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Fundamentals and Applications of Hot Stamping Technology for Producing Crash-Relevant Automotive PartsBillur, Eren 06 August 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Estudo da permeabilidade do hidrogênio no aço 22MnB5 preparado pelo método Press Hardening. / Study of permeability of the hydrogen in the 22MnB5 steel prepared by the Press Hardening method.Martins, Valmir Bussola 21 September 2018 (has links)
A demanda por produtos mais econômicos, eficientes e menos poluentes faz com que a indústria automobilística invista em novos e melhores materiais e processos de produção. Assim, surgiu o processo de estampagem à quente chamado Press Hardening e seus produtos, os Press Hardened Steels. Esta classe de aços é capaz de produzir uma microestrutura totalmente martensítica durante o rápido resfriamento em prensa. Com o aumento da produção de peças por Press Hardening, evidenciou-se um grave problema: a suscetibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio dos aços submetidos a esse processo. A ocorrência das chamadas fraturas retardadas induzidas por hidrogênio é relatada na literatura e uma pesquisa indica que microadições de nióbio ao aço 22MnB5 poderiam aumentar a resistência à fratura induzida por hidrogênio. Para estudar os efeitos do hidrogênio no aço 22MnB5, foram utilizadas seis diferentes composições A, C, CP, Ec, Ep e N (contém nióbio) em dois ensaios principais: ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio e trincamento induzido por hidrogênio. A técnica de microdureza Vickers foi posteriormente utilizada para verificar possíveis efeitos do ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio. Quatro das seis ligas receberam inicialmente o tratamento de press hardening e todas as seis apresentavam estruturas martensíticas nos ensaios de permeabilidade e trincamento. Por meio do método tlag, os parâmetros de difusão dos ensaios de permeabilidade foram calculados e comparados à literatura. As ligas CP e N apresentam os maiores valores de difusividade aparente de hidrogênio, menores valores de concentração máxima de hidrogênio e menores densidades de sítios de aprisionamento, sendo assim menos suscetíveis à fragilização por hidrogênio. Os ensaios de trincamento revelaram que as composições A, C e Ec apresentam trincas maiores do que as demais ligas, corroborando os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de permeabilidade (melhor resistência à fragilização por hidrogênio das ligas CP e N que contém Nb). Os ensaios de microdureza Vickers mostraram que não há redução na dureza após o ensaio de permeabilidade. Palavras-chave: A demanda por produtos mais econômicos, eficientes e menos poluentes faz com que a indústria automobilística invista em novos e melhores materiais e processos de produção. Assim, surgiu o processo de estampagem à quente chamado Press Hardening e seus produtos, os Press Hardened Steels. Esta classe de aços é capaz de produzir uma microestrutura totalmente martensítica durante o rápido resfriamento em prensa. Com o aumento da produção de peças por Press Hardening, evidenciou-se um grave problema: a suscetibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio dos aços submetidos a esse processo. A ocorrência das chamadas fraturas retardadas induzidas por hidrogênio é relatada na literatura e uma pesquisa indica que microadições de nióbio ao aço 22MnB5 poderiam aumentar a resistência à fratura induzida por hidrogênio. Para estudar os efeitos do hidrogênio no aço 22MnB5, foram utilizadas seis diferentes composições A, C, CP, Ec, Ep e N (contém nióbio) em dois ensaios principais: ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio e trincamento induzido por hidrogênio. A técnica de microdureza Vickers foi posteriormente utilizada para verificar possíveis efeitos do ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio. Quatro das seis ligas receberam inicialmente o tratamento de press hardening e todas as seis apresentavam estruturas martensíticas nos ensaios de permeabilidade e trincamento. Por meio do método tlag, os parâmetros de difusão dos ensaios de permeabilidade foram calculados e comparados à literatura. As ligas CP e N apresentam os maiores valores de difusividade aparente de hidrogênio, menores valores de concentração máxima de hidrogênio e menores densidades de sítios de aprisionamento, sendo assim menos suscetíveis à fragilização por hidrogênio. Os ensaios de trincamento revelaram que as composições A, C e Ec apresentam trincas maiores do que as demais ligas, corroborando os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de permeabilidade (melhor resistência à fragilização por hidrogênio das ligas CP e N que contém Nb). Os ensaios de microdureza Vickers mostraram que não há redução na dureza após o ensaio de permeabilidade. / The demand for more economical, efficient and less polluting products makes the automobile industry invest in new and better materials and production processes. In this way, arose the hot stamping process called Press Hardening and its products, the Press Hardened Steels. This class of steels is capable of producing a fully martensitic microstructure during rapid cooling in the press. With the increase of the production of pieces by Press Hardening, a serious problem was evidenced: the susceptibility to the hydrogen embrittlement of the steels made by this process. The occurrence of the so-called hydrogen-induced delayed fractures is reported in the literature and a research indicates that micro-alloying of niobium to 22MnB5 steel may increase hydrogen-induced fracture resistance. In order to study the hydrogen effects on the 22MnB5 steel, were used six different compositions A, C, CP, Ec, Ep and N (which contains niobium) in two main tests: hydrogen permeation test and hydrogen induced cracking. The Vickers micro hardness technique was later used to verify possible effects of the hydrogen permeation test. Four of the six alloys received the press hardening processing and all six had martensitic structures in the permeability and induced cracking tests. By means of the tlag method, the diffusion parameters of the permeability tests were calculated and compared to the literature. The CP and N alloys present the highest values of hydrogen apparent diffusivity, lower values of maximum hydrogen concentration and lower densities of trapping sites, thus being less susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. The induced cracking tests showed that compositions A, C and Ec present higher cracks than the other alloys, corroborating the results obtained in the permeability tests (better resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of the alloys CP and N containing Nb). The Vickers microhardness tests showed that there is no reduction in hardness after the permeability test.
