Professional sporting events draw staggering crowds to stadia on a yearly basis. This combined, with the prosocial psychological effects of attending professional games and the cultural meaning of stadia to a community, provide excellent opportunities for municipalities to use their stadia in a movement towards global socio-ecological sustainability. While these opportunities are available, the industry is not well established to realize their potential. Our research, through application of the framework for strategic sustainable development (FSSD), offers measures to facilitate such a move. In application of the framework, however, a key threat of professional team monopoly power was identified, putting into question the perpetuation of public ownership over facilities with professional teams as tenants. If a solution is to be reached within this model, a multi-stakeholder approach is endorsed, where reduction of team monopoly power is conceded for the long-term benefits to municipalities. / <p>Cristhian G. +46 733 -572918</p>

In the present study the overarching aim was to investigate the relationship between commitment, self-differentiation and pride in undergraduate university students with the view to achieve a better understanding of the extent to which identity-related factors such as self-differentiation and pride as a self-relevant emotion may shape the strength of commitments in a higher education setting. Findings of the study may contribute to the literature on the psychology of academic commitment by distinguishing it from academic engagement (Baldwin & Koh, 2012) and by broadening the study of commitment to include identity-related constructs in the development of academic commitment (Lord, Diefendorff, Schmidt & Hall, 2010). I argue that a well-differentiated self is relevant to academic commitment because it may provide coherency and consistency in commitments. Academic commitment was operationalised as the extent to which students experience their studies as a source of satisfaction and meaning, the extent to which they have invested resources in their studies, and the quality of alternatives available (Rusbult, Martz & Agnew, 1998). I examined self-differentiation in terms of the ability to take an I-position in the absence of Emotional Reactivity, Emotional Cutoff and Fusion with Others (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998). Authentic pride was described as a self-relevant emotion consisting of two dimensions, namely Authentic and Hubristic pride (Tracy & Robins, 2007d). The Meaning Maintenance Model (MMM) as discussed by Heine, Proulx & Vohs (2006) was the conceptual framework that guided the study. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was asked for the implementation of a questionnaire that consisted of demographic factors, the Academic Commitment Scale (ACS), the Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI-R) and the Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales (AHP). A pilot study was conducted to test the new Academic Commitment Scale’s reliability and construct validity. A one-stage random cluster sampling method was used to complete a sample of undergraduate students from two faculties at the same university. Results of the main study were reported in Chapter 4 and a discussion of findings and conclusions, as well as the contribution, limitations and recommendations for future research were addressed in Chapter 5. Findings of the study indicate that commitment as an identity-level construct, related to identity-related constructs such as differentiation of self and pride, can be utilised in a higher education setting to differentiate between high performance students and students at risk of failure. The results can thus assist policy makers, lecturers, educationists and psychologists to achieve a better understanding of the factors underpinning academic success on the one hand and student dropout on the other hand, in order to develop appropriate support programs. A main feature of the study was the development of a new scale to measure commitment in an academic context. The Academic Commitment Scale was created based on an adapted version of the Rusbult et al. (1998) Investment Model. Meaningfulness was added as a fifth subscale which turned out to be a strong predictor of academic commitment. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Sponsring av idrottsevenemang innefattar ett ömsesidigt utbyte mellan sponsorn och idrottsevenemanget vilket gör att sponsring blir aktuellt både i idrottsvärlden och företagsvärlden. Företag som sponsrar idrottsevenemang kan arbeta med sponsringen både externt och internt. Det externa arbetet har länge varit det primära syftet med sponsring vilket har lett till att det interna arbetet inte uppmärksammats i samma utsträckning. En central faktor vid internt arbete är att påverka de anställdas arbetsmotivation.   Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en förståelse för samt beskriva hur sponsring av idrottsevenemang används internt för att påverka de anställdas arbetsmotivation. För att undersöka detta har intervjuer med Vasaloppets samtliga fem huvudsponsorer genomförts. För att analysera det empiriska materialet tog vi stöd i studiens teoretiska referensram.  Vår studie visar att samtliga företag arbetar internt med sin sponsring av idrottsevenemang men i olika utsträckning och på olika sätt. Studien tyder på att företagets storlek, bransch samt sponsorskapets långvarighet kan påverka skiljaktigheter i det interna arbetet. Studien visar även att det interna arbetet med sponsorskapet av Vasaloppet kan generera arbetsmotivation hos de anställda på grund av stolthet och engagemang.  Bidraget med vår studie är framtagandet av tre olika arbetsområden som företag bör ta i beaktning i det interna arbetet vid sponsring av idrottsevenemang för att påverka de anställdas arbetsmotivation: värderingar, personligt intresse och involvering. Avslutningsvis kan vi konstatera att det interna arbetet med sponsring av idrottsevenemang kan bli begränsat på grund av att de interna effekterna är svåra för företag att mäta och sätta ett värde på. / Sport event sponsorship involves a mutual exchange between the sponsor and the sporting event, which makes sponsorship relevant in the world of sports and the business world. Companies that sponsor sport events can work with sponsorship both externally and internally. External work has long been the primary purpose of sponsoring, which had led to a minor focus on the internal work. A key factor of internal work is to influence employees work motivation.  The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of and describe how sport event sponsorship is used internally to influence employees’ work motivation. To investigate this interviews with all of the five main sponsors of Vasaloppet were conducted. To analyze the empirical material, we took support in the theoretical frame of the study.  Our study shows that all companies work internally with their sport event sponsorships, but in varying extent and in different ways. The study indicates that the differences in the size of the company, the industry and the longevity of the sponsorship may affect differences in how a company forms the internal work. The study also shows that the internal work with the sponsorship of Vasaloppet can generate work motivation among the employees’ due to staff pride and commitment.  The contribution of our study is the development of three different work areas that companies should take into account when forming the internal work of a sport event sponsorship to influence employees’ work motivation: values, personal interest and involvement. In conclusion, we can conclude that the internal work with sponsoring sport events can be limited because the internal effects are difficult for companies to measure and value.

