STUDENT NO: 9902414P MA HUMANITIES SCHOOL OF HUMAN AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT / ABSTRACT Rationale: In the early 1990s, the Lidcombe Programme, which is a direct, parentconducted, operant intervention programme for early childhood stuttering, was introduced to therapists. Available data in Australia suggest that the Lidcombe Programme is an effective early communication intervention as it eliminates stuttered speech in the medium and long term and is able to maintain these effects for up to seven years post-treatment (Onslow, Costa & Rue, 1990; Onslow, Andrews & Lincoln, 1994; Lincoln & Onslow, 1997; Jones, Onslow, Harris & Packman, 2000). However, despite the plethora of research in Australia, no South African research appears to have previously been conducted to establish long-term results and maintenance of fluency following the administration of this programme with young children. Purpose: The present study endeavoured to establish long-term results and maintenance of fluency using the Lidcombe Programme with children who stutter. Participants: Nine children were recruited, ranging in age from six to eleven years who had undergone therapy using the Lidcombe Programme during the previous two to six years. The parents of these children also participated in the study. Method: As part of the Lidcombe Programme, the percentage syllables stuttered (%SS) and the severity rating score (SR) were recorded at the time of the assessment and termination of therapy. The researcher evaluated each participant’s speech in two different situations using the measurements of %SS and SR and then compared these scores to the %SS and SR score recorded at the initial assessment and termination of therapy to ascertain whether each participant’s speech had improved, deteriorated or remained consistent. An interview with the child’s parents was also conducted to obtain a qualitative assessment of the parent’s views of their child’s speech since the termination of therapy. Results: The Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed a significant decrease in %SS and SR between pre-treatment scores and scores recorded at the time of the study (p = 0.00195 & p = 0.00195 respectively). Four participants’ %SS obtained at the time of the study compared to immediately after termination of therapy had increased slightly although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.4375). All parents reported that they had noted improvement in their child’s speech since the termination of therapy except for one mother who reported that her child’s speech had remained the same. Conclusions: It would seem that the Lidcombe Programme was successful with this particular group of participants as all of the children demonstrated a definite decrease in stuttering following therapy compared to pre-treatment and had maintained the levels of fluency obtained post-treatment to the time of the study. These findings have implications for early communication intervention, training of speech-language pathologists, theory and future research. KEY WORDS: stuttering, Lidcombe Programme, children, severity rating (SR) percentage syllables stuttered (%SS)

Aim: The aim of the study is to determine if the traditional services marketing mix influence the students, when selecting a university. Methodology: The work adopts a case study approach using qualitative method in the collection of data via the use of structural interviews. The sampled populations were the university’s administrations and the students. An inductive approach is applied in the data analysis. Result &amp; Conclusion: Findings from the study show that, the HE uses different marketing mix strategies in the recruitment of students. The study also found out that the marketing mix elements have a positive impact in the student’s choice of a university. The programme, Promotional mix, place, price, people and Physical Evidence are directly related to the student’s choice of the HE. Implication of the studies There are two implication of the studies, one for the university and the other for the students. It is essential for the universities to understand the needs, motive of the students, the current and future job market demands. Also, the students need to be informed about the different universities offerings coupling with the current and future job demands.   Limitations of the study: Time factor, the non-probability sampling method are some of the limitation of this study. Suggestion for future Research: The effects of University choice to the student’s satisfactions. Contribution of the Research: The research provides know-how on the HE marketing in Sweden and the student’s choice of the University. / <p>                            <strong>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</strong></p><p>The success of this research could not be accomplished without the collective effort of the department of Business and Economics studies at the University of Gavle in Sweden. Throughout my study programme, they have influenced my study life with knowledge and wisdom in the strategic business world and thus building analytic mindset with positive and critical thinking.