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Relation Between the Material in Press Hardening Dies and Fully Martensitic Transformation : Sheet properties of thick 3D-sheets in small series productionChristensson, Jesper January 2020 (has links)
This report evaluates the influence of the die material on the cooling rate and martensitic transformation of press hardened sheets. The goal was to increase the thicknesses of sheets that can form fully martensitic microstructure when press hardened. To achieve this, a numerical- and an experimental method was used and results were compared to assess the impact of die material change. The tests were conducted with two die materials, a ductile cast iron according to standard EN‑GJS‑700‑2 and a casted steel according to standard EN 1.6220. Two sheet materials, Hardox400 and Hardox450, were press hardened and two different thicknesses were evaluated. Simulations have been designed with temperature dependent material properties based on data gathered from the literature survey. All simulations indicated an improved cooling rate over the entire temperature spectrum when changing from the iron die to the steel die. An experimental procedure has been performed using two different dies, both planar and of approximately the same thickness. Thermocouples were used to obtain cooling curves of all sheets during quenching. Samples were taken from each sheet and the hardness, microstructure and the present phases were investigated. The experiments concluded that the thinner sheets, when quenched, experienced an overall increase in cooling rate in the steel die compared with the iron die. A total reduction in cooling time by 37.5%-43,7% was observed over the entire temperature span. However, only the Hardox400 sheet fully formed martensite, as the cooling of the Hardox450 sheets still was not fast enough in either of the dies. For the thicker sheets, the experiments also indicated a reduction in total cooling time. The total cooling time was reduced by 23% when pressed in the steel die compared to the iron die. This improvement, however, was not observed at higher temperatures. At the critical temperature span between 800˚C and 500˚C, the sheet showed no improvements in cooling rate with the die material change. Both the hardness measurements and the microstructure evaluation of the thicker sheets indicated a pearlitic-martensitic microstructure. As both the simulations and experiments indicated similar improvements, the increase in cooling rate could be accredited to the die material change. This concludes that the heat transfer properties of the die material affected the cooling characteristics of the process. It was also concluded that the thinner sheets experienced a reduced cooling time over the entire temperature spectrum with the die material change. The thicker sheet, however, only experienced a reduced cooling time in the lower temperature span. Thus, changing the die material did not affect the hardening of the thicker sheets. This ultimately resulted in an unsuccessful attempt to increase the possible thickness of sheets with fully martensite microstructure. The improvements observed for the thinner sheets, are however promising and could be further evaluated for another sheet material. / I denna avhandling har relationen mellan ett verktygmaterials kylningseffekt och genomhärdningsförmåga under presshärdning utvärderats, med målet att öka tjockleken på plåtmaterial som genomhärdar. För att åstadkomma detta har en numerisk undersökning och en experimentell undersökning utförts för att bedöma effekten av ett byte av verktygsmaterial. Undersökningarna utfördes med två verktygsmaterial, ett segt gjutjärn enligt standard EN‑GJS‑700‑2 och ett gjutet stål enligt standard EN 1.6220. Under testerna användes även två olika plåtmaterial, Hardox400 och Hardox450, i två olika tjocklekar. Simuleringen har utformats med relevanta temperaturberoende materialparametrar erhållna från teorin. Resultaten från simuleringarna påvisade att ett byte av verktygsmaterial gav snabbare kylning av all plåtar över hela det undersökta temperaturspannet. Den experimentella undersökningen har utförts med två olika pressverktyg, båda plana med likartad tjocklek. Temperaturgivare användes för att erhålla kylkurvor för plåtarna när de kyldes i verktygen. Hårdhet, mikrostruktur och erhållna faser undersöktes för varje plåt. Experimenten påvisade att de tunnare plåtarna kyldes snabbare i stålverktyget än i järnverktyget över hela temperaturspannet, och resulterade i 37,5%-43,7% kortare kyltider. Trots detta, var det endast Hardox400-plåten som