Les huiles essentielles sont des complexes naturels de molécules volatiles et odorantes, synthétisées par les plantes aromatiques. Elles possèdent des propriétés anti-infectieuses, antioxydantes, anticancéreuses.... Le présent travail a concerné l’étude des propriétés anti-oxydantes, anti-inflammatoires, anti-prolifératives et anti-migratoires des huiles essentielles de Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov., Cymbopogon citratus [DC] Stapf, Ocimum basilicum Linnæus, Ocimum americanum Linnæus, Hyptis spicigera Lamarck, Lippia multiflora Moldenk, Ageratum conyzoides Linnæus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt et Zingiber officinale Roscoe du Burkina Faso sur des lignées cellulaires LNCaP et PC-3 du cancer de la prostate et SF-767 et SF-763 de glioblastome. Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites par hydrodistillation à l’aide d’un appareil type Clevenger adapté et analysées par GC/MS et GC/FID. L’activité antioxydante a été évaluée par les méthodes DPPH et ABTS, et l’activité anti-inflammatoire par l’inhibition de la lipoxygénase. L’activité antiproliférative a été réalisée par le test MTT sur des lignées cellulaires LNCaP et PC- 3 du cancer de la prostate et des SF-767 et SF-763 du glioblastome. L’action des huiles essentielles sur la résistance à l’anoikis par la méthode Soft agar, leur action sur la migration cellulaire par le test de Scratch et leur action sur le cycle cellulaire par l’analyse des protéines par Western Blot. Les constituants majoritaires sont principalement : α-terpineol (59,78%) pour O. basilicum ; 1, 8-cineol (31,22%) pour O. americanum ; β-caryophyllene (21%) et α-pinene (20,11%) pour H. spicigera ; p-cymene (25,27%) pour L. multiflora ; precocene (82,10%) pour A. conyzoides ; eucalyptol (59,55%) pour E. camaldulensis ; arcurcumene (16,67%) et camphène (12,70%) pour Z. officinale ; géranial ou citral A (48,18%) et néral ou Citral B (34,37%) pour C. citratus ; limonène (19,33%) et mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol cis (17,34%) pour C. giganteus. Toutes les huiles ont présenté une activité antioxydante et anti-inflammatoire. C. citratus a présenté la meilleure capacité à piéger les radicaux DPPH . (%I= 67,58%) et L. multiflora la plus forte capacité à réduire les radicaux ABTS + (1,02 μmolET/g). Z. officinale a présenté la meilleure inhibition de la lipoxygénase (100% d’inhibition à 8mg/ml et 50,9% à 0,4 mg/ml). Seules les huiles essentielles de C. giganteus, C. citratus, O. basilicum, Z. officinale, L. multiflora et A. conyzoides ont présenté des propriétés antiprolifératives. C. citratus a présenté la meilleure activité antiproliférative aussi bien sur les lignées cellulaires LNCaP (IC 50 = 6,36 μg/ml) et PC-3 (IC 50 = 32,1μg/ml) du cancer de la prostate que sur celles SF-767 (IC 50 = 45,13μg/ml) et SF-763 (IC 50 = 172,05μg/ml) du glioblastome. Statistiquement, l’activité du citral sur les cellules LNCaP du cancer de la prostate est égale à celle de C. citratus et correspond au tiers de celle présentée par le cisplatine, un anticancéreux de référence utilisé dans la chimiothérapie. C. citratus et le citral induisent l’anoikis et empêchent la migration cellulaire tout comme le cisplatine. C. citratus et le citral entraînent également la répression de Rb, l’activation de p21 et de P27 du cycle. Les résultats de ces travaux montrent que les huiles essentielles de certaines plantes médicinales aromatiques du Burkina Faso ont un potentiel anti-tumoral sur les lignées cellulaires LNCaP et PC-3 du cancer de la prostate, et les lignées cellulaires SF-767 et SF-763 de glioblastome. / Essential oils are natural complex of volatile and odorous molecules, synthesized by aromatic plants. They have anti-infective, antioxidant, anticancer properties... The present work concerned the chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer propertiesof essential oils of Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov., Cymbopogon citratus [DC] Stapf, Ocimum basilicum Linnæus, Ocimum americanum Linnæus, Hyptis spicigera Lamarck, Lippia multiflora Moldenk, Ageratum conyzoides Linnæus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt and Zingiber officinale Roscoe of Burkina Faso. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus adapted and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods, and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of lipoxygenase. The antiproliferative activity was performed by the MTT assay on LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines of prostate cancer and SF-767 and SF-763 cell lines of glioblastoma. The action of essential oils on the resistance to anoikis through by soft agar method, their effect on cell migration by Scratch test and their action on the cell cycle by protein analysis by Western Blot. The major constituents are mainly: α-terpineol (59.78%) for O. basilicum ; 1, 8-cineol (31.22%) for O. americanum ; β-caryophyllene (21%) and α-pinene (20.11%) for H. spicigera ; p-cymene (25.27%) for L. multiflora ; precocene (82.10%) for A. conyzoides ; eucalyptol (59,55%) for E. camaldulensis ; arcurcumene (16.67%) and camphene (12.70%) for Z. officinale ; geranial or citral A (48.18%) and neral or citral B (34.37%) for C. citratus ; limonene (19.33%) and mentha-1 (7) ,8-dien-2-ol cis (17.34%) for C. giganteus. All oils were presented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. C. citratus has presented the best ability to scavenge DPPH . radicals (% I = 67.58%) and L. multiflora strongest ability to reduce ABTS+ radicals (1.02 μmolET / g). Z. officinale has submitted the best lipoxygenase inhibition (100% inhibition at 8mg/ml and 50.9% at 0.4 mg / ml). Only essential oils of C. giganteus, C. citratus, O. basilicum, Z. officinale, L. multiflora and A. conyzoides showed antiproliferative properties. C. citratus has submitted the best antiproliferative activity on both cell lines LNCaP (IC 50 = 6.36 μg/ml) and PC-3 (IC 50 = 32.1μg/ml) of prostate cancer than those SF-767 (IC 50 = 45.13μg/ml) and SF-763 (IC 50 = 172.05μg/ml) of glioblastoma. Statistically, citral activity on LNCaP prostate cancer is equal to that of C. citratus and corespond third of that presented by cisplatin, a reference used in cancer chemotherapy. C. citratus and citral induce anoikis and prevent cell migration as cisplatin. C. citratus and citral also lead repression of Rb, activation of p21 and P27 of cycle. The results of this work show that essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants from Burkina Faso have anti-tumor potential on LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines of prostate cancer, and the SF-767 and SF-763 glioblastoma cell lines.

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A leucoplasia verrucosa proliferativa (LVP) é classificada como um subtipo da leucoplasia oral (LO), de rara incidência e alto potencial de malignização. Acomete com maior frequência pacientes do gênero feminino, acima da sétima década de vida e apresenta altos índices de recorrência após a realização de qualquer modalidade de tratamento. Seu aspecto clínico inicial é caracterizado pela presença de lesão branca, homogênea, aparentemente inócua, que desenvolve áreas eritematosas, superfície verrucosa, comportamento agressivo e envolvimento multifocal com o passar do tempo. A evolução clínica é geralmente lenta, levando anos para que ocorra transformação maligna. Existem divergências na literatura quanto aos critérios utilizados em seu diagnóstico. Alguns autores preconizam aqueles descritos em seu primeiro relato em 1985, que exigiam o acompanhamento das lesões desde sua fase inicial até o desenvolvimento de áreas verrucosas enquanto outros acreditam que o aguardo de fases avançadas apenas atrasa o diagnóstico e a instituição de tratamentos, aumentando as chances de malignização e piora do prognóstico dos pacientes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as características clínicas e demográficas dos indivíduos diagnosticados com LVP e compará-las a de pacientes diagnosticados com LO. Também foi realizada uma revisão e discussão dos critérios diagnósticos encontrados na literatura. Em nosso estudo analisamos retrospectivamente prontuários de pacientes diagnosticados na Disciplina de Estomatologia da FOUSP. Foram encontrados 9 pacientes diagnosticados com LVP, no período de 2007 a 2011, e 29 com LO, entre 1997 e 2011. Observamos que a LVP apresentou maior incidência em pacientes do gênero feminino, sem hábitos de tabagismo ou etilismo, com idade média de 73 anos. Já dentre os indivíduos com LO não encontramos diferença entre o envolvimento dos gêneros feminino e masculino, a idade média foi 57 anos e a maioria era tabagista ou etilista. O tempo médio de evolução da LVP foi de 5,4 anos enquanto da LO foi de 19,6 