O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência dos parâmetros tecnológicos do processo de secagem por aspersão sobre as características do produto obtido a partir de extrato seco de Maytenus ilicifolia. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, utilizado um desenho experimental fatorial, analisando quatro parâmetros: a concentração de dióxido de silício coloidal (10 e 30 %), o tempo de dispersão em meio líquido das matérias-primas (0,5 e 4 horas), a temperatura de entrada do ar de secagem na torre de aspersão (150 e 180 ºC), e a velocidade de rotação do disco aspersor (9.500 e 11.000 rpm). O teor de umidade residual, a morfologia, a distribuição granulométrica e o fluxo dos pós obtidos, assim como o rendimento do processo e a concentração do marcador catequina foram considerados como respostas ao desenho fatorial. O aumento da temperatura de entrada conduziu a produtos com umidade reduzida e a maior eficiência do processo. A concentração do dióxido de silício coloidal afetou principalmente as propriedades de fluxo e o teor de catequina nos pós produzidos. A maior velocidade de rotação influenciou de modo positivo somente sobre o rendimento do processo. / The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of technological parameters related to the spray drying process over the product obtained from a Maytenus ilicifolia spray dried extract. Therefore, an exploratory study was carried out using an experimental factorial design assessing four parameters: colloidal silicon dioxide concentration (10 – 30 %), dispersion time of the feed material (0.5 – 4 h), air inlet temperature in the spray dryer (150 – 180 ºC), and atomizer speed (9,500 – 11,000 rpm). According to an experimental factorial design four parameters were assessed: colloidal silicon dioxide concentration (10 – 30 %), mixing time (0.5 – 4 h), inlet temperature (150 – 180 ºC), and atomizer speed (9,500 – 11,000 rpm). Moisture content, morphology, particle size, flow, process yield and catechin concentration were considered as responses of the factorial design. Increasing inlet temperature led to dried products with reduced moisture content and higher process yield. Aerosil content mainly affected flow properties and catechin content in the powders. Atomizer speed at high level only enhanced process yield.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência dos parâmetros tecnológicos do processo de secagem por aspersão sobre as características do produto obtido a partir de extrato seco de Maytenus ilicifolia. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, utilizado um desenho experimental fatorial, analisando quatro parâmetros: a concentração de dióxido de silício coloidal (10 e 30 %), o tempo de dispersão em meio líquido das matérias-primas (0,5 e 4 horas), a temperatura de entrada do ar de secagem na torre de aspersão (150 e 180 ºC), e a velocidade de rotação do disco aspersor (9.500 e 11.000 rpm). O teor de umidade residual, a morfologia, a distribuição granulométrica e o fluxo dos pós obtidos, assim como o rendimento do processo e a concentração do marcador catequina foram considerados como respostas ao desenho fatorial. O aumento da temperatura de entrada conduziu a produtos com umidade reduzida e a maior eficiência do processo. A concentração do dióxido de silício coloidal afetou principalmente as propriedades de fluxo e o teor de catequina nos pós produzidos. A maior velocidade de rotação influenciou de modo positivo somente sobre o rendimento do processo. / The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of technological parameters related to the spray drying process over the product obtained from a Maytenus ilicifolia spray dried extract. Therefore, an exploratory study was carried out using an experimental factorial design assessing four parameters: colloidal silicon dioxide concentration (10 – 30 %), dispersion time of the feed material (0.5 – 4 h), air inlet temperature in the spray dryer (150 – 180 ºC), and atomizer speed (9,500 – 11,000 rpm). According to an experimental factorial design four parameters were assessed: colloidal silicon dioxide concentration (10 – 30 %), mixing time (0.5 – 4 h), inlet temperature (150 – 180 ºC), and atomizer speed (9,500 – 11,000 rpm). Moisture content, morphology, particle size, flow, process yield and catechin concentration were considered as responses of the factorial design. Increasing inlet temperature led to dried products with reduced moisture content and higher process yield. Aerosil content mainly affected flow properties and catechin content in the powders. Atomizer speed at high level only enhanced process yield.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência dos parâmetros tecnológicos do processo de secagem por aspersão sobre as características do produto obtido a partir de extrato seco de Maytenus ilicifolia. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo exploratório, utilizado um desenho experimental fatorial, analisando quatro parâmetros: a concentração de dióxido de silício coloidal (10 e 30 %), o tempo de dispersão em meio líquido das matérias-primas (0,5 e 4 horas), a temperatura de entrada do ar de secagem na torre de aspersão (150 e 180 ºC), e a velocidade de rotação do disco aspersor (9.500 e 11.000 rpm). O teor de umidade residual, a morfologia, a distribuição granulométrica e o fluxo dos pós obtidos, assim como o rendimento do processo e a concentração do marcador catequina foram considerados como respostas ao desenho fatorial. O aumento da temperatura de entrada conduziu a produtos com umidade reduzida e a maior eficiência do processo. A concentração do dióxido de silício coloidal afetou principalmente as propriedades de fluxo e o teor de catequina nos pós produzidos. A maior velocidade de rotação influenciou de modo positivo somente sobre o rendimento do processo. / The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of technological parameters related to the spray drying process over the product obtained from a Maytenus ilicifolia spray dried extract. Therefore, an exploratory study was carried out using an experimental factorial design assessing four parameters: colloidal silicon dioxide concentration (10 – 30 %), dispersion time of the feed material (0.5 – 4 h), air inlet temperature in the spray dryer (150 – 180 ºC), and atomizer speed (9,500 – 11,000 rpm). According to an experimental factorial design four parameters were assessed: colloidal silicon dioxide concentration (10 – 30 %), mixing time (0.5 – 4 h), inlet temperature (150 – 180 ºC), and atomizer speed (9,500 – 11,000 rpm). Moisture content, morphology, particle size, flow, process yield and catechin concentration were considered as responses of the factorial design. Increasing inlet temperature led to dried products with reduced moisture content and higher process yield. Aerosil content mainly affected flow properties and catechin content in the powders. Atomizer speed at high level only enhanced process yield.

