Confusion regarding the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) continues to be a concern for health care professionals working in the educational environment. Following the Virginia Tech tragedy and similar incidents of school violence in recent years, educational communities and governmental agencies are analyzing the balance between individual privacy and freedom versus the safety and security of all. Health care professionals working in the school environment must stay abreast of privacy regulations regarding student records while providing needed care.

In health services, it is a necessity to keep the records of the patients. Although paper-based records are commonly used for this aim, they are not as convenient as computerized records. Therefore, many of the health facilities have recently started keeping patients&rsquo / health records in electronic databases. However, new questions about confidentiality and privacy of these records were raised with this new system.This study aims to investigate the opinions and attitudes of the people who use the health services of Turkey about the privacy and confidentiality of health information in electronic environment. In the survey, there are 596 participants from 64 different cities in six geographical regions of Turkey. The findings show that people feel comfortable about computer usage in health-care but they are concerned about the privacy and confidentiality of their information and also they are not sure if their medical information is safe and secure now. Moreover, they are mostly unaware about current regulations related to information privacy in Turkey. The study also shows that people trust in their doctors, health researchers in universities, pharmacist, nurses and other hospital staff but do not trust in insurance companies, government, private sector health researchers, information technology specialists and government health researchers for the privacy of their medical records.

This academic investigation examines the intersection between International Relations (IR), data privacy laws, and social media governance. The case studies are of Tik Tok &amp; Facebook/Meta where we begin the research by taking a comparative analysis of the US congressional hearings of Mark Zuckerberg (CEO of Facebook/Meta) in 2018 and Shou Zi Chew (CEO of Tik Tok) in 2023. In addition, a comparative analysis is made on the referenced or related data privacy laws amongst the EU, US, and China through the realist, liberalist, and new constructivist lens. Lastly, a practice theory approach follows the empirical data of penalties on these two social media companies, the similar corporate solutions from Tik Tok to both EU and the US, and the quantifiable lobbying contributions from both ByteDance (parent company to Tik Tok) and Facebook/Meta. The three research questions are (i) how do the IR theoretical lenses of realism and liberalism acknowledge the significance of social media and its need for regulations, (ii) how can data be conceptualized for social media governance and what are the implications of these dynamics within IR, and (iii) what is the efficacy of data privacy laws in protecting user rights while social media companies influence US policymakers? My conclusion is that data privacy laws are legal jargon that either power-maximize a state or act as a taxation mechanism. User rights are not secure, and there is a battle for accountability and a risk that algorithms may keep social media companies abstained from responsibility. / <p>New Data was released where Meta was fined $1.2 Billion by the EU. It does not take anything away from the paper but is relevant to the systemic act of data protection. Also, no exact definition of governance is given. For following papers that use this, it's important to be defined depending on how they interpet it but this paper didn't need a deep definition.</p>

This study1 addresses the key information technology issues of the age and its unintended consequences. The issues include social control by businesses, governments, and information age Star Chambers. The study focuses on a comparative analysis of data protection, data security, and information privacy (DPSIP) laws, regulations, and practices in five countries. The countries include Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The study addresses relevant international legal standards and justifications. This multidisciplinary analysis includes a systems thinking approach from a legal, business, governmental, policy, political theory, psychosocial, and psychological perspective. The study implements a comparative law and sociolegal research strategy. Historic, linguistic, and statistical strategies are applied. The study concludes with a next step proposal, based on the research, for the international community, the five countries in the study, and specifically, South Africa as it has yet to enact a sound DPSIP approach. / LL.D. (Laws)

This study1 addresses the key information technology issues of the age and its unintended consequences. The issues include social control by businesses, governments, and information age Star Chambers. The study focuses on a comparative analysis of data protection, data security, and information privacy (DPSIP) laws, regulations, and practices in five countries. The countries include Australia, Canada, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The study addresses relevant international legal standards and justifications. This multidisciplinary analysis includes a systems thinking approach from a legal, business, governmental, policy, political theory, psychosocial, and psychological perspective. The study implements a comparative law and sociolegal research strategy. Historic, linguistic, and statistical strategies are applied. The study concludes with a next step proposal, based on the research, for the international community, the five countries in the study, and specifically, South Africa as it has yet to enact a sound DPSIP approach. / LL. D.