meses. Clinicamente, nenhum dos pacientes com LVP apresentou lesão homogênea inicial, sendo que todas eram multifocais, de comportamento agressivo e disseminado, com aspecto que variava desde placas brancas lisas até as nãohomogêneas, de superfície verrucosa, papilífera, com áreas eritematosas. Os pacientes com LO apresentavam lesões uni e multifocais localizadas, sendo que a maioria possuía placas brancas, de aspecto homogêneo. O grupo da LVP demonstrou taxas mais altas de recidiva em comparação as LO. A exigência de se acompanhar a lesão desde sua fase inicial e desconsiderar aquelas que apresentam aspecto multifocal na primeira consulta pode levar ao diagnóstico errôneo de uma verdadeira LVP, assim como aguardar o desenvolvimento de áreas verrucosas pode causar atraso considerável no diagnóstico, levando a tratamentos tardios e piorando o prognóstico do paciente. Sugerimos que dentre os critérios de diagnóstico da LVP devam ser considerados a presença de lesões brancas multifocais, lesões de comportamento agressivo, longo período de evolução, recorrência após qualquer forma de tratamento e não necessariamente apresentem aspecto verrucoso no momento do diagnóstico. / The proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare entity and was classified as a subtype of oral leukoplakia (OL). It affects more commonly elderly females and tends to recur after any type of treatment. Initially, it presents inconspicuous white lesions that progress to non-homogenous areas and develop verrucous surface, aggressive behavior and multifocal involvement over time. The lesions show a high tendency to transform into squamous cell carcinomas, usually taking years or decades to develop malignancy. There are controversies in the literature regarding the diagnostic criteria for PVL. Some authors follow those proposed on the first PVL report in 1985 which claimed continued follow-up since initial stages until the development of verrucous areas. Others believe that waiting for later stages postpone the diagnosis, worsening the patient´s prognosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and demographic aspects of patients with PVL and to compare them to patients diagnosed with OL. The diagnostic criteria reported on the literature were also revised. A retrospective study was performed and we analyzed patient´s records of Stomatology Department at FOUSP. Nine files of patients with PVL, diagnosed between 2007 and 2011 and 29 files of individuals with OL between 1997 and 2011 were studied. PVL showed higher incidence among women with no smoking or drinking habits with an average age of 73 years old while OL affected smoking and drinking patients, with a median age of 57 years old, with no gender predilection. PLV lesions progressed over a 5.4-year period while OL lesions took 19.3 months. Clinically, none of the PVL patients presented unifocal homogenous white lesion at the time of diagnosis. All of them showed aggressive and multifocal lesions, varying from homogenous to non homogenous aspect with verrucous surface and erythematous areas. OL individuals showed uni or multifocal white lesions with more restricted behavior. PVL group presented higher recurrence rate when compared to OL group. It is believed that not taking into account patients with multifocal lesions on the first visit can misdiagnose real PVL cases and waiting for the development of verrucous areas postpones the diagnosis and worsens the prognosis. It is suggested that PVL diagnostic criteria should include the presence of multifocal white lesions with aggressive behavior, long-term evolution, recurrences after any type of treatment and excludes the obligation of verrucous aspect on the time of diagnosis.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Biochemistry)) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / Dicerocaryum senecioides is a crawling herb that is found growing mostly in sandy areas of southern and south-eastern Africa and its small, hairy leaves have been used over the years as food, shampoo, and for treatment of various ailments. In this study, the dichloromethane (D2) fraction was prepared from a crude methanol extract of D. senecoides leaves, and its effect on the proliferation of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was investigated. Treatment of the macrophages with the extract resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability as determined by the MTT assay and real time cell analysis. Cytotoxicity of the D2 fraction on the macrophages was demonstrated to be due to apoptosis by staining the cells with DAPI nucleic acid stain. Anti-inflammatory activity of D2 fraction on RAW cells was determined by evaluating intracellular ROS production by the DCFH-DA fluorescent assay. Cells treated with the D2 fraction and stimulated with PMA were found to have a lower fluorescence intensity compared to untreated, stimulated cells; thus mimicking the response observed in the resting cells. The percentage fluorescence in untreated, stimulated cells doubled, while no significant change was observed in the D2-treated cells. The effect of the D2 fraction on iNOS activity was also assessed. The fraction reduced the NO synthesised by iNOS in cells treated with the D2 fraction and stimulated with LPS dose-dependently. The D2 fraction was further fractionated by semi-preparative HPLC; and thin layer chromatography was used to analyse phytocompounds of the 96 HPLC sub-fractions as well as to screen these sub-fractions for anti-oxidative activity. Sub-fractions 1-7 and 33-39 showed an intensely pronounced DPPH-scavenging compound and this scavenging ability was confirmed by a quantitative DPPH assay that provided parallel results. The reducing potential of the sub-fractions was assessed by evaluating their Fe3+-reducing ability through the FRAP assay. Sub-fractions 1-7 and 33-39 displayed remarkable reducing potential. Taken together with the DPPH-scavenging activity, these findings suggest that HPLC sub-fractions 1-7 and 33-39 possess a compound(s) with impressive antioxidant activity. These findings merit the D2 fraction as an extract that can be used to control chronic inflammation as it does not only inhibit free radical production, but also scavenges excessive ROS and has the ability to induce apoptosis in the macrophages responsible for dysregulated production of the free radicals. The extract also has commendable chemoprotective and chemotherapeutic potential as it demonstrated pro-apoptotic activity along with prevention of excess free-radical production. / National Research Foundation and the University of Limpopo Research Office

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:30:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ibrahim_inaf_me_jabo.pdf: 543269 bytes, checksum: 6d5f6bc9c43fb9bfc2c060443c59bb18 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O complexo enteropatia proliferativa dos suínos (EPS), causado pela bactéria Lawsonia intracellularis, é doença infecciosa de grande importância para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação e para adultos jovens. Caracteriza-se por determinar alterações proliferativas, hemorrágicas e necróticas da porção final do intestino delgado (íleo). É doença de ocorrência mundial e afeta especialmente animais de alto valor genético, oriundos de programas sanitários tipo SPF (Specific Pathogen Free), sendo responsabilizada por importantes perdas econômicas, seja devido à morte ou queda no desempenho produtivo dos animais. Com o objetivo de desenvolver metodologia rápida e barata para monitoramento padronizado das lesões na linha de abate foi realizado este estudo. Durante o processo de abate, em frigoríficos localizados em Ipuã-SP e Tupã-SP, foram colhidas ao acaso, amostras da porção final do íleo de 156 suínos, todos castrados, de linhagens comerciais, aproximadamente com 150 dias de idade e peso médio de 110 kg. Após padronizadas no comprimento, para exatos 10 centímetros, as amostras foram submetidas à paquimetria, para verificação da sua espessura e do seu diâmetro, e à pesagem, em balança de precisão. Foram, em seguida, cuidadosamente inspecionadas e palpadas, externa e internamente, com o intuito de identificar lesões macroscópicas de ileíte, sendo os resultados destas análises anotados em fichas apropriadas e individuais. Fragmentos de tecido foram colhidos e imersos em formalina neutra a 10%, para análises histopatológicas posteriores... / The complex of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), caused by the bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis, is an infectious disease of great importance to pigs during the growing and ending and for the young adults. Characterized by determining proliferative disorders, hemorrhagic and necrosis of the small intestine (ileum)’s final portion. It