<p>Kroz istraživanja je postavljen i razvijen kompleksan model sistema<br />identifikacije procesnih parametara štampe na osnovama<br />savremenih programskih sistema i alata koji omogućuju značajno<br />ubrzanje procesa dolaska do rešenja čime su se unapredili grafički<br />proizvodni procesi i procesi sticanja i proširivanja znanja. Model<br />je baziran na integrativnim modulima koga čine, sistem<br />identifikacije procesnih parametara štampe na osnovi sistema<br />zasnovanih na algoritamskoj programskoj strukturi, sistem<br />identifikacije procesnih parametara štampe na osnovi sistema<br />zasnovanih na principima gradnje ekspernih sistema i sistem<br />identifikacije procesnih parametara štampe na osnovi sistema<br />zasnovanih na učenju na daljinu.</p> / <p>The complex model of the printing processing parameter identification<br />system is set and developed through research on the basis of modern<br />software systems and tools that enable you to significantly speed up the<br />process reaching solutions which have improved graphics production<br />processes and the processes of acquiring and expanding knowledge. The<br />model is based on the integration modules, which consist the printing<br />processing parameter identification system based on algorithmic structure,<br />the printing processing parameter identification system based on the<br />construction principles of expert systems and the printing processing<br />parameter identification system based on distance learning principles.</p>