genomhärdades, då kylningen av Hardox450-plåten inte var tillräckligt snabb i något av verktygen. Även de tjockare plåtarna uppvisade en totalt kortare kyltid. Kyltiden minskade med 23% i stålverktyget jämfört med järnverktyget. Denna förbättring observerades dock inte över hela temperaturspannet. Vid höga temperaturer kylde stålverktyget långsammare än järnverktyget. De släckta plåtarna erhöll en perlitisk/martensitisk struktur vid komplett svalning, oberoende av verktygsmaterial. Eftersom både simuleringarna och experimenten påvisade liknande förbättringar, kan den ökade kylhastigheten härledas till bytet av verktygsmaterial. Detta fastställer att värmetransportegenskaperna hos verktygsmaterialet hade en inverkan på kylningen i processen. Studien påvisade också att de tunnare plåtarna kyldes fortare över hela temperaturspannet vid materialbytet. De tjockare plåtarna uppvisade dock endast en kortare kyltid i det lägre temperaturspannet. Därmed förblev härdningen av de tjockare plåtarna opåverkad av materialbytet. Detta resulterade i att presshärdning av ökad plåttjocklek för det undersökta materialet inte lyckades. De observerade förbättringarna hos de tunnare plåtarna är dock mycket lovande och bör studeras vidare.
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Forming Behavior of Manganese-Boron Steel 22MnB5 while Cooling according to its Microstructural DevelopmentBirnbaum, Peter, Kräusel, Verena, Landgrebe, Dirk 03 June 2015 (has links) (PDF)
The press hardening belongs to state-of-the-art technology at sheet metal forming to gain high strength and crash resistant parts in automotive industry. This process could establish due to its cost- and esourceefficiency. According to ongoing developments on direct press hardening processes it is necessary to describe and understand the thermo-mechanical treatment of 22MnB5. Therefore the flow behavior and phase transformation during cooling with simultaneous forming is investigated. The experimental process considers industrial parameters in order to get industry-oriented results.
In deep drawing processes the sheet metal is roped into the draw die and bended around the die edge. Thereby sheets perform different stages of compressive and tensile strain at the die oriented side and the punch oriented side of the sheet. There are different stages and values of stress and strain according to several layers of the sheet over its cross-section. The values of stress, strain and forming rate were FEcalculated for industry-relevant bending radii and sheet thicknesses of manganese-boron steel 22MnB5. According to the calculations different cooling and forming strategies were performed by dilatometric tests. The forming behavior is described by the microstructural development with regard to the cooling rate and temperature. Beside the influence of austenite forming on the phase transformation and mechanical properties is considered. A prospective view is given to illustrate ongoing examinations under compressive and combined tensional and compressive forces.
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Induktive Erwärmung von Formplatinen für die WarmumformungVibrans, Tobias 21 December 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einsatz einer induktiven Längsfelderwärmung im Wärmebehandlungsprozess der direkten Warmumformung automobiler Karosserieblechbauteile. Zur Charakterisierung des Erwärmungsvorgangs werden sowohl experimentbasierte Regressionsmodelle als auch ein FEM-Simulationsmodell entwickelt. Der Einfluss der induktiven Erwärmung auf die Ausbildung der AlSi-Beschichtung, die Widerstandspunktschweißbarkeit so-wie die Korrosionsbeständigkeit gefertigter Blechbauteile wird dargelegt. Abschließend wird ein Anlagenkonzept entwickelt, das durch den Einsatz der induktiven Längsfelderwärmung eine Verringerung der Erwärmungsdauer um etwa 50 % sowie eine Verkürzung der erforderlichen Ofenlänge um etwa 37 % ermöglicht. / The present thesis investigates the usage of longitudinal induction heating in the austenitization process of direct press hardening. In order to describe the induction heating procedure, experiment-based regression models as well as a FEM model are developed. The influence of an induction heating process on the properties of press hardened parts with aluminum-silicon coating is depicted. Therefore, resistance spot welding tests, paint adhesion tests and corrosion tests are performed. Finally, a heating concept for series production including a longitudinal induction heating is developed, which allows a decrease in heating time of about 50 % and a reduction of furnace length of about 37 %.
