatial system that dominated the Middle and Late Minoan periods. In order to do this, I provide a background to my research, perform a ceramic study of the stratified deposit in question, interpret the results of the analysis, and include a cross-cultural investigation that serves to further enlighten the data from Mochlos. What is most important to take from this study is that Prepalatial society was not without complexity and structure, and, in reality, much of the complexity that we attribute to the palatial social system of the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE can be traced back to the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE.

Dès le milieu du XIXe siècle, Toulouse apparaît comme un pôle dynamique du développement des études en archéologie préhistorique. « Laboratoire » d'expériences institutionnelles de la jeune discipline, enseignements universitaires, revues, sociétés savantes et musées toulousains favorisent en effet l'implantation d'une communauté scientifique dont l'examen sociologique révèle l'ampleur des réseaux à différentes échelles, notamment à travers l'étude des correspondances et archives personnelles de ces premiers préhistoriens.Parmi les nombreuses personnalités scientifiques ayant participé à ce développement et favorisé l'essor des recherches en ce domaine, la figure d'Emile Cartailhac (1845-1921) apparaît comme emblématique de cette communauté savante. La longue et prolifique carrière de ce scientifique provincial, son engagement dans la structuration de la communauté locale, ses relations avec les savants français et étrangers ainsi que son implication active dans les grands débats de son époque le placent au cœur d'une problématique visant à redéfinir le rôle de ces érudits locaux dans la constitution des savoirs entre XIXe et XXe siècle. Ce travail propose donc à travers l'étude de la pensée et de la production de ce préhistorien toulousain, notamment par l’examen de ses archives personnelles, une lecture de l'histoire de la discipline et des apports de ces savants d'envergure « secondaire ». / Emergence and development of prehistoric archelogy in southern France (Toulouse) between XIXth and XXth century

Dans les sociétés humaines, la communication orale entre les individus via le langage est complétée par d’autres systèmes de représentation visuels. Ajoutés ou substitués aux paroles prononcées, la gestuelle, la parure et les arts graphiques peuvent assumer différents rôles dans les interactions sociales. […] À ces fins fondamentales, les sociétés ont créé et combiné de nombreux symboles, employés selon des règles collectives qui permettent la compréhension des systèmes de représentation par les membres du groupe qui les partagent. […] Les systèmes de représentation les plus anciens, connus à travers les parures et les arts paléolithiques, sont difficiles à appréhender, le préhistorien étant démuni de la majeure partie du contexte indispensable à leur compréhension. L’une des problématiques essentielles des recherches sur ces témoins symboliques consiste alors à s’interroger sur leurs rôles dans les sociétés paléolithiques, et par‐delà sur leurs raisons d’être, d’une part, et sur l’organisation des sociétés qui les ont mis en œuvre, d’autre part. […] En dépit de toutes les inconnues auxquelles le préhistorien doit faire face, nous espérons pouvoir préciser le rôle des systèmes de représentation paléolithiques. À l’instar d’un système technique, un système de représentation répond, lui aussi, à certains impératifs (et donc à une certaine logique) pour être opérationnel. Il existe de multiples manières de transmettre un message, mais il n’en demeure pas moins que le contenu du message doit être intelligible par ses destinataires et leur parvenir à travers un contexte de transmission approprié pour que la communication soit réussie. […] Dans la première partie du mémoire, nous développerons plus amplement le contexte d’étude, la problématique et la démarche suivie. […] Les résultats obtenus en appliquant cette méthodologie à l’étude des collections des Pyrénées nord‐occidentales seront exposés dans la deuxième partie. […] À l’appui de ces résultats, nous nous aventurerons plus loin dans l’interprétation, dans la dernière partie. / No English summary available.

The Pacific is the part of the world that was last settled by humans. The colonization occurred in different stages which can be discerned through various methods, one of them DNA analysis of humans as well as other species of animals and plants associated with human settlement. The direction of human migration is traditionally believed to have taken a west-eastern direction, originating in the area near Taiwan and spreading eastward until reaching the islands of Remote Oceania. However, there are also strong indications of an east-western route of interaction, with recent DNA studies confirming prehistoric human contact between South American and Polynesian peoples. The aim of this paper is to investigate the current research on human settlement of the Pacific focusing on the genetic analyses of humans as well as animals and plants believed to have accompanied the human settlers. It is to be hoped that this research survey will shed new light on the subject of geographical origins of Pacific migration and the early interactions and settlement patterns that ensued. / Oceanien blev den sista världsdelen att befolkas av människan. Koloniseringen ägde rum i flera steg som kan studeras med olika metoder, däribland DNA-analys av människor samt andra arter av djur och växter vilka förknippas med mänsklig migration. Kolonisationen av Stilla Havet gick enligt den vedertagna forskningen i en väst-östlig riktning, med utgångspunkt från området kring Taiwan och vidare österut till Bortre Oceanien. Det finns emellertid även starka indikationer på öst-västliga interaktioner mellan polynesier och sydamerikansk ursprungsbefolkning. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka det aktuella forskningsläget med fokus på genetiska analyser av människor såväl som av de djur och växter som tros ha följt människorna. Förhoppningen är att denna forskningsöversikt ska kasta nytt ljus över frågan om det geografiska ursprunget för den oceaniska expansionen och de tidiga migrationsmönster och interaktioner den gav upphov till.