Dans la Fabrication Additive (FA), les objets en trois dimensions sont créés couche par couche en joignant chaque couche à la précédente. Pour les pièces métalliques, il existe trois méthodes principales : le lit de poudre, le dépôt de poudre et le dépôt de fil. Ce dernier utilise de manière optimale le matériau contrairement aux autres procédés, ce qui le rend très intéressant industriellement. En effet, avec la poudre, le rapport entre la poudre utilisée et la poudre fondue n’est pas égal à un, en opposition à l’utilisation de fil. Afin de garantir la bonne fusion du métal, plusieurs méthodes existent déjà, notamment l’utilisation de lasers ou d’arcs électriques. Ce manuscrit présente une nouvelle approche de dépôt de fil utilisant l’énergie inductive pour les applications de fabrication additive (WIAM). Cette approche ne fait pas appel à un stockage du matériau fondu. Au lieu de cela, la pointe d’un fil métallique est fondue par un système de chauffage par induction. L’énergie inductive est également utilisée pour obtenir un gradient thermique optimal entre l’extrémité du fil et le substrat ou la couche précédente. Les travaux de thèse concernent le développement de cette approche par un modèle numérique et sa validation expérimentale. Il est montré que le système de chauffage par induction est capable de faire fondre la pointe du fil et de chauffer le substrat pour créer un dépôt approprié. La microstructure après dépôt de fabrication additive pour un matériau en acier inoxydable a été étudiée. Ces résultats ont été comparés avec la méthode WAM. On montre que le système de chauffage par induction donne une microstructure à très faible porosité et une microstructure sans changement soudain de composition. Ces résultats préliminaires indiquent que la fabrication additive par fil métallique avec induction (WIAM) est susceptible de constituer un processus approprié pour la FA, mais qu’elle doit encore être développée. / In Additive Manufacturing (AM), three dimensionalobjects are built layer by layer by joining each layer to the previous one. For metal parts, there are three main methods: powder bed, powder depositionand wire deposition. This latter makes optimal use of the material in contrast to other processes, which makes it very interesting industrially. Indeed, with powder,the ratio between powder used and powder meltedis not equal to one, in opposition of the use of wire. In order to ensure the proper melting of the metal, several methods already exist, including the use of lasers or electric arc. This manuscript presents a novel approach of wire deposition using inductive energy for additive manufacturing applications (WIAM). This approach does not make use of a storage of the molten material. Instead, the tip of a metal wire is melted by an induction heating system. Inductive energy is also used to obtain an optimal thermal gradient between the tip of the wire and the substrate or previous layer. Thesis work concerns the development of this approach by a numerical model, and its experimental validation. It shows that the induction heating system is able to melt the tip of the wire and heat the substrate to create suitable deposition. The microstructure of additive manufacturing stainless steel has been studied. These results have been compared with WAM method. It is shown that the induction heating system gives a microstructure with very low porosities and a microstructure without a sudden change of composition. These preliminary results indicate that Wire Induction Additive Manufacturing (WIAM) is likely to a suitable process for AM but it still needs to be developed.

The surface quality is identified by surface roughness parameters. The average surface roughness (Ra) is used in this study, as it is the most commonly used roughness parameter in the industry. A particular curved cavity of a forging die is selected for the experimental study. Different milling methods are tested. The comparison studies are conducted between 3-axes and 5-axes milling, linear and circular tool path strategies and down and up milling. According to the experimental study, appropriate method is determined for the milling of a particular curved cavity of a forging die. The experimental analysis based on design of experiments (DOE) has been employed by considering cutting speed, feed per tooth and stepover parameters. Multiple linear regression technique is used by which a mathematical formula has been developed to predict the Ra values for milling parameters. The results of the mathematical formula are controlled by conducting test experiments and good correlations are observed between the results of the formula and the results of test experiments.

Biomass and biomass-derived waste are important renewable energy sources which plays a vital role in greenhouse gas reduction from fossil fuel.  Biomass can be degraded in a process known as anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide which is utilized as a renewable source of energy. This project was based on the investigation of AD process in Nordvästra Skånes Renhållnings AB (NSR) a biogas facility in Helsingborg Sweden. A lab simulation of NSR digesters was conducted to evaluate the effects of swine manure on AD using two continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) R1 (control) and R2 with a working volume of 4L for 21 weeks. The study was divided into 4 periods and the investigation was carried out by increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) step wise from 2.5 to 3.6 gVSL-1day-1. To assess the effects of swine manure, the performance and stability of the reactors were monitored by collecting data from process parameters. These process parameters included biogas production, pH, volatile fatty acids, methane yield, methane content and organic solids (total and volatile solids). Increase in OLR resulted in increase biogas production in both reactors, however R2 with additional swine manure (15%) produced more biogas than R1. Methane yield was fairly stable during the experiment and had a similar trend in both reactors, but however R2 had a slightly higher average yield (730±60 mLCH4 gVS-1) than R1 (690±60 mLCH4 gVS-1) during the entire experiment. Increase OLR resulted in increase VFA in period 2; R2 with additional swine manure had a lower peak VFA concentration of 25 mM as compared to 33mM in R1.  The characteristics of NSR substrate mix and swine manure provided a good buffering system (stable pH), and reactors were still running stably at 3.6 gVSL-1day-1. Furthermore swine manure was investigated to contain macro-nutrients and trace metals which might have enhanced the AD process in R2 containing more Co, Zn, Ni and Mo than R1. Since this investigation was a simulation, the waste mix used at NSR contained 7% swine manure, this made it difficult to give clearer conclusions about the effects of co-digestion of swine manure on the biogas process since the control (R1) had 7% swine manure. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, co-digestion, swine manure, substrate mix, organic loading rate, biogas production, methane yield, VFA, process parameters, CSTR.