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O efeito bake hardening na estampagem a quente e a estrutura veicular / The bake hardening effect on hot stamping and the body structureCastro, Marcos Roberto de 07 June 2017 (has links)
Os projetos de carrocerias veiculares atuais procuram desenvolver estruturas leves, seja para reduzir o consumo de combustível, no caso dos motores de combustão interna, seja para maior autonomia de bateria, no caso dos veículos elétricos e híbridos. Redução no consumo de combustível significa redução na emissão de poluentes. As estruturas precisam ser leves, mas cada vez mais resistentes e rígidas a fim de proporcionar máximo conforto e segurança aos ocupantes. Estas premissas têm levado ao contínuo desenvolvimento dos materiais. No caso dos aços, um dos processos que tem permitido a melhora significativa das propriedades mecânicas é a estampagem a quente. Nos últimos anos, as peças estampadas a quente têm ocupado lugar de destaque na estrutura das carrocerias veiculares por estarem em sintonia com as demandas mencionadas. Há muitas pesquisas em curso para esta tecnologia, seja nos materiais, nos meios de produção, nos revestimentos e em aplicações. O aço mais utilizado neste processo, 22MnB5, também apresenta o chamado efeito bake hardening; a tensão de escoamento é aumentada após tratamento térmico realizado em temperaturas próximas a 200 °C. Neste trabalho, visando à melhoria nas propriedades mecânicas, amostras foram tratadas termicamente na faixa de temperatura supracitada. Após isso, dados obtidos de ensaios mecânicos foram inseridos em programas de simulação de impacto lateral cujo resultado foi a redução na intrusão na célula de sobrevivência. O efeito bake hardening também propiciou um aumento na absorção da energia de impacto em teste estático feito com barras de proteção lateral. O mecanismo metalúrgico envolvido no fenômeno, devido à difusão de intersticiais foi evidenciado no ensaio de atrito interno. / The current auto body projects seek to build light structures whose immediate impact is in the reduction in fuel consumption of internal combustion engines or in longer battery life for electric and hybrid vehicles. Reduction in fuel consumption means reduced emissions. The structures need to be lightweight, but increasingly resistant to provide maximum comfort and safety to the occupants. These demands led to the continuous development of new materials. In the case of the steels hot stamping has allowed significant improvement in the mechanical properties. In recent years, hot stamped parts took prominent place in the structure of auto bodies to be in line with the mentioned demands. There are a lot of researches lines for this technology: materials, modes of production, coatings and applications. The most commonly used steel in this process, 22MnB5, also exhibits the bake hardening effect: its yield strength is increased after thermal treatment at temperatures close to 200 °C. To verify this improvement in the mechanical properties, samples were thermally treated. After that, data obtained from mechanical tests were inserted into side-crash simulation programs that resulted in a reduction in intrusion in the passengers compartment. The bake hardening effect also provided an increase in the absorption of the impact energy in a static test done with door beam. The metallurgical mechanism involved in the phenomenon, due to the movement of interstitial was evidenced in the internal friction test.
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O efeito bake hardening na estampagem a quente e a estrutura veicular / The bake hardening effect on hot stamping and the body structureMarcos Roberto de Castro 07 June 2017 (has links)
Os projetos de carrocerias veiculares atuais procuram desenvolver estruturas leves, seja para reduzir o consumo de combustível, no caso dos motores de combustão interna, seja para maior autonomia de bateria, no caso dos veículos elétricos e híbridos. Redução no consumo de combustível significa redução na emissão de poluentes. As estruturas precisam ser leves, mas cada vez mais resistentes e rígidas a fim de proporcionar máximo conforto e segurança aos ocupantes. Estas premissas têm levado ao contínuo desenvolvimento dos materiais. No caso dos aços, um dos processos que tem permitido a melhora significativa das propriedades mecânicas é a estampagem a quente. Nos últimos anos, as peças estampadas a quente têm ocupado lugar de destaque na estrutura das carrocerias veiculares por estarem em sintonia com as demandas mencionadas. Há muitas pesquisas em curso para esta tecnologia, seja nos materiais, nos meios de produção, nos revestimentos e em aplicações. O aço mais utilizado neste processo, 22MnB5, também apresenta o chamado efeito bake hardening; a tensão de escoamento é aumentada após tratamento térmico realizado em temperaturas próximas a 200 °C. Neste trabalho, visando à melhoria nas propriedades mecânicas, amostras foram tratadas termicamente na faixa de temperatura supracitada. Após isso, dados obtidos de ensaios mecânicos foram inseridos em programas de simulação de impacto lateral cujo resultado foi a redução na intrusão na célula de sobrevivência. O efeito bake hardening também propiciou um aumento na absorção da energia de impacto em teste estático feito com barras de proteção lateral. O