</p><p> </p><p>Also, I extend my special thanks to <strong>Sarah Philipson</strong>, supervisor and <strong>Maria Fregidou-Malama,</strong> my examiner for their tireless efforts in guiding me to write this paper. I say thank you to my fellow students who criticized my work constructively. My special thank goes to the students and school administrators who participated in the interviews their contribution has been a great asset to this work.</p><p> </p><p>I also thank the Swedish government for providing me with a “First class” quality MBA education for tuition free.</p><p> </p><p>I will personally thank my family, both at home and abroad for their financial contribution which has permitted me to complete my studies. I also extend gratitude to my very good friend <strong>Samuel Doh Njinowoh</strong> who encouraged me to come and study at Gavle University.</p><p>Finally, I thank God the Almighty for giving me the strength so that I’m able to complete my MBA study safely.</p><p> </p> / Master Thesis

INTRODUÇÃO: Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) consiste na transferência de recursos financeiros do Governo Federal, em caráter suplementar, aos estados, Distrito Federal e municípios, para a aquisição de gêneros alimentícios destinados à merenda escolar. Em 16 de junho de 2009 foi criada a Lei 11.947 que determina a utilização de, no mínimo, 30 por cento desses na compra de produtos da agricultura familiar. A Lei é relativamente recente e, portanto, o processo de operacionalização da compra da agricultura familiar pelo PNAE encontra-se em fase de implementação, sendo que alguns municípios lograram realizar as compras diretamente dos agricultores familiares, enquanto outros ainda não. OBJETIVO: Conhecer e descrever o processo de implementação da Lei 11.947/09 e alguns fatores que se relacionaram com a compra direta da agricultura familiar para o PNAE no âmbito escolar e da gestão municipal, em uma amostra probabilística dos municípios do estado de São Paulo. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo que envolveu metodologias quantitativas para a descrição e caracterização dos municípios avaliados. Foram excluídos municípios em que a nutricionista e/ou o funcionário do departamento de compras não aceitaram participar, bem como quando o secretário municipal de educação não autorizou a pesquisa junto às escolas. A amostra final se constituiu por 25 municípios que compraram alimentos dos agricultores familiares em 2012 (Grupo A) e 13 que não o fizeram (Grupo B), totalizando 38. Foram visitadas 162 escolas. Foram entrevistados nutricionista responsável técnica pelo PNAE, funcionário do departamento de compras, autoridade escolar e merendeiras de cada escola sorteada. Para esta pesquisa foram desenvolvidos sete questionários. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Setenta e dois por cento das nutricionistas dos municípios que compraram diretamente dos AF assistiram alguma palestra de divulgação da mesma, sendo que 94,4 por cento os consideraram pertinentes, em contra posição às do Grupo B com 54 por cento e 92,3 por cento , respectivamente. Ainda no âmbito escolar, apenas 6,6 por cento das merendeiras (Grupo A) já haviam ouvido falar que os alimentos que elas produzem deveriam ser comprados de agricultores familiares, o que não foi semelhante ao Grupo B, em que 42,1 por cento das colaboradoras estava ciente da origem correta dos produtos. Todas as escolas visitadas estavam adequadas ao preconizado segundo a resolução 38 no que se tratava a servir pelo menos de três porções de frutas e hortaliças por semana. Segundo 64 por cento das nutricionistas do Grupo A, houve mudanças benéficas no cardápio, após a implementação da Lei nos municípios, dentre elas: aumento de frutas verduras e legumes; melhora de qualidade e variabilidade dos alimentos, o que os tornou mais saudáveis. Embora o Grupo B não compra alimentos da agricultura familiar, 77 por cento assinalam melhorias em relação ao cardápio após a divulgação da Lei. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que o diálogo entre os diversos atores envolvidos no processo é a via mais importante para que o processo de implementação das compras pelo PNAE seja bem sucedido. Os agricultores familiares necessitam de mais apoio e garantias para vender para as prefeituras e essa segurança pode vir através de editais de chamada pública mais simples e claros para que entendam melhor. / INTRODUCTION: National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is the transfer of funds from the Federal Government, in supplementary form to the states, Federal District and municipalities, for the purchase of food for school meals. On June 16, 2009 the Law 11.947 was created, which determines the use of a minimal of 30 per cent of this for purchase of products originating from family farms. The Law is relatively new and, therefore, the process of operationalization of purchases by the PNAE from family farms finds itselfs in the implementation stage, where some municipalities have succeeded making purchases directly from these farmers, while others have not yet done so. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to describe the factors that made possible the direct purchase from family farms by the PNAE for schools and municipal management (nutritionist and the purchasing department of municipalities) in a sample of municipalities in the state of São Paulo. METHODOLOGY: This is a descriptive study that involves quantitative methodologies to describe and characterize the municipalities evaluated regarding the process of implementation of the Law 11.947/2009. We excluded counties where the dietitian and / or the employee\'s purchasing department refused to participate, as well as the municipal secretary of education not authorized research in the schools. The final sample was constituted by 25 municipalities that bought food from family farmers in 2012 (Group A) and 13 who did not (Group B), totaling 38. 