Wie sollte Prävention im Allgemeinen ablaufen? Welche Leitlinien lassen sich in diesem Zusammenhang aus psychologischer Sicht ableiten? Mit Hilfe des heutigen Hintergrundwissens werden 8 Merkmale einer wirkungsvollen Prävention beschrieben. Darüber hinaus werden 5 weitere Aspekte vorgestellt, deren Einfluss auf die Wirkung von präventiven Maßnahmen diskutiert wird.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T12:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Cristiano final.pdf: 13081654 bytes, checksum: 2ae8261d094eca3f2071d60bb8daa73a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The damages caused by termites of Nasutitermes genus classify itself as one of the main pests of wood in urban areas. Several alternatives have been studied for the control of termites, among them the sand barriers have been showed effectiveness, beyond their characterization as a product correct ecologically. This study had as objective to evaluate in tests of laboratory sand barriers against Nasutitermes sp. termites. Firstly, granulation tests were performed in commercial sand and following, four fractions of the sieved sand were selected with diameters of 0.85-4.75 mm and two mixtures with particles in the diameters of 1.68-4.75 mm (Mix 1) and 0.85-1.99 mm (Mix 2) for the biological tests by penetration of the termites. In the first essay (Biotest 1) tubes of glasses (25 X 110 mm) were used and they filled out with four layers humidified sawdust, agar 2%, humidified sand (60 mm), agar 2%, sawdust-bait fractions and 50 termites (41 workers and nine soldiers). These sets were covered and disposed in closed up platform by near water to the main colony and the penetration of termites was measured in a period of two weeks. At last of the test the survival was quantified. In the second experiment (Biotest 2) beackers of 250 mL were used and full up of the same way that the tube-tests, not added agar and termites. These sets were disposed around the main colony of Nasutitermes sp. by 30 days. At the same time were performed the measurement of Nasutitermes collected in Manaus city. The control substrate (particles <0.85 mm diameter) had penetration completely (60 mm) at least of three days in both biotests. Biotest 1, the fractions of sand of 1.68-1.99 mm (M 12) presented the least penetration (3.33 mm). Layers formed by particles of 0.85-1.67 mm (M 20) had a penetration of 21.67 mm of depth. However, at the layers of sand composed of particles of the dimensions 2.38-4.75 mm (M8), 2.00-2.37 mm (M10) and 1.68-4.74 mm (Mix 1) there was not penetration. In the Biotest 2 was just observed a light excavation and/ or penetration of 0.33 mm at barrier formed by particles of 0.85-1.67 mm (M20). The other fractions were completely neglected for the termites (null penetration). At biotests of Nasutitermes sp. survival was 52% in the control substrate and 34.67% on average for the other treatment fractions. Biometry of the termites revealed dimensions of 4.35 mm (whole body) and head width 1.10 mm, between the workers. Granulometry essays larger contents of fine particles were detected (< 0.85 mm) at the commercial sand. Basis in the minimum dimensions of the particles of each fraction was performed a simple regression to evaluate these interceptions at sand barriers in accordance with the distribution of the particles. It was concluded that the effective granulometry strip by Nasutitermes sp. termites at sand barriers from 1.68 to 4.75 mm can be classified as impenetrable. / Os danos causados por cupins do gênero Nasutitermes, o classificam como uma das principais pragas de madeiras em centros urbanos. Várias alternativas vêm sendo estudadas para o controle de cupins, entre elas as barreiras de areia têm mostrado efetividade, além de serem caracterizadas como um produto ecologicamente correto. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar em testes de laboratório barreiras de areia contra cupins Nasutitermes sp. Inicialmente foram realizados ensaios granulométricos em areia comercial e em seguida, foram selecionadas quatro frações da areia peneiradas com diâmetros de 0,85-4,75 mm e duas misturas com partículas nos diâmetros de 1,68-4,75 mm (Mix 1) e 0,85-1,99 mm (Mix 2) para os testes biológicos de penetração. No primeiro ensaio (Bioteste 1) foram utilizados tubos de vidro (25 X 110 mm) preenchidos com serragem umidificada, agar 2%, camada de areia umidificada (60 mm), agar 2%, frações de serragem e 50 cupins (41 operários e 9 soldados). Estas unidades foram tampadas e dispostas em uma plataforma cercada por água próximo a colônia-mãe. A penetrabilidade foi avaliada num período de 2 semanas e, ao final do teste foi quantificada a sobrevivência. No segundo experimento (Bioteste 2), béqueres de 250 mL foram utilizados e preenchidos da mesma forma que o os tubos-teste, sendo que não foi adicionado o agar e nem os cupins nesta composição. Estas unidades foram dispostas em torno da colônia-mãe de Nasutitermes sp. por 30 dias. Em paralelo aos ensaios foi realizada a biometria de cupins Nasutitermes coletados na cidade de Manaus. O substrato controle (partículas < 0,85 mm de diâmetro) foi totalmente penetrado (60 mm) em menos de 72h em ambos biotestes. Para o Bioteste 1, as frações de areia de 1,68-1,99 mm de diâmetro (M12) apresentaram a menor penetração (3,33 mm). Camadas formadas por partículas de 0,85-1,67 mm (M20) tiveram uma penetração de média de 21,67 mm de profundidade. Entretanto, as camadas de areia composta de partículas nas dimensões 2,38-4,75 mm (M8), 2,00-2,37 mm (M10) e 1,68-4,74 mm (Mix 1) não foram penetradas. No bioteste 2 foi observada apenas uma leve escavação/penetração de 3,33 mm na barreira formada por partículas de 0,85-1,67 mm de diâmetro (M20). As demais frações foram praticamente negligenciadas pelos cupins (penetração de 0%). A sobrevivência do Nasutitermes sp. nos bioensaios foi de 52% no substrato controle e 34,67% em média para as demais frações tratamentos. A biometria dos cupins revelou dimensões de 4,35 mm (corpo inteiro) e largura da cabeça de 1,10 mm, para os operários da espécie testada. No ensaio granulométrico detectou-se maior teor de partículas finas (< 0,85 mm) na areia comercial. Com base nas dimensões mínimas das partículas de cada fração testada, desenvolveu-se uma regressão simples para estimar as dimensões dos interstícios nas barreiras de areia de acordo com a distribuição das partículas. Ao final deste estudo, concluiu-se que a faixa granulométrica efetiva contra cupins Nasutitermes sp. embarreiras de areia é de 1,68 a 4,75 mm, sendo esta classificada como impenetrável.