mecanismo metalúrgico envolvido no fenômeno, devido à difusão de intersticiais foi evidenciado no ensaio de atrito interno. / The current auto body projects seek to build light structures whose immediate impact is in the reduction in fuel consumption of internal combustion engines or in longer battery life for electric and hybrid vehicles. Reduction in fuel consumption means reduced emissions. The structures need to be lightweight, but increasingly resistant to provide maximum comfort and safety to the occupants. These demands led to the continuous development of new materials. In the case of the steels hot stamping has allowed significant improvement in the mechanical properties. In recent years, hot stamped parts took prominent place in the structure of auto bodies to be in line with the mentioned demands. There are a lot of researches lines for this technology: materials, modes of production, coatings and applications. The most commonly used steel in this process, 22MnB5, also exhibits the bake hardening effect: its yield strength is increased after thermal treatment at temperatures close to 200 °C. To verify this improvement in the mechanical properties, samples were thermally treated. After that, data obtained from mechanical tests were inserted into side-crash simulation programs that resulted in a reduction in intrusion in the passengers compartment. The bake hardening effect also provided an increase in the absorption of the impact energy in a static test done with door beam. The metallurgical mechanism involved in the phenomenon, due to the movement of interstitial was evidenced in the internal friction test.
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Forming Behavior of Manganese-Boron Steel 22MnB5 while Cooling according to its Microstructural DevelopmentBirnbaum, Peter, Kräusel, Verena, Landgrebe, Dirk 03 June 2015 (has links)
The press hardening belongs to state-of-the-art technology at sheet metal forming to gain high strength and crash resistant parts in automotive industry. This process could establish due to its cost- and esourceefficiency. According to ongoing developments on direct press hardening processes it is necessary to describe and understand the thermo-mechanical treatment of 22MnB5. Therefore the flow behavior and phase transformation during cooling with simultaneous forming is investigated. The experimental process considers industrial parameters in order to get industry-oriented results.
In deep drawing processes the sheet metal is roped into the draw die and bended around the die edge. Thereby sheets perform different stages of compressive and tensile strain at the die oriented side and the punch oriented side of the sheet. There are different stages and values of stress and strain according to several layers of the sheet over its cross-section. The values of stress, strain and forming rate were FEcalculated for industry-relevant bending radii and sheet thicknesses of manganese-boron steel 22MnB5. According to the calculations different cooling and forming strategies were performed by dilatometric tests. The forming behavior is described by the microstructural development with regard to the cooling rate and temperature. Beside the influence of austenite forming on the phase transformation and mechanical properties is considered. A prospective view is given to illustrate ongoing examinations under compressive and combined tensional and compressive forces.
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Design and investigation of a test rig based on AI smart vi-sion sensors for automated component inspection of press-hardened car body componentsSimon, Fabio, Werner, Thomas, Weidemann, Andreas, Guilleaume, Christina, Brosius, Alexander 28 November 2023 (has links)
Defects such as cracks, overlaps and impressions occur during the production of press-hardened car body components. At present, these types of defects are counteracted in the industrial environment by costly visual inspections carried out by humans. Due to the poor efficiency of visual inspection compared to automated inspection and the risk of defects not being detected, the use of AI-based smart vision sensors is being evaluated in order to enable an automated component inspection process with their help. For the realisation of the test, the most relevant defect types deformation, crack and overlap are identified using a Pareto analysis.
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Konzeption und Untersuchung eines Prüfstandes auf der Basis von KI-Smart-Vision-Sensoren für die automatisierte Bauteilprüfung pressgehärteter KarosseriebauteileSimon, Fabio, Werner, Thomas, Weidemann, Andreas, Guilleaume, Christina, Brosius, Alexander 28 November 2023 (has links)
Bei der Herstellung pressgehärteter Karosseriebauteile treten Fehler wie Risse, Überlappungen und Abdrücke auf. Gegenwärtig wird diesen Fehlerarten im industriellen Umfeld durch kostenaufwändige, von Menschen durchgeführte Sichtkontrollen entgegengewirkt. Aufgrund des schlechten Wirkungsgrades der visuellen Prüfung gegenüber einer automatisierten Prüfung und der Gefahr des Nichterkennens von Fehlern, wird der Einsatz von KI-basierten Smart-Vision-Sensoren evaluiert, um mit deren Hilfe einen automatisierten Bauteilprüfprozess zu ermöglichen.
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