The purpose of this study is to examine prospective mathematics teachers' knowledge development and beliefs changes for teaching fraction division through the undergraduate mathematics method course to the field practice. Further, it reveals the correlation between the knowledge development and beliefs changes. Therefore, this study uses a qualitative methodology. I analyze the data from two time periods using three steps. In the method course period, interviews concerning knowledge and beliefs are triangulated with the tests, surveys, concept mapping and the writing assignment. There are two steps in this time period. First, I focus on a total of 27 prospective teachers' subject matter knowledge (SMK), including common content knowledge (CCK) and special content knowledge (SCK), and its development. Further, I examine their beliefs changes towards fraction division and mathematics teaching and learning during the method course. Next, I choose six participants from the total 27, based on different mathematics achievement. I do this to identify 1) whether CCK differences impact SCK development and 2) whether SCK development influence beliefs changes in the method course. In the field practice period, classroom observation of fraction division is triangulated with the interviews. I follow up one prospective teacher in his field practice and focus on the way his beliefs influence his teaching behavior and the development of the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), through the teaching. The results indicate that the prospective teachers developed both CCK and SCK in their method course. Their beliefs towards to teaching and learning fraction division progress from procedural-oriented to conceptual-oriented. The knowledge development and beliefs changes derived from the different learning experiences from their past school experiences and method course. Moreover, prospective teachers who had high CCK developed his/her SCK significantly. Thus, his/her beliefs changes became more significant. Further, the prospective teacher's beliefs changes in the method course influenced the way of teaching behavior in the field practice and SCK impacts PCK in teaching. On the other hand, field practice changed prospective teacher's beliefs and the development of PCK. Therefore, further attention is called for in the prospective teachers' knowledge transition and beliefs changes from a student to a future teacher.

According to the Multiprocess Theory (Einstein and McDaniel, 1990), prospective memory is supported by two separate cognitive processes: monitoring and spontaneous retrieval. Successful monitoring during prospective memory tasks requires attention to be divided between separate stimuli and the attention needs to be sustained throughout the course of the task. However, this theoretical account also allows for prospective memory in the absence of monitoring, as in cases where memory is retrieved spontaneously in response to some cue. In the course of this study, support for the Multiprocess Theory has been found. Using a dual-task paradigm, prospective memory targets were displayed during a lexical decision task where participants were required to make a word/nonword decision to letter strings. Prospective memory targets were found using both monitoring and spontaneous retrieval, although displaying the target in the focus of attention or not did not differentially induce monitoring. A small increase from 2% target presentation rates (Experiments 1 through 3) to 3% target presentation rates (Experiment 4) did produce evidence of task interference that reflects monitoring; however, increasing target presentation rates to 5% did not increase reaction times above those found with 3% target presentation rates. Focal prospective memory targets (words) had higher accuracy rates than nonfocal prospective memory targets (words starting with letter "g"). Inhibiting responses to the lexical decision task to respond to prospective memory targets encouraged priorities to shift attention to the lexical decision task and increased the speed of lexical decision responding across the extended task. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that sustained attention is identical to, or even a significant component of, monitoring. Sustained attention was not necessary to accomplish the prospective memory action, as variables affecting vigilance were not found to influence prospective-memory performance in the extended version of the dual-task paradigm used in this experiment. In Experiment 3, draining attention resources did negatively affect lexical decision reaction times and prospective memory performance with focal targets, but not with nonfocal targets. The strength of the lexical decision task routine was manipulated by varying the number of lexical decision practice trials given before the dual-task in Experiment 5. The strength of the routine did not affect task interference for focal or nonfocal targets. Overall, monitoring did not follow the sustained-attention pattern observed in vigilance. Prospective memory can be performed utilizing both cognitive mechanisms of monitoring and spontaneous retrieval.

No description available.

