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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A espÃcie Ipomoea batatas, pertencente à famÃlia Convolvulaceae e popularmente conhecida como batata-doce, batata, camote, boniato, apichu e kumara à uma planta tuberosa de folhas longas e caule que atinge atà 3 metros de comprimento sendo cultivada em todo Brasil devido a sua ampla capacidade de adaptaÃÃo. Diversos trabalhos encontrados na literatura envolvendo o isolamento de substÃncias da batata-doce (BD) descreveram a presenÃa de compostos com atividades biolÃgicas e farmacolÃgicas em sua composiÃÃo, destacando-se as cumarinas esculetina, umbeliferona e escopoletina, com propriedades anticoagulantes e inibitÃrias da replicaÃÃo do HIV. AlÃm desses, sÃo reportadas tambÃm a presenÃa de antocianinas, Ãcidos clorogÃnicos, entre outros. O uso do complexo enzimÃtico de BD como catalisador biolÃgico tambÃm à descrito na literatura sendo observada uma relaÃÃo direta do produto obtido com o meio em que a reaÃÃo ocorre na biorreduÃÃo de cetonas prÃ-quirais. Essa relaÃÃo que despertou o interesse no estudo da espÃcie como biocatalisador em reaÃÃes orgÃnicas, principal objetivo do presente trabalho. Inicialmente, foram avaliadas a capacidade biocatalÃtica de BD e a influÃncia de fatores como: quantidade de biocatalisador, quantidade de substrato, presenÃa de co-solvente, meio tamponante e presenÃa de polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) em reaÃÃes de reduÃÃo da acetofenona 1 obtendo-se um excesso dos Ãlcoois (R)-1-feniletanol nas reaÃÃes em meio aquoso ou tamponante com bioconversÃo variando entre 3,5 â 98,3 % e excesso enantiomÃrico (ee) entre 21,2 â 80,0 % e inversÃo na configuraÃÃo obtendo-se (S)-1-feniletanol como produto majoritÃrio nas reaÃÃes com co-solvente ou PVP com valores de conversÃo variando de 1,0 â 82,8 % e ee entre 11,6 â 96,7 %. As avaliaÃÃes estenderam-se ao uso de substratos derivados de 1 onde observou-se uma tendÃncia dessa inversÃo na configuraÃÃo do produto majoritÃrio nas reaÃÃes onde utilizou-se apenas Ãgua no meio e nas reaÃÃes onde adicionou-se PVP, mais acentuada nos compostos p-substituÃdos, seguida dos m-substituÃdos e o-substituÃdos. Posteriormente, foram utilizados substratos como cetonas alifÃticas, aldeÃdos e nitrocompostos avaliando a influÃncia da presenÃa de PVP no meio reacional com conversÃes variando de 3,0 â 100,0 %. ReaÃÃes de hidrÃlise de Ãsteres biocatalisadas por BD com e sem PVP tambÃm foram realizadas. Os valores de conversÃo e excesso enantiomÃrico dos produtos prÃ-quirais foram analisados por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE) e cromatografia gasosa com espectrÃmetro de massas (CG-EM). / Ipomoea batatas specie, belongs to the family Convolvulaceae and popularly known as sweet potato, potato, camote, boniato, apichu and kumara is a tuberous plant of long leaves and stems that reach up to 3 meters long been cultivated throughout Brazil due to its wide adaptability. Several studies in the literature involving the isolation of substances from sweet potato (BD) described the presence of compounds with biological and pharmacological activities in its composition, highlighting the coumarins esculetin, umbelliferone and scopoletin with anticoagulant properties and inhibitory replication HIV. In addition to these, are also reported the presence of anthocyanins, chlorogenic acids, among others. The use of BD as enzyme complex biological catalyst is also described in the literature was observed a direct correlation product obtained with the medium wherein the reaction occurs in the bioreduction of prochiral ketones. This relationship that sparked interest in the study of the species as biocatalyst in organic reactions, main objective of the present work. Initially, we evaluated the ability of biocatalytic BD and the influence of factors such as the amount of biocatalyst, amount of substrate, co-solvent, buffer means and the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in reactions of reduction of acetophenone first obtaining an excess the alcohols (R)-1-phenylethanol in reactions in aqueous buffer with or bioconversion range from 3.5 to 98.3% enantiomeric excess (ee) between 21.2 to 80.0% and inversion of configuration to yield (S)-1-phenylethanol as the major product in reactions with co-solvent or PVP conversion values ranging from 1.0 to 82.8% ee and from 11.6 to 96.7%. The evaluations were extended to the use of derivatives substrate 1 where there was a trend reversal in this configuration major product in reactions where only water was used and reactions among which PVP was added, the sharper the compounds p- substituted, then the msubstituted and o-substituted. Subsequently, they were used as substrates aliphatic ketones, aldehydes and nitro evaluating the influence of the presence of PVP in the reaction with conversions ranging from 3.0 to 100.0%. The hydrolysis of esters by BD biocatalisadas with and without PVP were also performed. The values of conversion and enantiomeric excess of the pro-chiral products were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continue to pose a health concern because of their