is a worldwide occurrence disease and particularly affects animals of high genetic value, type of health programs from SPF (Specific Pathogen Free), being responsible for important economic losses, either due to death or failure in the of animals’ productive performance. With the main goal to develop rapid and inexpensive methodology for standardized monitoring of lesions on the slaughter line this study was accomplished. During the slaughter in slaughterhouses located in Ipuã-SP and Tupã-SP, samples were picked at random from final portions of the ileum from 156 pigs, all castrated, of commercial strains, with approximately 150 days old and weighing 110 kg. After standardized in length, to exactly 10 centimeters, the samples were submitted to the caliper to check the thickness and diameter, and weighing on a precision scale. They were, after all carefully inspected and palpated, externally and internally, in order to identify gross lesions of ileitis, and the results of these tests recorded on proper and individual forms. Fragments of tissue were harvested and immersed in 10% neutral formalin for subsequent histopathological analysis ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Fernando de Oliveira e Silva Carvalho / Banca: Geraldo Camilo Alberton / Banca: Samir Issa Samara / Resumo: O complexo enteropatia proliferativa dos suínos (EPS), causado pela bactéria Lawsonia intracellularis, é doença infecciosa de grande importância para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação e para adultos jovens. Caracteriza-se por determinar alterações proliferativas, hemorrágicas e necróticas da porção final do intestino delgado (íleo). É doença de ocorrência mundial e afeta especialmente animais de alto valor genético, oriundos de programas sanitários tipo SPF (Specific Pathogen Free), sendo responsabilizada por importantes perdas econômicas, seja devido à morte ou queda no desempenho produtivo dos animais. Com o objetivo de desenvolver metodologia rápida e barata para monitoramento padronizado das lesões na linha de abate foi realizado este estudo. Durante o processo de abate, em frigoríficos localizados em Ipuã-SP e Tupã-SP, foram colhidas ao acaso, amostras da porção final do íleo de 156 suínos, todos castrados, de linhagens comerciais, aproximadamente com 150 dias de idade e peso médio de 110 kg. Após padronizadas no comprimento, para exatos 10 centímetros, as amostras foram submetidas à paquimetria, para verificação da sua espessura e do seu diâmetro, e à pesagem, em balança de precisão. Foram, em seguida, cuidadosamente inspecionadas e palpadas, externa e internamente, com o intuito de identificar lesões macroscópicas de ileíte, sendo os resultados destas análises anotados em fichas apropriadas e individuais. Fragmentos de tecido foram colhidos e imersos em formalina neutra a 10%, para análises histopatológicas posteriores ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The complex of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), caused by the bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis, is an infectious disease of great importance to pigs during the growing and ending and for the young adults. Characterized by determining proliferative disorders, hemorrhagic and necrosis of the small intestine (ileum)'s final portion. It is a worldwide occurrence disease and particularly affects animals of high genetic value, type of health programs from SPF (Specific Pathogen Free), being responsible for important economic losses, either due to death or failure in the of animals' productive performance. With the main goal to develop rapid and inexpensive methodology for standardized monitoring of lesions on the slaughter line this study was accomplished. During the slaughter in slaughterhouses located in Ipuã-SP and Tupã-SP, samples were picked at random from final portions of the ileum from 156 pigs, all castrated, of commercial strains, with approximately 150 days old and weighing 110 kg. After standardized in length, to exactly 10 centimeters, the samples were submitted to the caliper to check the thickness and diameter, and weighing on a precision scale. They were, after all carefully inspected and palpated, externally and internally, in order to identify gross lesions of ileitis, and the results of these tests recorded on proper and individual forms. Fragments of tissue were harvested and immersed in 10% neutral