<p>A public private partnership is an alternative to procurement of the facility by the public sector, using funding from tax revenues or public borrowing. In a typical public sector procurement, the public authority sets out the specifications and design of the facility, calls for bids on the basis if this detailed design, and pays for construction of the facility by a private sector contractor. The public authority has to fund the full cost of construction, including cost overruns. Operation and maintenance of the facility are handled by the public authority and the contractor takes no responsibility for the long term performance of the facility after the construction warranty period has expired. In a public private partnership, on the other hand, the authority specifies its requirements in terms of outputs, which set out the public services which the facility is intended to provide, but which do not specify how these are to be provided. It is then left to the private sector to design, finance, build and operate the facility to meet the longterm output specifications. The project company receives payments over the life of the PPP contract, which are supposed to repay the financing costs and give a return to investors. The payments are subject to deductions for failure to meet output specifications, and there is no extra allowance for cost overruns which happen during construction or in operation of the facility.</p>

A public private partnership is an alternative to procurement of the facility by the public sector, using funding from tax revenues or public borrowing. In a typical public sector procurement, the public authority sets out the specifications and design of the facility, calls for bids on the basis if this detailed design, and pays for construction of the facility by a private sector contractor. The public authority has to fund the full cost of construction, including cost overruns. Operation and maintenance of the facility are handled by the public authority and the contractor takes no responsibility for the long term performance of the facility after the construction warranty period has expired. In a public private partnership, on the other hand, the authority specifies its requirements in terms of outputs, which set out the public services which the facility is intended to provide, but which do not specify how these are to be provided. It is then left to the private sector to design, finance, build and operate the facility to meet the longterm output specifications. The project company receives payments over the life of the PPP contract, which are supposed to repay the financing costs and give a return to investors. The payments are subject to deductions for failure to meet output specifications, and there is no extra allowance for cost overruns which happen during construction or in operation of the facility.

A presente dissertação busca entender as razões do insucesso dos pequenos partidos políticos em Cabo Verde e o seu fraco desempenho eleitoral ao longo da história política cabo verdiana. O modelo do financiamento público tem sido apontado como a causa principal deste resultado. Questionamos essa explicação, buscando mostrar que a razão que está por trás do insucesso dos pequenos partidos não se deve unicamente à dificuldade de acesso ao financiamento público, mas também a outras variáveis, nem todas elas institucionais. Através da análise dos dados do Afrobarómetro é possível inferir que os pequenos partidos não têm apoio da população. As pessoas não transferem as suas preferências numa terceira força partidária, favorecendo assim os dois grandes partidos, fomentando ainda mais o bipartidarismo. / This work seeks to understand the reasons for the failure of small political parties in Cape Verde and its weak electoral performance throughout the political history Cape Verdean . Public funding model has been suggested as the main cause of this result. We question this explanation, seeking to show that the reason behind the failure of small parties is not due solely to the difficulty of access to public funding, but also to other variables, not all of them institutional. By analyzing the Afrobarometer data we can infer that the small parties have no popular support. People do not transfer their preferences in a third party force, favoring the two major parties, encouraging even more bipartisanship.

A presente dissertação busca entender as razões do insucesso dos pequenos partidos políticos em Cabo Verde e o seu fraco desempenho eleitoral ao longo da história política cabo verdiana. O modelo do financiamento público tem sido apontado como a causa principal deste resultado. Questionamos essa explicação, buscando mostrar que a razão que está por trás do insucesso dos pequenos partidos não se deve unicamente à dificuldade de acesso ao financiamento público, mas também a outras variáveis, nem todas elas institucionais. Através da análise dos dados do Afrobarómetro é possível inferir que os pequenos partidos não têm apoio da população. As pessoas não transferem as suas preferências numa terceira força partidária, favorecendo assim os dois grandes partidos, fomentando ainda mais o bipartidarismo. / This work seeks to understand the reasons for the failure of small political parties in Cape Verde and its weak electoral performance throughout the political history Cape Verdean . Public funding model has been suggested as the main cause of this result. We question this explanation, seeking to show that the reason behind the failure of small parties is not due solely to the difficulty of access to public funding, but also to other variables, not all of them institutional. By analyzing the Afrobarometer data we can infer that the small parties have no popular support. People do not transfer their preferences in a third party force, favoring the two major parties, encouraging even more bipartisanship.