predominance in the diet and air as well as in environmental samples and humans. PCB congeners with 3 or 4 chlorine substituents in ortho position have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) of these PCBs are also potentially toxic to the developing brain. Metabolism studies have mainly focused on animal models. However, preliminary data from this dissertation work have revealed PCB metabolism differences between laboratory animal models and humans in terms of metabolite profiles, chiral signatures. More concerning, biotransformation of chiral PCBs is poorly investigated in humans. The objective of this dissertation research was to study the biotransformation of chiral and prochiral PCBs to chiral hydroxylated metabolites in humans and rats and to identify individual human P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of these PCBs. I chose chiral PCB congeners 2,2',3,4',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 91); 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 95), 2,2',3,3',4,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 132) and 2,2',3,3',6,6'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 136) for this investigation because they are environmentally relevant and their metabolism has been studied in rodents and other laboratory animal species (Kania-Korwel et al., 2016a). Prochiral PCB congeners 2,2′,4,6′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 51) and 2,2′,4,5,6′-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 102) were selected because their considerable presence in technical PCB mixtures. To test the hypothesis that P450 enzyme and species differences mediate the congener-specific enantioselective metabolism of chiral PCBs to hydroxylated metabolites, I sought to establish structure-metabolism relationships by studying the enantioselective metabolism of structurally diverse chiral PCBs by human liver microsomes (HLMs). Racemic PCB 91, PCB 95 and PCB 132 were incubated in vitro with pooled or individual donor HLMs at 37 °C, and levels and chiral signatures of the parent PCB and its hydroxylated metabolites were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography equipped with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) or electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Hydroxylated metabolites formed were identified and metabolic schemes for these PCBs proposed. I found inter-individual differences in the formation of OH-PCBs by individual donor HLMs. Comparison of the metabolite profiles of PCB 91, PCB 95, PCB 132 and PCB 136 (PCB 136 metabolism by HLMs was investigated by other researchers) revealed congener-specific differences in the oxidation of PCBs by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. PCB 91 and PCB 132 were mainly hydroxylated in meta position, with the 1,2-shift metabolites being the major metabolites formed from both PCB congeners by HLMs. In contrast, PCB 95 and PCB 136 were primarily hydroxylated in the para position. Moreover, we determined human P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of neurotoxic PCBs using in silico and in vitro approaches. In silico predictions suggested that chiral PCBs are metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4. Experimentally we found that CYP2A6, CYP2B6 and to a minor extent CYP2E1 were the enzymes involved in the metabolism of these chiral PCBS. We also investigated nonchiral sources of chiral OH-PCBs by studying the P450- and species-dependent biotransformation of prochiral PCB 51 and PCB 102 to chiral OH-PCB metabolites. Prochiral PCB 51 and PCB 102 were incubated with liver microsomes prepared from male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with various inducers of P450 enzymes including phenobarbital (PB), dexamethasone (DEX), isoniazid (INH), β-naphthoflavone (BNF), clofibric acid (CFA) or corn oil (CO); and untreated male cynomolgus monkeys, Hartley albino guinea pigs, New Zealand rabbits, golden Syrian hamsters; and untreated female Beagle dogs. PCB 51 and PCB 102 were metabolized to 2,2',4,6'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-3'-ol (OH-PCB 51) and 2,2',4,5,6'-pentachlorobiphenyl-3'-ol (OH-PCB 102), respectively. The formation of both metabolites was P450 isoforms- and species-dependent. Moreover, OH-PCB 51 and OH-PCB 102 were chiral and were formed enantioselectively in all microsomes investigated. Taken together, my findings demonstrate (1) considerable inter-individual variability in the congener-specific metabolism of PCBs to OH-PCBs; (2) the enantioselective formation of OH-PCBs by human CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP2E1; and (3) that chiral PCB metabolites are formed enantioselectively from prochiral PCB congeners. Interestingly, the metabolism of PCBs by CYP2A6 appears to involve arene oxide intermediates, as suggested by the formation of 1,2-shift products as major metabolites of PCB 91 and PCB 132. In contrast, 1,2-shift products are minor PCB metabolites formed in rodents. Therefore extrapolation of hepatic metabolism across species may not be consistent and these differences should be considered in future toxicity and risk assessment studies.