162 schools were visited. Were interviewed by the dietitian responsible Technical Program, employee of the purchasing department, school authority and cooks drawn from each school. For this research were developed seven questionnaires. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Seventy -two percent of nutritionists municipalities who bought directly from AF attended any lecture disclosure of the same, and 94.4 per cent considered them relevant, contrary to the position of Group B with 54 per cent and 92.3 per cent , respectively. Even at school , only 6.6 per cent of the cooks ( Group A) had heard that the food they produce should be bought from farmers , which was not similar to Group B , in which 42.1 per cent of the collaborators was aware of the correct source of the products. All schools visited were appropriate according to the recommended resolution 38 when it came to serve at least three servings of fruits and vegetables per week. According to 64 per cent of nutritionists in Group A, there were beneficial changes on the menu, after the implementation of the Law on municipalities, among them: increased fruit and vegetables; improves quality and variability of food, which made them healthier. Although Group B does not buy food from family farms, 77 per cent indicate improvements over the menu after the disclosure of the Law. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the dialogue between the various agents involved in the process is the most important method for the implementation of the purchasing process by the PNAE to be successful. Family farmers require more support and guarantees for selling to local governments and these may come through simpler and clearer public notices edicts that facilitate understanding.

Thesis (Master of Construction Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. / This study evaluates both the Contractor Development Programme (CDP) mentorship programme and the emerging contractors’ personal limitations in achieving a successful programme implementation. The objectives of the study were as follows: (i) to ascertain whether the perception of limitations of the mentorship programme differs in accordance with contractor’s profile; (ii) to ascertain whether there is any statistically significant difference between the profiles of contractors with regard to the perception on mentorship programme limitations; (iii) to ascertain whether the perception of limitations of the contractors’ personal limitations differs in accordance with contractor’s profile; (iv) to ascertain whether there is any statistically significant difference between the profiles of emerging contractors with regard to the perception on personal limitations. The study adopted a quantitative research method which was preceded by an exploratory study. The study targeted emerging contractors in the Western Cape. The exploratory study was undertaken at the initial stage of the study to gain more insight in terms of the impact of limited contracting opportunities for emerging contractors on the Western Cape CDP mentorship programme. The data was collected by means of conducting semi-structured interviews to purposely selected emerging contractors, and was subsequently transcribed and analysed using content analysis. With regard to the main study, the questionnaire survey with closed-ended questions was distributed to the population of 16 emerging contractors with CIDB grade 3 and 5. The descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the main study. The study has uncovered a number of gaps in terms of the implementation processes of CDP mentorship programme. In regard to the mentorship programme limitations: The findings have revealed the use of ineffective recruitment and selection methods, the lack of training projects for contractors to tender, the lack of MOUs between the banks and the Western Cape CDP to ease access to credit, the lack of continuity in terms of mentoring services, the failure to evaluate contractors when they enter the mentorship programme, failure to monitor contractors’ development during mentorship, the failure to evaluate contractors when they exit the mentorship programme. In regard to the emerging contractors’ personal limitations: The findings have discovered the lack of tendering skills among contractors, lack of skills in interpreting construction drawings, the lack of planning for construction projects, the lack of estimation, and the lack of negotiation skills with material and plant suppliers. The research concludes by recommending that the Department of Transport and Public Works should review the entire mentorship programme. This will be achieved by appointing a business development practitioner to re-design and re-structure the entire mentorship programme so that it can be able to attract and select suitable contractors while meeting the governments’ objective of developing and promoting of emerging contractors in the construction industry.