formalin for subsequent histopathological analysis ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A leucoplasia verrucosa proliferativa (LVP) é classificada como um subtipo da leucoplasia oral (LO), de rara incidência e alto potencial de malignização. Acomete com maior frequência pacientes do gênero feminino, acima da sétima década de vida e apresenta altos índices de recorrência após a realização de qualquer modalidade de tratamento. Seu aspecto clínico inicial é caracterizado pela presença de lesão branca, homogênea, aparentemente inócua, que desenvolve áreas eritematosas, superfície verrucosa, comportamento agressivo e envolvimento multifocal com o passar do tempo. A evolução clínica é geralmente lenta, levando anos para que ocorra transformação maligna. Existem divergências na literatura quanto aos critérios utilizados em seu diagnóstico. Alguns autores preconizam aqueles descritos em seu primeiro relato em 1985, que exigiam o acompanhamento das lesões desde sua fase inicial até o desenvolvimento de áreas verrucosas enquanto outros acreditam que o aguardo de fases avançadas apenas atrasa o diagnóstico e a instituição de tratamentos, aumentando as chances de malignização e piora do prognóstico dos pacientes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as características clínicas e demográficas dos indivíduos diagnosticados com LVP e compará-las a de pacientes diagnosticados com LO. Também foi realizada uma revisão e discussão dos critérios diagnósticos encontrados na literatura. Em nosso estudo analisamos retrospectivamente prontuários de pacientes diagnosticados na Disciplina de Estomatologia da FOUSP. Foram encontrados 9 pacientes diagnosticados com LVP, no período de 2007 a 2011, e 29 com LO, entre 1997 e 2011. Observamos que a LVP apresentou maior incidência em pacientes do gênero feminino, sem hábitos de tabagismo ou etilismo, com idade média de 73 anos. Já dentre os indivíduos com LO não encontramos diferença entre o envolvimento dos gêneros feminino e masculino, a idade média foi 57 anos e a maioria era tabagista ou etilista. O tempo médio de evolução da LVP foi de 5,4 anos enquanto da LO foi de 19,6 meses. Clinicamente, nenhum dos pacientes com LVP apresentou lesão homogênea inicial, sendo que todas eram multifocais, de comportamento agressivo e disseminado, com aspecto que variava desde placas brancas lisas até as nãohomogêneas, de superfície verrucosa, papilífera, com áreas eritematosas. Os pacientes com LO apresentavam lesões uni e multifocais localizadas, sendo que a maioria possuía placas brancas, de aspecto homogêneo. O grupo da LVP demonstrou taxas mais altas de recidiva em comparação as LO. A exigência de se acompanhar a lesão desde sua fase inicial e desconsiderar aquelas que apresentam aspecto multifocal na primeira consulta pode levar ao diagnóstico errôneo de uma verdadeira LVP, assim como aguardar o desenvolvimento de áreas verrucosas pode causar atraso considerável no diagnóstico, levando a tratamentos tardios e piorando o prognóstico do paciente. Sugerimos que dentre os critérios de diagnóstico da LVP devam ser considerados a presença de lesões brancas multifocais, lesões de comportamento agressivo, longo período de evolução, recorrência após qualquer forma de tratamento e não necessariamente apresentem aspecto verrucoso no momento do diagnóstico. / The proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare entity and was classified as a subtype of oral leukoplakia (OL). It affects more commonly elderly females and tends to recur after any type of treatment. Initially, it presents inconspicuous white lesions that progress to non-homogenous areas and develop verrucous surface, aggressive behavior and multifocal involvement over time. The lesions show a high tendency to transform into squamous cell carcinomas, usually taking years or decades to develop malignancy. There are controversies in the literature regarding the diagnostic criteria for PVL. Some authors follow those proposed on the first PVL report in 1985 which claimed continued follow-up since initial stages until the development of verrucous areas. Others believe that waiting for later stages postpone the diagnosis, worsening the patient´s prognosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and demographic aspects of patients with PVL and to compare them to patients diagnosed with OL. The diagnostic criteria reported on the literature were