En France, la consommation d'énergie finale de bioénergies a crû de 35 % lors de la dernière décennie pour atteindre une part de 8,1 % de la demande finale en 2012. Leur développement a été incité car elles sont une source d'énergie renouvelable, elles permettent de réduire la dépendance aux importations d'énergies fossiles et de diminuer les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Elles sont aussi un moyen de dynamiser les secteurs agricoles et sylvicoles et de maintenir et de créer des emplois non délocalisables.Mais ce développement est soumis à des incertitudes : compétitivité économique vis-à-vis des ressources fossiles et d'autres alternatives renouvelables, disponibilité de la biomasse, choix technologiques, et mécanismes incitatifs. De plus, il est confronté à des controverses. L'accroissement de la demande en ressources biomasse a créé de la tension sur leurs prix et menacé les usages existants, comme le secteur des panneaux bois pour la construction au niveau français et le secteur de l'alimentation à l'échelle mondiale. Leur bénéfice environnemental a aussi été remis en cause, en termes d'émissions de particules fines pour la valorisation chaleur et électricité et en termes d'émissions de GES pour les biocarburants. De nouveaux procédés de valorisation, ne suscitant pas ces controverses, pourraient être privilégiés par le législateur au détriment des procédés actuels.Le but de cette thèse est de baliser un certain nombre de ces incertitudes afin de proposer des stratégies technologique et réglementaire pour les filières bioénergies françaises. Pour cela, nous avons développé un modèle de prospective qui décrit de façon détaillée le secteur des bioénergies et ses technologies de conversion actuelles et futures. Il est basé sur un paradigme d'optimisation qui permet de calculer les trajectoires technologiques de moindre coût, de 2010 à 2050, selon un grand nombre de contraintes qui représentent les spécificités du secteur : disponibilité et coût des ressources, paramètres techniques, économiques et environnementaux des procédés de conversion, etc.Dans une première partie, la démarche prospective est décrite. Elle consiste à analyser dans le détail les filières bioénergies : leur structure actuelle, les points de controverse et les systèmes techniques prometteurs, puis à développer un modèle de réflexion prospective basé sur ces données.Quatre questions d'intérêt stratégique pour la filière sont discutées dans la suite du document. Premièrement, la question du niveau de la demande à laquelle pourrait répondre le secteur selon deux scénarios contrastés de disponibilité de ressources métropolitaines est envisagée. Les trajectoires technologiques sont aussi analysées. Deuxièmement, l'impact d'une évolution du contexte réglementaire ainsi que les bénéfices environnementaux des biocarburants sont appréhendés. La troisième question est celle de l'impact de l'essor de la chimie du végétal sur les bioénergies. Enfin, les stratégies technologiques des biocarburants sont étudiées à l'aide d'une méthode Monte Carlo afin de comprendre les conditions du déploiement des diverses technologies disponibles. / French bioenergy consumption increased by 35 % over the last decade. It reached an 8.1% share in final energy demand by 2012. Bioenergy has been fostered for its many benefits as it is a renewable energy source that increases energy supply independence and that reduces greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. This sector also maintains and provides job at local level and promotes agricultural and forestry economic development.But the sustainability of this development is now subject to uncertainties: economic performance in comparison to fossil fuels, biomass availability, technological choices, and level of incentives. In addition, it faces several controversial points. Firstly, rise in global biomass demand has implied a rise in prices and it has threatened existing uses, such as wood panel manufacturing in the French building sector and food supply at a world scale. Secondly, environmental performance has been criticized: biomass combustion could emit fine particulate matter and GHG emissions of current biofuel processes may be higher than initially assessed. Consequently, new bioenergy pathways, avoiding these controversies, could be promoted by the policy maker.This PhD thesis aims at assessing these uncertainties to elaborate technological and regulatory strategies for French bioenergy sector. So, we created a prospective model which precisely describes this sector and its current and future conversion pathways. It relies on linear programming optimization paradigm that calculates least cost technological trajectories, from 2010 to 2050. Bioenergy sector is modelled by a large number of constraints: availability and cost of biomass, technical, economic and environmental parameters of transformation processes, etc.In the first part, we describe the prospective approach. It consists in analysing precisely bioenergy pathways: the current structure, the controversial points and the promising processes. Then, we explicit the conception of the prospective model: its data and its assumptions.In the second part, four main strategic points of bioenergy sector are discussed. Firstly, we assess the level of demand that could be fulfilled according to two contrasting scenarios of French biomass availability. Technological mix is then analysed. Secondly, we investigate the consequences of a change in biofuel regulatory context and a reconsideration of their environmental benefits. Thirdly, bio-based chemistry development impact on bioenergy production is evaluated. Finally, biofuel technological strategies are studied with a Monte Carlo approach to enhance the comprehension of the economic and environmental conditions of technology deployment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate prospective teachers' conceptions of science instruction prior to the commencement of their early childhood education methods courses. A sample of 100 prospective teachers' drawings and narratives were analyzed using the STLP3 instrument and inductive analysis respectively. Merging findings from the aforementioned analyses resulted in 10 distinct conceptions and these included: (a) science instruction (1) as a demonstration, (2) as engagement, (3) as doing experiments, (4) as inquiry, and (5) as observation all underscored by active learning and social, implementation and cognitive dimensions; (b) science instruction (6) as implementing safety, and (7) as an interaction both underscored by active learning and a social dimension; and (c) science instruction (8) as a demonstration, and (9) as engagement both underscored by passive learning and an affective dimension; and (d) science instruction (10) as enjoyment underscored by social and affective dimensions. These findings reflected the complexity and multidimensionality of the prospective teachers' conceptions of science instruction. Implications include the need for teacher educators to situate their prospective teachers' prior and new knowledge of early childhood science instruction within theoretical frames rather than simply relying on prospective teachers' knowledge of science instruction from K-12 experiences. Implications for future research include the need to study prospective teachers' conceptions prior to and at the end of early childhood methods courses.

Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association. Background: To investigate the association between resting heart rate and the risk of developing impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes and conversion from IFG to diabetes. Methods: The prospective analysis included 73 357 participants of the Kailuan cohort (57 719 men and 15 638 women). Resting heart rate was measured via electrocardiogram in 2006. Incident diabetes was defined as either the fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or new active use of diabetes medications during the 4-year follow-up period. IFG was defined as a FBG between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/l. A meta-analysis including seven published prospective studies focused on heart rate and diabetes risk, and our current study was then conducted using random-effects models. Results: During 4 years of follow-up, 17 463 incident IFG cases and 4 649 incident diabetes cases were identified. The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for each 10 beats/min increase in heart rate were 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19, 1.27] for incident diabetes, 1.11 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.13) for incident IFG and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.17) for IFG to diabetes conversion. The risks of incident IFG and diabetes were significantly higher among participants aged < 50 years than those aged ≥ 50 years (P-interaction < 0.02 for both). A meta-analysis confirmed the positive association between resting heart rate and diabetes risk (pooled HR for the highest vs lowest heart rate quintile=1.59, 95% CI:1.27, 2.00; n=8). Conclusion: Faster resting heart rate is associated with higher risk of developing IFG and diabetes, suggesting that heart rate could be used to identify individuals with a higher future risk of diabetes.

Purpose: Sonography provides a fast, portable, and noninvasive method for patient assessment. However, the benefit of providing real-time ultrasound (US) imaging and fluid quantification shortly after patient arrival has not been explored. The objective of this study was to prospectively validate a US hemoperitoneum scoring system developed at our institution and determine whether sonography can predict a therapeutic operation. Methods: For 12 months, prospective data on all patients undergoing a trauma sonogram were recorded. All sonograms positive for free fluid were given a hemoperitoneum score. The US score was compared with initial systolic blood pressure and base deficit to assess the ability of sonography to predict a therapeutic laparotomy. Results: Forty of 46 patients (87%) with a US score ≥ 3 required a therapeutic laparotomy. Forty-six of 54 patients with a US score < 3 (85%) did not need operative intervention. The sensitivity of sonography was 83% compared with 28% and 49% for systolic blood pressure and base deficit, respectively, in determining the need for therapeutic operation. Conclusion: We conclude that the majority of patients with a score ≥ 3 will need surgery. The US hemoperitoneum scoring system was a better predictor of a therapeutic laparotomy than initial blood pressure and/or base deficit.