Durant ces dernières années, Il est de plus en plus compliqué d'écrire du code qui utilise une architecture au mieux de ses capacités. Certaines opérations clefs ont soit un accélérateur dédié, ou admettent une implémentation finement optimisée qui délivre les meilleurs performances. Ainsi, il est intéressant d'identifier ces opérations pendant la compilation d'un programme, et de faire appel à une implémentation optimisée.Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse au problème de détection de ces opérations. Nous proposons un procédé qui détecte des sous-calculs correspondant à des opérations d'algèbre linéaire à l'intérieur de programmes polyédriques. L'idée principale de ce procédé est de découper le programme en sous-calculs isolés, et essayer de reconnaître chaque sous-calculs comme une combinaison d'opérateurs d'algèbre linéaire.Le découpage du calcul est effectué en utilisant une transformation de programme appelée tuilage monoparamétrique. Cette transformation partitionne le calcul en tuiles dont la forme est un agrandissement paramétrique d'une tuile de taille constante. Nous montrons que le programme tuilé reste polyédrique tout en permettant une paramétrisation limitée des tailles de tuile. Les travaux précédents sur le tuilage nous forçaient à choisir l'une de ces deux propriétés.Ensuite, afin d'identifier les opérateurs, nous introduisons un algorithme de reconnaissance de template, qui est une extension d'un algorithme d'équivalence de programme. Nous proposons plusieurs extensions afin de tenir compte des propriétés sémantiques communément rencontrées en algèbre linéaire.Enfin, nous combinons les deux contributions précédentes en un procédé qui détecte les sous-calculs correspondant à des opérateurs d'algèbre linéaire. Une de ses composantes est une librairie de template, inspirée de la spécification BLAS. Nous démontrons l'efficacité de notre procédé sur plusieurs applications. / Writing a code which uses an architecture at its full capability has become an increasingly difficult problem over the last years. For some key operations, a dedicated accelerator or a finely tuned implementation exists and delivers the best performance. Thus, when compiling a code, identifying these operations and issuing calls to their high-performance implementation is attractive. In this dissertation, we focus on the problem of detection of these operations. We propose a framework which detects linear algebra subcomputations within a polyhedral program. The main idea of this framework is to partition the computation in order to isolate different subcomputations in a regular manner, then we consider each portion of the computation and try to recognize it as a combination of linear algebra operations.We perform the partitioning of the computation by using a program transformation called monoparametric tiling. This transformation partitions the computation into blocks, whose shape is some homothetic scaling of a fixed-size partitioning. We show that the tiled program remains polyhedral while allowing a limited amount of parametrization: a single size parameter. This is an improvement compared to the previous work on tiling, that forced us to choose between these two properties.Then, in order to recognize computations, we introduce a template recognition algorithm. This template recognition algorithm is built on a state-of-the-art program equivalence algorithm. We also propose several extensions in order to manage some semantic properties.Finally, we combine these two previous contributions into a framework which detects linear algebra subcomputations. A part of this framework is a library of template, based on the BLAS specification. We demonstrate our framework on several applications.