also revised. A retrospective study was performed and we analyzed patient´s records of Stomatology Department at FOUSP. Nine files of patients with PVL, diagnosed between 2007 and 2011 and 29 files of individuals with OL between 1997 and 2011 were studied. PVL showed higher incidence among women with no smoking or drinking habits with an average age of 73 years old while OL affected smoking and drinking patients, with a median age of 57 years old, with no gender predilection. PLV lesions progressed over a 5.4-year period while OL lesions took 19.3 months. Clinically, none of the PVL patients presented unifocal homogenous white lesion at the time of diagnosis. All of them showed aggressive and multifocal lesions, varying from homogenous to non homogenous aspect with verrucous surface and erythematous areas. OL individuals showed uni or multifocal white lesions with more restricted behavior. PVL group presented higher recurrence rate when compared to OL group. It is believed that not taking into account patients with multifocal lesions on the first visit can misdiagnose real PVL cases and waiting for the development of verrucous areas postpones the diagnosis and worsens the prognosis. It is suggested that PVL diagnostic criteria should include the presence of multifocal white lesions with aggressive behavior, long-term evolution, recurrences after any type of treatment and excludes the obligation of verrucous aspect on the time of diagnosis.

La bioingénierie de greffons endothéliaux cornéens est une des solutions réalistes en cours de développement dans quelques laboratoires pour palier au grand déséquilibre entre pénurie mondiale de dons de cornée et besoins immenses et croissant des populations. Cette véritable médecine régénérative consistera à injecter des cellules endothéliales (CEs) dans la chambre antérieure aux stades précoces des dystrophies endothéliales et, pour les stades avancées des pathologies endothéliales, à reconstruire in vitro des greffons endothéliaux composés d'un support transparent et biocompatible colonisé par une monocouche des CEs. Dans les 2 cas, la première étape obligatoire est la production de masse de CEs ou de "CE-like". Dans ce travail, nous avons exploré les différentes possibilités pour obtenir suffisamment de CEs fonctionnelles pour envisager des applications cliniques : 1- L'expansion de CEs natives prélevées sur des cornées de donneurs, ou culture primaire, se heurtent aux capacités prolifératives limitées des CEs in vitro. Un des prérequis étant la compréhension des mécanismes d'arrêt de la prolifération des CEs humaines, nous avons fait la synthèse bibliographique des connaissances sur leur cycle cellulaire et leur sénescence, et présentons 2 articles originaux: le premier utilise un microarray spécifique de 112 gènes de contrôle du cycle cellulaire pour comparer les profils transcriptionnels des CEs de 6 modèles biologiques comportant théoriquement un stimulus prolifératif croissant: in vivo, post mortem, organoculture, culture primaire confluente, culture primaire non confluente et lignée immortalisée. Nous identifions de nombreux acteurs impliqués dans l'arrêt du cycle, en particulier ceux impliquant une réponse à des dommages oxydatifs de l'ADN. Le second article explore les capacités prolifératives résiduelles des CEs de donneurs âgés de plus de 50 ans, sont les plus nombreux en Europe et donc les pourvoyeurs habituels de CEs pour la bioingénierie. Nous montrons qu'une optimisation des techniques de culture permet d'obtenir in vitro une mosaïque endothéliale de 2000 cellules/mm2. Enfin, un troisième article montre qu'un stimulus physique inattendu constitué d'un train d'impulsion électrique permet d'obtenir un très grand nombre de figures mitotiques mais uniquement dans des zones de faible DCE, démontrant encore une fois l'importance majeur de l'inhibition de contact dans l'arrêt prolifératif. 2- La sélection et l'expansion, par culture en sphère, des progéniteurs endothéliaux de la périphérie endothéliale pourrait être un moyen de contourner la sénescence de la majorité des CEs. La synthèse bibliographique montre que la plupart des travaux publiés émanent d'une seule équipe japonaise. Dans notre second article, nous avons montré l'existence de rares "label-retaining cells" dans les cornées de donneurs âgés, qui pourraient correspondre à ces progénieteurs. Nous avons aussi montré qu'il était possible d'obtenir des sphères avec ces donneurs. 