The work deals with the analysis of the influence of process parameters, material factor and tools power effect to compliance with the limit shape tolerances of specified parts of bending tubes by method of wrapping. Their evaluation using statistics and the resulting recommendations for process optimization.

L’allégement des véhicules est un objectif incontournable dans l’industrie automobile. Parmi les voies exploitées par les constructeurs, le déploiement d’alliages d’aluminium pour le pavillon permet un allégement de plusieurs kilogrammes. C’est pourquoi, le procédé de soudo-brasage laser occupe une place de choix pour l’assemblage hétérogène pavillon aluminium/caisse acier. Cependant, en plus des problèmes liés à l’hétérogénéité du joint soudé (formation de composés intermétalliques par exemple), des difficultés inhérentes à la production en grande série émergent : un environnement avec de fortes contraintes industrielles, un niveau de conformité élevé et robuste ainsi qu’une cadence de production imposant des grandes vitesses de soudo-brasage comprises entre 4 et 6 m/min et adaptée à des configurations exploitables industriellement. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de conduire une analyse physique et technologique du process de soudo-brasage laser pour un assemblage hétérogène allégé pavillon/caisse. Dans un premier temps, un ensemble d’hypothèses sur l’influence de la physique du procédé, des variables process et de l’environnement d’étude sur la conformité et la reproductibilité de ces assemblages furent établies. Leur validation ensuite a été réalisée par des essais à l’échelle 1 sur une installation laser de production industrielle, prolongée par des analyses de la métallurgie et de la microstructure des assemblages ainsi que d’une simulation numérique du procédé. La physique du procédé en lien avec les paramètres du process de soudo-brasage laser acier/aluminium à haute vitesse a été identifiée. Les variables énergétiques ont montrées un fort impact sur le niveau de conformité atteint ainsi que sur la dispersion des résultats. Celles-ci tendent à influencer fortement les phénomènes physiques mises en jeu et notamment la thermique à l’interface acier/aluminium, impactant directement la formation des composés intermétalliques et leurs microstructures. Différentes tailles de grains ont été observés en fonction des paramètres process, contrôlant ainsi la tenue mécanique des assemblages soudo-brasés. La modulation in fine du cycle thermique de soudo-brasage, piloté par la physique activée du process, permet de discriminer les configurations les plus optimales pour une application industrielle du procédé. / Weight reduction of vehicles is a key objective in the automotive industry. Particularly, the use of aluminum alloys for the roof is one of the most promising path studied by manufacturers to save several kilograms. Therefore, the laser brazing process has a place of choice for assembling heterogeneous aluminum roof / steel body-side. However, in addition to issues related to the heterogeneity of the welded joint (formation of intermetallic compounds, for example), issues related to the mass production emerge: an environment with strong industrial constraints, high and robust levels of compliance, a production rate involving high brazing speeds between 4 and 6 m / min and fitting with industrial configurations. The objective of this thesis is to conduct a physical and technological analysis of laser brazing process in the case of a heterogeneous lightweight roof / body-side assembly. Firstly, a set of assumptions about the influence of the physical process, the process variables and the industrial environment on the compliance and the reproducibility of these assemblies are made. Then, validation was conducted by tests at scale 1 on a laser industrial production set-up, extended by analysis of metallurgy and microstructure of assemblies and a numerical simulation of the process. The link between the physical phenomena of the process and the high speed steel-aluminium brazing process parameters has been identified. Energy variables showed a strong impact on the level of compliance achieved and on the dispersion of results. These variables tend to strongly influence the physical phenomena of the process and especially thermal behaviors at the steel / aluminum interface, directly impacting the formation of intermetallic compounds and their microstructures. Different grain sizes were observed depending on the process parameters, influencing hence the mechanical strength of assemblies. Finally, the modulation of the brazing thermal cycle, driven by the activated physical phenomenon of the process, allows bringing out the most optimal configuration for an industrial application of the process.

Theoretical part of this thesis includes overview of laser welding technology and possible combinations with arc welding methods for meeting desired properties of the weld. It also explains mechanical testing and metallographic examination on welds. The experimental part deals with optimisation of process parameters during welding of martensitic stainless steel, used in energetic industry using hybrid laser - TIG technology in regard of mechanical properties of the weld, its structure and proposal of technological parameters.