The aim of diploma thesis is to find out what are the current trends in retail market in the Czech Republic with the focus on private labels. Private labels are very common especially on the retail market of the United States of America and european retail market as well. In my thesis I concentrate especially on the distribution channels hypermarkets, supermarkets and discounter stores even though private labels are present as well in traditional trade and in retail chains specialised in drug. Private labels are present in various segments of retail, food, drug and other fast moving consumer goods. My focus is on the development of private labels in the segment of food and drug goods.

Bakgrund: De senaste 20 åren har varit händelserika år för detaljhandeln då kraftig tillväxt, tydlig expansion och en strukturomvandling har skett. Varukategorierna har växt och lågprisprodukter har tagits fram och en billighetstrend har skapats. Billighetstrenden ihop med strukturförändringarna är bidragande faktorer till framtagningen av egna märkesvaror (EMV). Till en början kopplades EMV samman med lågprisprodukter men den ständiga utvecklingen av dessa gör att kvalitetsnivån har ökat. EMV har blivit unika produkter som konsumenten bara kan hitta i kedjans butiker. Vi intresserar oss i att kolla på vad som gör att EMV köps och hur kunderna resonerar kring sina val. Forskningsfråga: Vilka faktorer förklarar kundens val av EMV? Syftet: Uppsatsens syfte är att skapa en förståelse och insikt för vilka bakomliggande faktorer som leder till att konsumenterna väljer ICAs EMV. Detta gör vi genom att förstå:Delsyfte 1: Syftet är att kartlägga vilka grundläggande faktorer som gör att kunderna väljer ICAs EMVDelsyfte 2: Syftet är att identifiera vilka funktioner ICAs olika EMV fyller vid kundens köpbeslut Metod: Vi har arbetat utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där våra primära källor var baserade på kvalitativa intervjuer med sexton personer. Utav dessa var åtta kunder och åtta från företaget ICA. Vi har även arbetat med en kvantitativ forskningsmetod för att få en bättre överblick över hur det ser ut hos fler kunder. Arbetet har präglats av en blandning mellan ett deduktiv och induktiv ansats vilket resulterar i en abduktiv ansats. Slutsatser: Vi har funnit två grundläggande och väsentliga faktorer som bidrar till att kunder väljer ICAs EMV, tilliten till ICA som varumärke samt märkeskännedom. Vi har även identifierat två viktiga funktioner som det enskilda EMV-märket uppfyller vid kundens köpbeslut. Den första funktionen är märkets roll för att underlätta beslutsprocesser vid valet av produkter, men också i valet inom en viss varukategori. En annan viktig funktion är att EMV-märket är bidragande till ett brett sortiment för ICA i sin helhet. / The purpose of this study has been to examine the underlying factors that lead to consumers’ purchase of private labels. Our aim has been to investigate what influences consumers purchase of private labels. We chose to work side by side with a company named ICA that is Sweden's largest supermarket. This company has the highest proportion of private labels in the Swedish retail market, and this is why we found it important to examine this company. Our research question for this study is as follows; What factors explain customers’ purchases of private label products? The method we used as a work process in this thesis is both a quantitative approach, as we have done a survey, as well as a qualitative approach with qualitative interviews conducted with members of the company ICA and with customers. The most vital part of this study was done by the qualitative approach, to get a deeper understanding of the subject. We have found two basic and essential factors that contribute customers to choose ICA´s private label products. The first one is customers trust in ICA as a brand and the second one is brand awareness. We have also identified two important functions that the privet label fulfill in the customer´s buying decision. The first is to facilitate customers buying decision process and the second one is to contribute to a wide range of products.

A global trend of decreased Willingness to pay(WTP) price premiums for national brands prevails.In this paper, the authors shed light on how national brands(NBs) can best defend their pricepremiums towards Private labels(PLs). This is done through studying what factors drives the WTPprice premiums for national brands and what attributes are important when consumers buy meatproducts.With inputs from the literature and conducted focus groups, a questionnaire testing our constructedhypothesis and the importance of attributes were collected from 163 respondents. A connection ismade to the theory of positioning using a customer-based brand equity concept.The results show that the WTP is driven by high perceived risk, perceived quality gap between NBsand PLs, is moderated by consumer involvement and mediated through PL experience. Swedishmeat, good animal husbandry, supporting farmers and locally produced meat were all importantattributes national brands should associate with their brands.