3- La différenciation de cellules souches embryonnaires, mésenchymateuses ou des cellules pluripotentes induites est enfin la troisième voie qui pourrait permettre de produire des CEs en grand nombre. La méthode d'induction de la différenciation pourrait reproduire le schéma physiologique et désormais bien caractérisé de formation de l'endothélium à partir du mésenchyme périoculaire dérivé de la crête neurale et que nous rappelons au début de notre mémoire bibliographique. Nous rappelons également les méthodes utilisables pour caractériser les cellules obtenues: vérification de leur identité par immunomarquage d'un panel de protéines caractéristique (en absence de marqueur unique spécifique) et vérification de leur fonctionnalité par mesures de leurs capacités de pompage ionique, au minimum de façon indirecte sur chambre d'électrophysiologie de type Ussing, au mieux de façon directe en quantifiant la déturgescence d'une cornée humaine conservée dans le bioréacteur breveté du BiiGC / Corneal endothelial engineering is becoming a more and more realistic solution to restore vision from corneal edema. This method focus to regenerate corneal endothelium by direct injection of corneal endothelial cells (ECs) into patient anterior chamber at the early stage of endothelial dystrophies, or by grafting a transparent biocompatible material covered by a monolayer of ECs. These two techniques require both in vitro isolation and amplification of ECs or endothelial-like cells. In this thesis, different strategies to obtain a high quantity of functional ECs for clinical application are explored: 1- Due to the limit proliferative capacity of EC, the first strategy consists to analyze mechanisms implicated EC cell cycle arrest and then to optimize protocol for native EC isolation or for cell proliferation activation ex vivo. This is summarized in three publications. The first publication describes the cell cycle regulation by comparing transcriptional expression of 112 genes in 6 biological models of EC with different proliferative profile: in vivo, postmortem, organ-culture, confluent primary culture, non confluent primary culture and immortalized cell line. , The key molecular actors identified using the combining microarray analysis and gene ontology methods are consistent with previous findings about oxidative DNA damage mechanism. The second publication characterizes EC differentiation process and its impact on EC proliferative capacity in old donor corneas. Analyses of differentiation/progenitor markers and of proliferative capacity underline the differentiation process of EC from the centre to the peripheral corneal endothelium. Thereby, an optimized culture protocol was developed, allowing the formation of high-density monolayer (> 2000 cells/mm2) with stable endothelial morphology. We proved the possibility to make profit from a majority of old-donor cornea grafts invalidated for penetrating graft In the third publication, the activation of endothelial cell cycle by electric pulses directly in corneal graft was characterized. We confirm the activation of endothelial cell cycle at different phases but also the damage of tissue during electroporation. 2- Second strategy consists of the amplification of ECs from potential EC progenitors. Using sphere forming culture and a new method to detect slow-cycling cells, we demonstrate the existence of "young" ECs population with higher proliferative capacity in corneal periphery. The isolation of ECs by sphere formation is one possible step for ECs selection in vitro. 3- The differentiation of embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells into corneal endothelial cells is the third approach considered by our laboratory. The manipulation of stem cells differentiation would be based on the molecular mechanisms implicated in the formation of corneal endothelium from periocular mesenchymal cells described in the first part of the bibliography. Finally, in order to validate the quality of endothelial cell mass obtained, we revisited recent methods for the evaluation of corneal endothelial identity (immunolocalisation of specific markers), for the measurement of pump activity of cell monolayer (Ussing chamber, perfusion chamber) or directly in deswelled cornea using the bioreactor patented by the BiiGC laboratory

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