Local Economic Development (LED) is one of the primary building blocks in terms of the economic growth and development equation for the Province. The primary challenges LED has the potential to address include the following: Job creation, the building of an enabling environment that will encourage economic engagement by a larger number of local entrepreneurs, drawing together a number of critical partners and mobilising their energies and resources towards local economic growth and development, facilitating access to finance, markets, capacity building and business support services, creating the environment which will effect economic viability of local communities and their Local Authorities, linking local product development to provincial, national and international markets. There are many other fundamental challenges. The key issue though is whether people in their communities, especially rural and peripheral environments, are benefiting in real terms regarding the quality of their lives. The LED programme will also give effect to the “Growth, Employment and Redistribution: A Macro Economic Strategy” framework that outlines the strategy for rebuilding and restructuring the South African economy. The document confirms Government’s commitment: “It is Government’s conviction that we have to mobilise all our energy in a new burst of economic activity. This will need to break current constraints and catapult the economy to higher levels of growth, development and employment needed to provide a better life for all South Africans.” (1996:2)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elismara Zaias.pdf: 1620970 bytes, checksum: a4cfe960c071ccc212c4a1e8e5c356cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-11 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / This research analyses how the hospital school curriculum of the Hospital Schooling Network Service (SAREH/Paraná) is built in three public university hospitals. The aims of this work were the following: a) to understand how the hospital school curriculum is built; b) to describe the SAREH Programme; c) to identify and analyse the organisation of school curriculum in the SAREH hospitals; d) to analyse the pedagogical practices of the schools’ teachers and pedagogues at the SAREH Programme hospitals. The theoretical references for curriculum discussions consisted of ideas from Gimeno Sacristán (1998, 2000, 2002, 2007) and other authors that approach the curriculum theme, such as Coll (1995), Pacheco (2005), and Torres González (2002). Authors who have provided understanding of Hospital Pedagogy were also studied: Barros (1999), Fonseca (2003), Fontes (2003), Matos and Mugiatti (2008, 2009), Paula (2005, 2007). The research methodology was qualitative, more specifically case study, and included the following procedures: a) analysis of the Curriculum and Pedagogical Projects in the SAREH hospitals; b) observations, recorded in field notes, of the pedagogical practices developed by teachers and pedagogues; c) interviews with the person responsible for the idea of the programme and with teachers and pedagogues who take part in it. The main conclusions reached were: teachers develop a discipline-based curriculum, following the State Curriculum Guidelines of Paraná, and use particular strategies that allow them to organise and distribute curriculum contents in such a way that the curriculum is not closed or mechanical, addressing the interests and needs of the hospitalised students. It was observed that the recommendations present in the Curriculum and Pedagogical Projects of the hospitals indicate how the SAREH Programme curriculum is structured, since each teacher reconfigures the curriculum within the hospital context according to their own methodology, concepts, and professional experience. Furthermore, a major improvement could be noted in the way the teams of the SAREH hospitals have systematised the curriculum organisation according to the context. Nonetheless, it became clear that teachers and pedagogues showed the need to build a common curriculum in order to provide the programme with an identity. In that regard, it is worth pointing out the need for constant reflections and discussions on the curriculum organisation for the hospital environment. / Esta pesquisa apresenta uma análise da constituição do currículo da escola no hospital do Serviço de Atendimento à Rede de Escolarização Hospitalar (SAREH/Paraná) em três hospitais públicos universitários. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: a) compreender como se constitui o currículo da escola no hospital; b) descrever o Programa SAREH; c) identificar e analisar a organização curricular das escolas nos hospitais do SAREH; d) analisar as práticas pedagógicas dos professores e pedagogos das escolas nos hospitais do Programa SAREH. O referencial teórico utilizado para as discussões sobre currículo foram as ideias de Gimeno Sacristán (1998, 2000, 2002, 2007) e demais autores que abordam a temática curricular: Coll (1995), Pacheco (2005), Torres González (2002). Também foram utilizados autores que subsidiaram a compreensão em torno da Pedagogia Hospitalar: Barros (1999), Fonseca (2003), Fontes (2003), Matos e Mugiatti (2008, 2009), Paula (2005, 2007). A metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa foi qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, e envolveu os seguintes procedimentos: a) análise dos Projetos Pedagógicos Curriculares das escolas nos hospitais do SAREH; b) observações, com registro de anotações de campo, das práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas por professores e pedagogos; c) entrevistas com a responsável pela concepção do programa e com professores e pedagogos que fazem parte do SAREH. As principais conclusões foram: os professores desenvolvem um currículo com base disciplinar, pautado pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Estaduais do Paraná, e trabalham com estratégias diferenciadas que permitem formas de organização e distribuição dos conteúdos disciplinares que desmistificam a lógica de um currículo fechado e mecânico, atendendo aos interesses e necessidades dos sujeitos hospitalizados. Constatou-se que as recomendações presentes nos Projetos Pedagógicos Curriculares dos hospitais se configuram como indicativos da estruturação do que é o currículo do Programa SAREH, pois cada professor reconfigura o currículo no contexto hospitalar de acordo com a sua metodologia, concepções e experiência profissional. Verificou-se o grande avanço das equipes dos hospitais do SAREH em sistematizar a organização curricular em cada contexto. No entanto, foi possível evidenciar que os professores e pedagogos demonstraram a necessidade de construir um currículo comum que identifique o programa. Nessa direção, vale ressaltar a necessidade de constantes reflexões e discussões referentes à organização curricular para o espaço hospitalar.