In a time during which the consumer has the choice of many similar products (Burnett, 2007), retailers seek business growth and competiveness, for example through the introduction of their own private label (Pepe, 2008). Thus the interest and relevance of private labels has increased in recent years (Nielsen, 2014; Gázquez-Abad et al., 2014). As studies have shown, the consumers’ perception and loyalty towards brands and private labels can vary across countries leading to the topic of the study, namely a comparison of the consumers’ loyalty and perception of private labels in Greece and Germany. Thus, the relationship between the cultures and the consumers’ behaviour is evaluated towards possible differences. Using the quantitative research approach, a self-completion questionnaire was answered by both 140 German and 140 Greek consumers. Through analysing the data, the validity of six hypotheses was measured. This way, the question regarding possible differences in consumers’ loyalty and perception of private labels in Greece and Germany could be answered. As a result to this question, the main differences refer to the Greeks’ high loyalty towards manufacturer brands and the low perceived quality of private labels in comparison with German consumers. Thus, most importantly, Greek consumers have to be convinced of the good quality of private labels in order to lower their perceived risk, try the products and be less loyal to manufacturer brands.

This submission for PhD by publication consists of a portfolio of nine peer reviewed and published papers. The research presented in the portfolio contributes to theory, knowledge and discussion in the area of retail marketing. The common theme of the papers is competition in grocery retailing, and specifically the way that retail marketing strategy and supply chain relations affects retail competition and outcomes for consumers. While the nine papers share a common approach in how grocery retailers compete through pricing and product choices along with their trading terms with suppliers, each individual paper addresses a distinctive central question: How does pricing competition change in the wake of a major merger in the retail grocery sector? How do grocery retailers respond in their pricing, promotion and advertising to the onset of a macro-economic crisis? Do grocery retailers encourage excessive consumption of alcohol by under-shifting excise duty increases on cheap alcohol? Why do retailers use value size pricing and offer bargain prices on jumbo-sized sugary drinks that encourages harmful excessive consumption? Is retail buyer power over suppliers detrimental to competition? In what circumstances might the development and promotion of brands and private labels be deleterious to consumers interests? How should competition authorities and practitioners assess the extent of competition between brands and private labels? How can the development of copycat private labels directly mimicking leading brands result in higher overall prices for consumers? Do retailers manipulate grocery prices to favour private labels over brands? Beyond their academic research contribution, the findings and insights provided in the papers both individually and collectively have relevance to retailers, suppliers, consumers, regulators and policymakers in desiring to see an efficient, well-functioning and dynamic grocery retail sector.

Práce přináší ucelený pohled na problematiku privátních značek. Poukazuje na trendy v oblasti maloobchodních značek ve světě a Evropě, podrobně analyzuje nabídku a vývoj privátních značek na českém trhu. Hodnotí tyto značky z hlediska objemu prodejů, výrobkových kategorií, jakostních a cenových pater, strategií obchodníků a prodejních kanálů s důrazem na diskontní prodejny. Je uveden přehled nabídky privátních značek největších maloobchodních společností působících na českém trhu. Dále se práce věnuje spotřebitelskému chování a pohledu českých zákazníků na privátní značky. Na základě průzkumů zákaznického chování jsou popsány současné postoje, zkušenosti, očekávání a celkový přístup zákazníků k vlastním značkám, jsou zkoumány motivy nákupu a frekvence nákupu, názory na kvalitu, cenu, šíři nabídky, obaly vlastních značek, propagaci apod. V poslední části práce jsou vyhodnocena dvě dotazníková šetření zaměřená na privátní značky provedená v letech 2005 a 2008 v řetězcích Ahold a Tesco.