The perception that the epistolary form was rejected by novelists during the Romantic Era has largely been accepted by scholars. However, in looking at the period's two most prominent authors, Walter Scott and Jane Austen, we see that the epistolary form remained vibrant long after its supposed demise. Throughout their careers, both Austen and Scott employed embedded letters as a tool to create authenticity. Both Austen and Scott use what I call "literary letters" to create a sense of realism in their novels that contributed to the rise of the novel. Scholars often claim that Austen eschewed the epistolary form with Lady Susan and solidified her rejection by revising both Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice from epistolary novels to third person narration. But a careful examination shows that Austen followed Richardson's tradition with Lady Susan, that Sense and Sensibility was not originally written in epistolary form, and that Austen retained sixteen critical letters in Pride and Prejudice. In fact, Darcy's five-page letter to Elizabeth signals Austen's continued reliance on the form as it completely changes the dynamics of the novel and transforms Elizabeth from a static protagonist to a dynamic heroine. Further indication that Austen found value in the form is seen in her later and often considered more mature novels, Emma and Persuasion, where she found innovate ways to turn the epistolary form into an embedded narratological device. The value of letters in Scott's novels is often overlooked. For instance in Heart of Midlothian, Jeanie Down's claim that letters cannot feel is often cited as an argument that oral testimony is more valuable than written, yet it is a letter that ultimately gets her an audience with the queen. In fact, in both Heart of Midlothian and Redgauntlet, Scott explains the legal implications of the written testimony, its preference over oral testimony, and its power in persuading both in and out of court. And in Guy Mannering, Scott relies on embedded letters to develop important plot points including the identity of the lost heir, create believable characters, and explore the conflict between Scottish traditions and law. And although Redgauntlet is often considered the moment Scott eschewed the epistolary form, the way he employs letters to create the illusion that his characters are authentic historical figures helps him explore notions of national identity.