Chiral amines are ubiquitous in natural products and are found in many drugs and drug candidates. Enantiopure sulfinimines [RS(O)N=CHR1] are useful chiral building blocks for the stereoselective synthesis of amines and amine derivatives. The aim of this thesis research is to develop new methods to access chiral amine building blocks for applications in the synthesis of nitrogen-heterocycles including ring-substituted tropinones, tropanes, cyclic cis-beta-amino acid derivatives, and amino-cyclopentitols. / Chemistry

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-07-27T23:03:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Iv?n Sergio Col?s Gonzalez.pdf: 1019601 bytes, checksum: a974e9e520faa565d9469e1ff902ceed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-27T23:03:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Iv?n Sergio Col?s Gonzalez.pdf: 1019601 bytes, checksum: a974e9e520faa565d9469e1ff902ceed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / In this work was investigated the biocatalytic action of fungus Periconia hispidula to perform reduction reactions of aromatic prochiral carbonyl compounds. Firstly, the influence of the reaction parameters (medium, time, amount of substrate, forms to use the biocatalyst) over the conversion rate and enantiomeric excess in the reduction of acetophenone was investigated. After the determination of the growth curve, the incubation time prior to addition of substrate, was evaluated (4 and 7 days). For 4 days of preincubation time, the best conversion rate to obtain the (S)-1-phenylethanol with e.e of 98% were achieved. Two types of biocatalysts were evaluated: growing cells and resting cells. The best results were obtained with growing cells. By comparing the results obtained from potato-dextrose (BD) culture medium and potato-dextrose (BD) supplemented with Fe 2+, BD medium supplemented with Fe 2+ (0.02 g / L) was selected. The influence of the amount of acetophenone (20 to 200 ?L) was also examined to evaluate the toxicity of the substrate. Quantities of the substrate higher than 100 ?L (0.1%) decreased also conversion rate but the enantiomeric excess. The applicability of this biocatalyst was also evaluated to reduce acetophenone derivates compounds such as 2, 3 and 4-nitroacetophenone, 2, 3 and 4-methylacetophenone? 2, 3 and 4-methoxyacetophenone, 2, 3 and 4-bromoacetophenone, 2, 3 and 4-fluoracetophenone, 2, 4-dimethylacetophenone, 2, 5-dimethylacetophenone? 4-ethylacetophenone, octanophenone, 1-indanone and 2-indanone. Chiral alcohols were obtained with conversion rates from 8% upto higher than 99% and the enantiomeric excess between 54% up to 100%, indicating that the fungus Periconia hispidula is a promising estereoselctive biocatalyst for use in processes for reducing carbonyl compounds. / Neste trabalho foi investigada a a??o biocatal?tica do fungo Periconia hispidula em rea??es de redu??o de compostos carbon?licos arom?ticos pr?-quirais. A influ?ncia de par?metros reacionais (meio, tempo, quantidade de substrato, forma de utiliza??o do biocatalisador) na convers?o e enantioseletividade da redu??o de acetofenona foi inicialmente avaliada. A partir da curva de crescimento, determinou-se o tempo de incuba??o pr?vio a adi??o de substrato (4 e 7 dias). Os melhores resultados de convers?o para a obten??o do (S)-1-feniletanol, com excesso enantiom?rico (e.e) de 98% foram atingidos ap?s quatro dias de incuba??o pr?via do micro-organismo. Duas formas de utiliza??o do biocatalisador foram avaliadas: c?lulas em crescimento e c?lulas em repouso. Os melhores resultados de convers?o foram obtidos com as c?lulas em crescimento. Pela compara??o entre meios de cultura batata-dextrose (BD) e batata-dextrose (BD) suplementado com Fe2+) selecionou-se o meio BD suplementado com Fe2+ (0,02 g/L). A influ?ncia da quantidade de acetofenona (entre 20 ?L e 200 ?L) tamb?m foi analisada com o objetivo de avaliar a toxicidade do substrato. Verificou-se que quantidades de substrato maiores a 100 uL (0,1%) levaram a queda da convers?o e da enantioseletividade. O biocatalisador tamb?m foi testado frente a 23 cetonas pr?-quirais: 2, 3 e 4-nitroacetofenona; 2, 3 e 4-metilacetofenona; 2, 3 e 4-metoxiacetofenona; 2, 3 e 4-bromoacetofenona; 2, 3 e 4-fluoracetofenona; 2,4-dimetilacetofenona; 2,5-dimetilacetofenona; 4-etilacetofenona, octanofenona, 1?indanona e 2-indanona. As convers?es dos alco?is quirais oscilaram entre 8% e 100% com excessos enantiom?ricos de 54 at? mais de 99%, demonstrando que o fungo Periconia hispidula ? um biocatalisador estereosseletivo promissor para aplica??o em processos de redu??o de compostos carbon?licos.

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