Empresas multinacionais têm se deparado com a necessidade de adotar práticas sustentáveis, ocorrendo o mesmo com grandes redes varejistas. Estas empresas, assim como toda sua rede de fornecimento, devem estar em sintonia com a responsabilidade social e ambiental. Os produtos marcas próprias, sendo de responsabilidade dos varejistas, poderiam se adequar aos padrões sustentáveis. Esta pesquisa contribui com a literatura do varejo, pois há poucos estudos envolvendo marcas próprias e seus aspectos socioambientais. Tem como objetivo investigar como e quais são os aspectos socioambientais contemplados pelo varejo em relação aos fornecedores de marcas próprias. Mais que isso, pretende entender quais certificações e indicadores são utilizados para assegurar se os padrões sustentáveis têm sido respeitados. Para isso, o método de pesquisa adotado foi o qualitativo, tendo como forma de coleta de dados entrevistas semiestruturadas com os três principais varejistas do Brasil, três fornecedores de marcas próprias e a Abmapro, além de consulta a documentos. A análise dos dados foi feita com a técnica de análise de conteúdo, sendo os dados agrupados em categorias temáticas. Como resultado, foi possível encontrar que as certificações BRC e FSC estão presentes nos contratos entre varejistas e fornecedores de marcas próprias. E que a verificação do cumprimento desses quesitos é realizada por empresas terceirizadas (SGS e Bureau Veritas) que auditam os fornecedores periodicamente. / Multinational companies are facing the necessity of adopting sustainable practices. The big retailers suffer with the same problem. They, besides of all supply network must be tuned with social and environmental sustainability. The private label products, which are by retailer\'s responsibility, could fit with the sustainable patterns. This research contributes with the retail literature, because there are no many papers about private label and environmental and social sustainability thematic. The objective is to investigate how and which environmental and social criteria are important are important for retailer in relation with private label products supplier\'s - is innovator. Besides this, this research intends to comprehend what are the certifications and indicators that are used to assure if sustainable patterns have been followed. For this, the adopted research method is qualitative study, and collecting data are semi-structured interviews with the three main retailers of Brazil, three private label product supplier\'s and Abmapro, besides document consulting. The data analyses are done with content analyses technique, being the data grouped into thematic categories. As a result, it was possible to identify that BRC and FSC certifications are in the contract between retailers and private label supplier\'s. And that accomplish of these requirements is done outside enterprises (by SGS and Bureau Veritas) that inspect often suppliers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Aparecida de Sousa Almeida.pdf: 2102518 bytes, checksum: 2e2f7f67f44aac5569d3ba93996563f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-11 / Retail is considered one of the main econimic forces in Brazil, responsible for more than 10% of Brazilian GDP. Along with social, cultural, economic and technological changes happened over the last years, the retail sector has suffered significant changes and the companies in this segment are still adapting themselves to new demands of marketing and consumers, and also to an even more competitive scenario that has required from the players to develop strategies to stand up to competitors. In the retail, specially the supermarkets, one of these strategies is to introduce private label products into their businesses, although the branding process of these kind of brands or supermarkets corporate brands are new, even regarding to the relevance of the subject that is growing over the years on academic and marketing studies. Despite in Brazil private labels detain lower share rates than European countries 7% against 46% in Switzerland, these brands products consumption are gradually growing as well as its consumer s approval. It means there is potential to its development and the supermarket trade has invested over and over in these products and branding improvement, what motivates this study structured to identify and analyze the building process and management of private labels in this market segment. In order to achieve the present objective it was decided by case study method analyzing the Grupo Pão de Açúcar private labels, making use as concept basis the brand leadership model proposed by authors David A. Aaker and Erich Joachimsthaler. The study showed the process adopted by the Company in private labels building and management converging mostly to the proposed practices suggested by the referential model, and that these brands have strategic role to the organization considering the constants initiatives performed by Grupo Pão de Açúcar / O varejo, considerado umas principais forças econômicas do Brasil, é responsável por mais de 10% do PIB do país. Com as mudanças sociais, culturais, econômicas e tecnológicas ocorridas nos últimos anos, esse setor sofreu grandes transformações. As empresas inseridas nesse segmento precisam constantemente se adaptar às novas demandas do mercado e dos consumidores e a um cenário cada vez mais competitivo, que exige dos seus players o desenvolvimento de estratégias para enfrentar a concorrência. No varejo, principalmente o supermercadista, uma dessas estratégias é a introdução de produtos marcas próprias. No entanto, as práticas de gestão dessas marcas ou ainda das marcas das redes supermercadistas são recentes, mesmo com a relevância que o tema branding ganhou nos estudos acadêmicos e mercadológicos nos últimos anos. Apesar de no Brasil as marcas próprias deterem índices de participação muito inferiores em relação aos países europeus 7% contra 46% da Suíça -, o consumo dos produtos dessas marcas tem aumentado gradativamente, bem como a sua aceitação pelos consumidores. Assim, há potencial para seu desenvolvimento. O grande varejo supermercadista tem investido cada vez mais na melhoria da qualidade desses produtos e no branding de suas marcas, o que motiva a realização deste estudo, que tem como objetivo identificar e analisar o processo de construção e gestão das marcas próprias nesse segmento de mercado. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, decidiu-se pelo método de estudo de caso, com a análise das marcas próprias do Grupo Pão de Açúcar. Adotou-se como base teórica para este estudo o modelo de liderança de marca , proposto pelos autores David A. Aaker e Erich Joachimsthaler. O estudo permitiu concluir que os processos adotados pela empresa na construção e gestão de suas marcas próprias convergem, em sua maioria, com as práticas propostas pelo modelo utilizado como referencial e que elas possuem um papel estratégico pelas constantes iniciativas realizadas pelo Grupo Pão de Açúcar