Det finns få studier gjorda utifrån handledarens upplevelse av introduktion av nya medarbetare. Syftet med studien är att lyfta fram undersköterskan och vårdbiträdets upplevelser av handledaruppdraget vid introduktion av ny medarbetare på arbetsplatsen. Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod genom intervjuer i två olika verksamheter inom äldreomsorgen med sammanlagt sju semistrukturerade intervjuer. Dessa transkriberades och sammanställdes i kategorier. Av resultatet framkom det att handledarna visade ett stort känslomässigt engagemang och ansvar för verksamheten i samband med introduktion av ny medarbetare. Resultatet visade även att stöd från chef och kollegor påverkade handledarens upplevelse av hela introduktionen av ny medarbetare. Att axla handledarrollen enligt resultatet i studien behöver det finnas en god planering, ett väl genomtänkt och konstruktivt utbildningsmaterial vilket också bör följas av samtliga medarbetare på arbetsplatsen. / There are few studies done based on the supervisor's experience of introducing new employees. The purpose of the study is to highlight the experiences of the nurse and the care assistant on the supervisor assignment when introducing new employees in the elderly workplace. The study was conducted using a qualitative method through interviews at two different businesses with a total of seven semi-structured interviews. These were transcribed and compiled into categories. The result showed that the supervisors showed a great emotional commitment and responsibility for the business in connection with the introduction of new employees. The result showed that support from the manager and colleagues affected the supervisor's experience of the entire introduction of new employees. According to the results of the study, shouldering the supervisor role requires good planning, well-thought-out and constructive training material, which should also be followed by all employees in the workplace.

The purpose of this dissertation was to explore how a landscape architect may help to address environmental decay and the threat of food scarcity that are the results of rapid urban growth. For this urban renewal scheme, it is proposed that the underutilized open spaces within the city are reclaimed and interconnected in order to maximize their potential, forming a continuous landscape network. It is believed that this landscape network needs to function beyond mere beautification in order to be successful and productive. A multifunctional strategy is thus brought forward, as emphasis is placed upon providing for food security and realizing the city’s wasted resources. Along with related economic and ecological advantages, ways in which open space may be more sustainably managed are explored. Acknowledging the sheer lack of municipal funds, community involvement is believed to be the catalyst of this vision. Surrounding neighbourhoods are hence proposed to be the maintainers of their surrounding open spaces, decreasing the monetary pressures on the authorities. Emphasis is placed on ways in which communities may be incorporated through designing for flexibility, pride of ownership and sense of belonging. A new identity that ties in with the original genius of place is ultimately promoted through this meaningful utility parkland. An abandoned stretch of land along the Walker Spruit between Pretoria’s Sunnyside East and Clydesdale suburbs served as a model for testing the hypothesis of a spatially continuous, linear and productive community park. / Dissertation ML(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Architecture / Unrestricted

This essay will discuss gender in Pride and Prejudice, the timeless work by Jane Austen. It also discusses how a teacher might approach the subject of gender roles in a classroom environment based on a reading project featuring Pride and Prejudice. The different theories will include theories regarding gender as a social concept, gender roles and pedagogical implications. This essay argues that the gender roles in Pride and Prejudice can be used in an EFL classroom to increase students' awareness of gender and gender roles.

No description available.

No description available.

Few issues in the contemporary American political and social environments are as salient and emotionally charged as the debate over immigration. The thesis tests several competing hypotheses concerning the determinants of public opinion – among white respondents – on immigration issues. These include: the contextual considerations of southern residence and proximity to large numbers of Hispanic immigrants, as well as the individual-level factors of economic insecurity, political knowledge, national identity, group pride, and racism. Using data from the 2004 American National Election Study, the thesis provides a critical test of the competing hypotheses using multivariate analysis. Furthermore, conditional relationships are posited, facilitating a more refined analysis of the structure of attitudes on immigration issues. The results indicate that racism, group pride, symbolic patriotism, ideology, and isolationism are the most consistent and significant predictors of immigration policy preferences. The use of four distinct dependent variable questions also highlights the inconsistency in public opinion regarding immigration and the division between public perception of documented and undocumented entries. Future research should focus on the interrelationship between variables that are used by the individual to define group associations, as well as the change in national and personal identity brought about by the events of September 11th, 2001.