Wie sollte Prävention im Allgemeinen ablaufen? Welche Leitlinien lassen sich in diesem Zusammenhang aus psychologischer Sicht ableiten? Mit Hilfe des heutigen Hintergrundwissens werden 8 Merkmale einer wirkungsvollen Prävention beschrieben. Darüber hinaus werden 5 weitere Aspekte vorgestellt, deren Einfluss auf die Wirkung von präventiven Maßnahmen diskutiert wird.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka ekonomiska utvärderingar av preventiva metoder som används inom tandvården genom att göra en systematisk litteraturöversikt och besvara frågor om vilka preventiva metoder som analyserats avseende kostnad och effekt samt vilka typer av ekonomiska utvärderingar som analyserats. Material och metod: En sökningsstrategi genomfördes och PubMed, The Cochrane Library och Web of Science utgjorde databaser för litteratursökningen. Inklusions- och exklusionskriterier fastställdes och ett protokoll utgjorde grunden för läsningen av de inkluderade studierna i fulltext. En kritisk granskning av de inkluderade studierna genomfördes genom att använda ett andra protokoll. Resultat: Totalt 38 publikationer om ekonomiska utvärderingar av preventiva metoder som används inom tandvården inkluderades. Studier om kariespreventiva metoder var av övervägande majoritet (n=35) och endast ett fåtal studier utvärderade preventiva metoder för andra sjukdomar (n=3). Den vanligaste preventiva metoden som utvärderades var fissurförsegling (n=8) följt av fluorlackning (n=6) och vattenfluoridering (n=3). Många studier utvärderade kombinerade preventiva metoder (n=12). Typerna av ekonomiska utvärderingar var CEA (n=16) följt av CA/Cost-minimization analysis (n=10), CBA (n=3), en kombination av CEA och CBA (n=5), CUA (n=1) och en kombination av CEA och CA (n=1). Konklusion: Även om studierna om ekonomiska utvärderingar av preventiva metoder som används inom tandvården är betydligt fler än när SBU-rapporterna publicerades så kan ingen generell slutsats beträffande kostnadseffektiviteten dras på grund heterogenitet i design och sätt att analysera. Fler välgjorda studier rekommenderas. / Aims: The aim of this study was to examine economic evaluations of preventive methods used in dentistry by using a systematic review approach and answering questions about which preventive methods used in dentistry that have been analysed regarding costs and effects and what types of economic evaluations that have been conducted. Material and method: A search strategy were conducted and PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science formed the basis of the literature search. Inclusion- and exclusion criteria were defined and a protocol was made for full-text reading of the included publications. A critical appraisal of the included publications was made using a second protocol. Results: A total of 38 publications on economic evaluations of preventive methods used in dentistry were included. Publications on caries preventive methods were of overwhelming majority (n=35) and only a few publications evaluated preventive methods for other diseases (n=3). The most common evaluated preventive method was pit and fissure sealant (n=8) followed by fluoride varnish (n=6) and water fluoridation (n=3). Most publications evaluated combined preventive methods (n=11). Types of economic evaluations were CEA (n=16) followed by CA/Cost-minimization analysis (n=10), CBA (n=3), a combination of CEA and CBA (n=5), CUA (n=1) and a combination of CEA and CA (n=1). Conclusions: Publications on economic evaluations of preventive methods used in dentistry were considerably more than when the SBU reports were published. Yet, no general conclusions could be drawn regarding cost-effectiveness due to heterogeneity in design and way of analyses. Future well-designed studies are recommended.

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this literature study is to study the dental caries status (DMFT) of 12-years-olds in Scandinavia and describe and compare the different preventive strategies and methods used by different dental care personal in each country and between these three countries. To achieve the objective information from scientific literature and publications, and data from WHO database on these three countries were used.DMFT for 12-year olds in Norway was 1.7 (2004), 0.7 for Denmark (2008) and in Sweden 0.9 (2008). During the past decade, changes have occurred in the prevention system of population- based prevention to individual-based prevention. This is a result partly of the low caries prevalence and partly because of a disproportional distribution of caries in this target group. It is regarded as a smart solution to be able to access the most affected or at risk patients who have the most dental care needs.The results showed different dental personals used different preventive strategies. Choices related to the use of fluoride vehicles were also varied. There were also differences in prevention strategies between different countries. This shows that despite the similarities in the dental teams, free and subsidized dental care for children there are also differences in quality of the offering of policies and practices. All this data confirm the differences between all three countries in choice of preventive method for risk and none-risk patients. This seems to be influenced by different cultural patterns within the dental professional communities of each country. Differences in caries incidence probably could be due to different combinations of preventive methods. There is a need for more research in this area. There is a need for a consensus about which strategy and approach is most effective and which one should be used against dental caries in risk and non risk patients, a consensus in which all countries agree to implement.