In this thesis, I seek to analyse the reproduction of elite mobilities through participation in Study Internship Programmes (SIP) in Washington D.C. SIPs are programmes for both American as well as international students that come to Washington and participate in a programme that combines an academic track on specific topics with an internship. These programmes can be seen as exemplars of a specialised form of neoliberal education in which middle-class students attempt to acquire mobility capital in the hope of accelerating their future careers. With the help of in-depth interviews and ethnographic methods, I have gathered data about the SIPs which were analysed via textual analysis. I conducted interviews with SIP-alumni, with current SIP-students as well as stakeholders in these programmes. As a theoretical framework, I have utilised a mobilities perspective, along with ideas on individualisation and cosmopolitan capital to develop a framework for study-internship research. I argue that students go to Washington to acquire mobility and cosmopolitan capital, as this might offer a competitive edge. I explore how SIPs affect and transform its participants, their career paths and mobilities, as well as the city of Washington D.C itself as a place. My research showcases the layered identities of the participants through their mobilities, and how their mobilities are connected to the city of Washington D.C., and the key institutions involved. The research also demonstrates that SIPs are indicative of broader career patterns and mobility decision-making among young people in the West. Furthermore, my research indicates how integral the images of Washington D.C. and career-narratives are to the reproduction of elites and to Washington D.C.'s image of power for the SIP-participants to represent their success and aspirations.

A presente tese tem como temática principal a implicação das políticas compensatórias para Pessoas com Deficiência, entre as quais o Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC). Se, após avaliação social e perícia médica, essas pessoas forem avaliadas como incapacitadas para vida autônoma e para o trabalho, passam a receber do Governo Federal um benefício no valor de um salário mínimo. O problema de pesquisa que subsidia meus questionamentos foi assim definido: quais os efeitos da política de Benefício de Prestação Continuada e seus desdobramentos, como BPC escola e BPC trabalho, nos processos de escolarização, trabalho e produção de autonomia de jovens com deficiência intelectual na contemporaneidade? Para aprofundar as respostas ao problema da pesquisa, levantei as seguintes questões: como as estratégias biopolíticas de governamento da população com deficiência intelectual operam nas políticas compensatórias? Como os programas sociais para pessoas com deficiência, BPC, BPC escola e BPC trabalho, colocam em funcionamento tecnologias de in/exclusão? Como as maquinarias político-assistenciais e compensatórias estão produzindo sujeitos assistidos, mas tutelados? A partir disso, três eixos foram priorizados: família, autonomia e trabalho. No tema em questão, são visibilizadas situações em que um programa social instituído para incluir vem produzindo exclusão. Para enfrentar esse processo, são apresentadas algumas alternativas governamentais. Na linha teórica dos Estudos Culturais, de caráter qualitativo, é utilizado, como uma das ferramentas de investigação, o Grupo de Diálogo com jovens com Deficiência Intelectual que participam de um Programa de Trabalho Educativo (PTE) da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre. Esse Programa tem conseguido subjetivar alguns desses jovens através do trabalho, tornando-os mais autônomos e produtivos. Essa situação passa a contradizer os principais critérios para concessão do BPC. / At present thesis has main theme to implication compensatory policies for people with deficiency between them or installment Continued Benefit (BPC). People those that after evaluation social e evaluation medical expertise is as incapable for independent living and to work receive from the federal government a benefit the value of the minimum wage. Or that subsidizes research problem was so my questions defined: what effects installment Continued Benefit and its Continuing developments as BPC School, BPC work, in schooling processes and producing young autonomy of intellectual impairment in contemporary times ? To assist in the conduct of answers to that problem I used the following research questions problem referred to or of research: such as