The main aim of my graduation thesis is to analyse current situation of private labels in the czech market and to propose possible improvements. In the theoretical part I introduce labels in general, historical facts and modern trends. Then I concentrate on private labels and explain their meaning. In the methodical part I start with analyzing a supply of retail chains in the czech market and then I focus on a private label policy of a particular retail chain. Subsequently I present results of two researches and suggest enhancement for retail chains to improve their strategies for the future.

<p>Bakgrund</p><p>Detaljisterna på den svenska livsmedelsmarknaden har bland annat genom koncentration fått ökad makt gentemot leverantörer. Då de tre största detaljisterna står för 87 % av marknaden är det av betydelse för leverantörerna att få sälja till dessa detaljister. Detaljisterna säljer inte bara leverantörernas produkter utan även egna märkesvaror. Detta leder till att leverantörens kund, detaljisten, även är deras konkurrent.</p><p>Genomförande</p><p>Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ studie för att undersöka hur leverantörerna kan konkurrera med de egna märkesvarorna. Vår empiri är grundad på intervjuer med åtta leverantörer och två detaljister. Vidare har vi genomfört tre fokusgrupper med totalt tolv konsumenter.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Leverantörerna måste göra sig attraktiv för både detaljister och konsumenter. Genom att driva produktkategorin kan detaljisten göra sig attraktiv för detaljisten då försäljningen av de egna märkesvarorna ökar om produktkategorin växer. Produktutveckling och reklam är två sätt att driva en produktkategori. Konsumentens krav på leverantörernas produkter är att de skall hålla högre kvalitet varför det är viktigt för leverantörerna att ta hänsyn till detta. Eftersom detaljisterna har stor makt är det viktigt för leverantörerna att minska beroendet till dessa. Detta kan uppnås genom att leverantörerna ingår i koncerner. Då minskar beroendet av ett enskilt varumärke. Leverantörerna kan även sprida sina risker genom att sälja till olika marknader, så som restauranger och storkök samt till andra nationella marknader.</p> / <p>Background</p><p>The retailer in the Swedish grocery market has increased their power throw concentration. The three largest retailers have a market share of 87 %, and for the suppliers it is important to sell to these retailers. The retailers doesn’t only sell the suppliers products, they also sell their own private labels. This means that the suppliers’ costumer, the retailer, also is their competitor.</p><p>Execution</p><p>This study is conducted as a qualitative study to examine how the suppliers can manage the competition from the private labels. Our empirical data is collected throw interviews with eight suppliers and two retailers. Three focus groups with a total of twelve consumers have also been made.</p><p>Results</p><p>The suppliers have to satisfy both consumers and the retailers. By research and development the supplier satisfy the retailer because the public labels sales increase as the product category increases. Advertising is another way to increase the sales of the product category. The consumers’ demand of the suppliers’ products is that they should have superior quality. This aspect is important for the supplier to have in mind. Though the retailers’ has a great power, suppliers must the decrease the dependence to the retailer. This can be accomplished throw selling to different markets, such as restaurants and other national markets. The suppliers can also join a group of other suppliers, and the effect will be that the dependence of a single brand decreases.</p>