The Chimu culture developed on the North Pacific coast of today's Peru in the so-called Late Intermediate Period, i.e. approximately AD 1000 - 1476, after which it was dominated by the Inca. Brief characterization of the Chimu culture, supported by ethnohistorical and archaeological sources, is followed by description of its crafts, especially ceramic technology, morphology and iconography. Artifacts, i.e. object used, modified or made by people, may serve apart from practical also social and symbolic roles. Based on the theoretical background of evolution of power and society, different approaches to the study of artifacts' function, specialization, exchange and social complexity are outlined and tested on the Chimu pottery assemblage from the Ethnologisches Museum in Berlin. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the 1832 available ceramic vessels, lacking the contextual find information, had to focus solely on the formal aspects of the specimens. Interpretation of the obtained results disproves primary position of pottery as means of social - political organization in the Chimu and Chimu-Inca societies (occupied by fine textiles and metal items), but still points out certain non-utilitarian aspects of both Chimu and Chimu - Inca styled pottery which probably represented a secondary socio -...

Developed out of a need for a reliable methodology of documenting historic landscapes, the National Park Service uses Cultural Landscape Reports to determine the significance and integrity of historic landscapes. Treatment recommendations developed from an analysis of site history and existing conditions guide the management decisions of cultural landscapes. Russell Cave National Monument, located in Bridgeport, Alabama, contains one of the oldest continuous archeological records in North America. A cultural landscape report for the park had not yet been completed. This research consists of a historical narrative covering the 10,000 years of human occupation in the cave, a documentation of existing conditions, an analysis of historic integrity, and recommendations for management, preservation, and restoration of the landscape.

Six prehistoric archaeological sites on the Bliss Islands are analyzed with the aim of developing an account of the prehistory and human ecology of the insular Quoddy region of southern New Brunswick, Canada. The Bliss Islands sites are shown to conform to general patterns of chronology, site typology, location, and structure for prehistoric sites in the region and to be representative of the Quoddy region prehistoric site inventory. Thus, the Bliss Islands are treated as a microcosm of the insular Quoddy region. The cultural history of the islands ls approached through a comparison of the two largest sites. Evidence from the Weir site, a large, deep, complexly but distinctly stratified, and undisturbed midden, ls used to 'stratify' the contents of the camp site, a shallow, but extensive shell midden disturbed by historic activity and natural pedogenic processes. The evidence suggests that, while both of these sites were occupied from the later part of the Early Maritime Woodland period through the early part of the Late Maritime Woodland period (ca. 2400bp--ca. 1100bp), they were functionally differentiated. Weir functioned mainly as a marine resource exploitation and processing site, while camp functioned as a generalized habitation area. In addition to the Maritime Woodland components, the camp site contains occupations dating to the protohistoric and historic periods (ca. 450bp-present). The four smaller sites on the Bliss Islands represent short term occupations relating to the Late Maritime woodland and protohistoric occupations at camp and Weir. The artifact assemblages recovered from the six sites indicate that significant changes in technology occurred in the Quoddy region during the Maritime woodland period. The prehistoric human ecology of the islands ls investigated through two related phenomena: subsistence and seasonality. Subsistence practices are explored through niche width analysis of each of the analytical units defined, and through isotopic analyses of encrustations on ceramic sherds. Seasonality ls explored through ethnohistoric and natural history information, and growth increment analyses of shellfish and mammal teeth. The evidence indicates that the Bliss Islands faunal assemblages represent a relatively specialized subsistence orientation, and that significant changes in subsistence and settlement patterns occurred in the Quoddy region during the Maritime Woodland period. The model of a relatively stable and generalized prehistoric adaptation to the Quoddy region, spanning the period from 2200bp to the historic period, ls challenged; while this model may be accurate for the Late Maritime Woodland period, lt does not reflect eviden ce from the Early and Middle Maritime Woodland periods. From a methodological point-of-view, two conclusions are stressed. First, the information gained from undisturbed and intact sites ls crucial in developing local and regional cultural history models. This study suggests that 'stratifying' the contents of disturbed Northeastern shell middens on the basis of 'imported' culture history models ls, at best, potentially misleading. second, the application of biological models, such as the niche width measurement used in this study, has the potential to substantially revise interpretations of Northeastern prehistoric human ecology. In the Bliss Islands case, this model substantiates the expectation, based on general ecological theory, that subsistence adaptations to highly productive and dynamic environments, such as that of the Quoddy region, will be relatively specialized rather than generalized. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)