The payment for nutritional services is one of the most critical issues facing the dietetic profession today. Several of the recent studies have focused on the fee assessment for nutritional services by hospitals but there has been only one published study that investigated the pricing structure of services in the context of the dietetic profession. However, what research that has been done clearly show that there is an important relationship between the concept of service and the role of the dietitian in the service sector, the pricing strategy in the service sector, the variables affecting the pricing structure and the pricing strategies for nutritional services. Therefore, the major purpose of this research was to determine those variables which have been identified as most influential in establishing fees charged by consulting dietitians and to establish guidelines on the price structuring of services offered in a private independent practice by a consulting dietitian. The major independent variables in this research postulated to affect the dependent variables, charge per hour to private and contract clients, charge per hour to private clients and charge per hour to contract clients. The dietetic profession will see increased competition for reimbursement for nutritional counseling services. This research provides questions in regard to specific pricing policies for nutritional consulting private practices. / Master of Science

Les sarcomes sont des tumeurs malignes rares, représentant 1% de tous les cancers mais regroupant un large spectre d’entités histopathologiques distinctes. Du fait de leur rareté et de leur difficulté diagnostique, l’épidémiologie des sarcomes reste mal connue. Nous avons décrit l’incidence et la répartition géographique des sarcomes en région Rhône-Alpes grâce à la constitution d’une cohorte prospective et exhaustive de tous les cas incidents en 2005 et 2006, après relecture centralisée systématique des diagnostics par un pathologiste référent. Nous rapportons : - un taux d’incidence brut de 6,2 cas/100 000/an, supérieur à celui publié dans la littérature et confirmé sur les deux années de recueil de données ; - une répartition géographique et une épidémiologie spécifiques selon les sous-types histologiques ; - des discordances de diagnostic portant sur 45% des cas dont 19% de discordances majeures. Nos résultats sont différents des données publiées portant sur des séries rétrospectives ou incomplètes. Ils contribuent à une meilleure connaissance de l’épidémiologie des sarcomes. Ils permettent de poser des hypothèses étiopathogéniques dans la répartition géographique observée notamment pour les tumeurs stromales gastro intestinales et les liposarcomes / Sarcoma is a rare malignant tumour accounting for 1% of all cancers but comprising a wide range of distinct histopathological types. Given the rarity of cases and the difficulty of diagnosis, the epidemiology of sarcomas is still unclear. We have examined the incidence and the geographical distribution of sarcomas based on the results of a prospective cohort study of all incident cases diagnosed in 2005 and 2006 in the Rhône-Alpes region and after centralized and systematic review of diagnosis by a referent pathologist. We report: - a crude incidence rate of 6.2 cases/100 000/year confirmed on these two years of data collection, higher than the one published in the literature ; - a geographical distribution and epidemiology characteristic of each different histological sub-type ; - diagnostic discordances in 45% of cases, of which 19% were major discordances. Our findings, which differ from data published in retrospective or incomplete series, contribute to a better knowledge of the epidemiology of sarcoma. They make it possible to formulate etiopathogenic hypotheses regarding the geographical distribution of the disease, especially for gastrointestinal stromal tumours and liposarcomas

La thèse propose trois questions critiques du rôle politique et de mouvement des associations. Premièrement le fonctionnement associatif : mobiliser l’engagement (des salariés, des usagers et leurs proches, des bénévoles) en sortant d’une forme d’impensé suppose de réarticuler une conception alternative en sciences de gestion (pour avoir prise sur le managérialisme) et les apports de la sociologie des associations. Deuxièmement la culture politique : la capacité à contribuer à la reconstruction de références collectives et de médiations instituées, à promouvoir une culture alternative au référentiel économiste et marchand dominant, suppose d’analyser et de concevoir, de se situer dans l’histoire longue des idées, de revisiter le socle humaniste. Troisièmement l’action collective au niveau méso : pour peser dans les mécanismes institutionnels et à avoir prise sur la réalité, la remobilisation des travaux sur l’action collective et les mouvements sociaux, avec leur extension récente aux liens avec l’économie solidaire, est essentielle. / The research opens to three central criteria for an effective role on policy and social movement. The first one covers the operating mechanisms, which are deeply influenced by the managerial trend: it seems determinant to link an alternative design in management science and researches about sociology of associations (with, for instance, the ideal type of a « solidary enterprise »). The second one has to do with political culture as a kind of nodus, from which a possible role oncommon sense (about society, public policies, economy and market, actors capabilities, citizenship), and a possible process rebuilding collective references and positive experience of a link to institutions, seem to depend. Such a perspective requires to refer to a long-term history of ideas, which is necessary to study how the humanist foundations of occidental democracies are questioned. The third one covers collective mobilization at the meso level, as documented by the researches about collective mobilizations and social movements, including the recent researches about social movements and solidary economy.