bio-political strategies of government gives population com intellectual impairment operate at the compensatory policies? As social programs for people with disabilities - BPC, BPC and BPC school work - put into operation in / exclusion technology? And again: How the machineries assistance and compensatory policies are producing subjects watched, but protected? Thus three areas have been prioritized in the conduct of research: family, autonomy and work. The survey makes visible situations where a social program set to include have produced exclusion and on the other hand has some alternative government built to face this process. Research in theoretical line of Cultural Studies, qualitative, used as one of the research tools Dialogue Group with young people with intellectual disabilities who participate in an educational work program – PTE the Municipal Network of Porto Alegre Education. Research shows that they have been subjectified the work, making them more autonomous and productive, contradicting the main criteria for granting of this benefit - BPC.

Aim: This thesis aims to explore and investigate the level and process of adoption of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes (ASPs) and factors influencing their implementation in Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals. The findings of this study will provide hospitals and policy makers with evidence-based recommendations on how barriers to ASPs adoption can be overcome, which will ultimately improve antimicrobial use and reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Method: A mixed method approach was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals in three Saudi hospitals to explore the enablers and barriers to their adoption of ASPs. A survey was then developed based on these findings to investigate the level of hospitals' adoption of ASPs and factors influencing their implementation at a national level. Further, a case study using in-depth interviews was utilised to understand the process of ASP adoption in a Saudi hospital, and how adoption challenges were addressed. Finally, a self-administered questionnaire was used to examine patients' knowledge and perceptions of antimicrobial use and resistance, and to evaluate the institutional role of patient education on antimicrobial use in two Saudi hospitals. The overall methodology of the research is summarised in Figure I. Results: Despite the introduction of a national ASP strategy, adoption of ASPs in Saudi MOH hospitals remains low. Organisational barriers such as the lack of senior management support, lack of supportive IT infrastructure and the shortage of ASP team members hinder hospitals' efforts to adopt ASPs. Further barriers relate to the lack of formal enforcement by MOH and the physicians fears of patients' complications and clinical liability. Patients admitted to Saudi hospitals lack knowledge and perceptions of AMR, and the adoption of ASPs may improve hospitals' role in patients' education. Conclusions: Despite the established benefits of ASPs, their adoption in Saudi MOH hospitals remains low. Urgent action is needed to address the strategies priorities associated with AMR, including access to antimicrobials, antimicrobial stewardship and education and research. Policy makers are urged to consider making ASPs adoption in hospitals a regulatory requirement supported by national guidelines and surveillance programmes. It is essential to increase the provision of ID and infection control residency and training programmes to meet the extreme shortage of ID physicians, pharmacists, microbiologists and infection control practitioners. Higher education institutions and teaching hospitals are required to introduce antimicrobial prescribing and stewardship competencies into undergraduate Medical, Pharmacy, Dental, Nursing and Veterinary curriculum, as well as introduction of AMR topics in order to increase knowledge and awareness of ASPs and AMR. Collaboration between ASPs adopting and non-adopting hospitals is essential to share implementation experience, strategies and solutions to overcome barriers. Healthcare specialised associations are needed to be part of AMR conversation and guide healthcare professionals' training and accreditation. Multiple stakeholders should be actively part of the conversations around tacking AMR. Primary care, secondary care, community pharmacies and policy makers should strive to create a shared culture of responsibility among all healthcare partners to improve antimicrobial therapy and reduce risks of AMR.