A number of studies show that school facilities in the United States are deteriorating and that a substantial outlay of financial capital is required to bring school facilities to good overall condition. The current economic environment, marked by slow growth, high unemployment, and low tax revenues has highlighted widespread issues with the financial condition and fiscal sustainability of local governments. While studies show that the success of the educational process is related to the condition of school facilities, providing a safe and effective educational environment for students and teachers is a great challenge for local governments. Alternative sources of funding for the rehabilitation of old schools, which would reduce the need for long-term debt financing, are worth exploring. Federal and state historic rehabilitation tax incentive programs have proven to be successful in bringing private capital, economic activity, and jobs to distressed areas around the country, while being largely fiscally self sustaining. Current legislation, however, does not make the federal tax credit program easily accessible to public schools, and a significant court decision has the potential to undermine the viability of the entire Virginia program. This study examined the financial costs and benefits of historic tax credit financing for school construction in Virginia, investigated administrative issues related to the private-public nature of the program, and finally analyzed the relevant public policy issues. The study followed a case study methodology of two schools in Virginia which utilized historic tax credit financing, and four schools which utilized traditional financing for renovation. This study will expand the body of knowledge of modern education financing and enrich the existing literature by introducing a financing alternative that includes a private-public partnership. The study will also be of great value to policymakers, public administrators, the investor community, and the public at large as they evaluate financing alternatives for school construction.

A une époque où il est de moins en moins évident pour l’État ou les collectivités territoriales de remplir leur mission d’intérêt général visant à assurer la fourniture ou le renouvellement des investissements publics, en raison de ressources budgétaires de plus en plus limitées, notre étude juridique consiste à proposer des alternatives à l’impôt en vue d’un financement privé des investissements publics. Et ce, dans le cadre d’une analyse précise de techniques contractuelles de financement privé des investissements publics issues du droit privé. Notre objectif étant que les décideurs publics puissent cerner au mieux pour l’ensemble de ces alternatives de droit privé à l’impôt, l’étendue de leur régime juridique au sens large. Mais encore, qu’ils puissent réellement apprécier les conséquences d’un tel mode de financement des investissements publics, y compris par le biais d’une analyse de leurs avantages et de leurs inconvénients notamment en comparaison avec l’impôt. / As it is becoming less and less easier for the Government or its regional authorities, due to more and more limited budgetary resources, to maintain their mission of general interest, that is to say providing and renewing public investments, our legal study proposes to provide alternatives to taxation so as to assure a private financing of public investments. In the context of an accurate analysis, taking its source from private Law, of contractual techniques of private financing of public investments. Helping public decision-makers to fully identify all the alternatives to taxation through private Law, extent of its legal regime in every sense, here is the purpose of our study. But also the possibility for them to fully understand consequences of this kind of financing of public investments, analyzing its advantages and disadvantages particularly in comparison to taxation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-DanielaMoreiraPalermo.pdf: 433629 bytes, checksum: eea66345922fae58109c07cbbb437a2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-31 / nenhum / During the last two decades, Brazil has been consistently increasing its participation in agribusiness worldwide. Currently, we re the main producer and exporter of lots of agricultural products, reason for why this sector reached prime importance in Brazilian economy. The question that drives this study is the financing need that comes along with this recent agribusiness growth. The objective here is to examine and analyze main agribusiness private financing instruments that are being currently used, with special attention to the new financing instruments regulated by Law 11.076/2004. The study starting point was the creation of Rural Credit National System, in 1965. The evolution analysis of this System during the following four decades was vital to understand agribusiness public financing situation and the arising need of new private sources of fund raising. Agribusiness financing private instruments were object of theoretical and practical analyzes, through applicable legislation and characteristics, over and above the negotiations registered in clearing and custody systems, respectively. The study allowed us to conclude that there is an explicit and unquestioned need of increasing agribusiness financing alternatives, and that new legislation was an important step toward consolidation of a new auto financing system for the participants of agribusiness chain, in order to decrease the dependence of public financing resources / Durante as duas últimas décadas, o Brasil vem aumentando consistentemente sua participação no mercado mundial do agronegócio. Atualmente, somos o principal país produtor e exportador de diversos produtos agrícolas, motivo pelo qual este setor conquistou importância primordial na economia brasileira. A questão que norteia este estudo é a necessidade de financiamento que acompanha o crescimento recente do agronegócio. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar e analisar os principais instrumentos de financiamento privado da cadeia produtiva do agronegócio que estão sendo atualmente utilizados no Brasil, com especial atenção aos novos instrumentos de financiamento, regulamentados pela Lei 11.076/2004. Para tanto, o ponto de partida deste estudo foi a criação do Sistema Nacional de Crédito Rural, em 1965. A análise da evolução deste Sistema durante as quatro décadas seguintes fez-se imprescindível para o entendimento da situação do financiamento público do agronegócio e da necessidade do surgimento de novas fontes privadas de captação. Os instrumentos privados de financiamento existentes foram objeto de análise teórica e prática, abordando a legislação e suas características, além de constatar as operações registradas nos sistemas de liquidação e custódia, respectivamente. O estudo permitiu concluir que há uma necessidade explícita e indiscutível de incrementar as alternativas de financiamento do agronegócio, e que a nova legislação foi um passo importante em direção à consolidação de um novo sistema de autofinanciamento dos participantes dessa cadeia produtiva, na tentativa de depender menos dos recursos direcionados pelo Governo