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There is a lack of tools for zoning marine protected areas (MPAs). MARXAN is a popular tool for MPA siting, and this thesis explores its use for zoning. MPA managers and zoning practitioners were interviewed in order to determine the requirements of zoning. This, combined with a literature review, informed the testing of several MARXAN settings. This testing was necessary due to poor existing documentation and the uncertainty associated with many settings. Finally, different methods for creating and combining zones were also developed. Due to the complexity of MARXAN it is not possible to develop specific guidelines for many of the settings tested in this research. However, general trends for several settings were determined, and applied within the context of MPA zoning. Preliminary zones were developed and combined using MARXAN’s summed solution output, the results of which are ready for zone refinement with stakeholders and MPA planners.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2007. / Thesis submitted to the School of Environmental Science. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 262-280).

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Santana / Banca: Dalva Maria Bianchini Bonotto / Banca: Denise de Freitas / Atualmente a questão ambiental revela-se como grande preocupação de diferentes instituições, como empresas, Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONGs) e escolas. No entanto, existem poucos dados e pesquisas sobre como tem sido desenvolvido o trabalho com Educação Ambiental na Educação Infantil, apesar de muitos professores afirmarem realizar atividades consideradas por eles como sendo de EA. Os Referenciais Curriculares Nacionais (RCNEIs) não apresentam os princípios, metas e objetivos da EA, a temática ambiental dificilmente está presente na formação dos professores da EI, além dos cursos de formação continuada serem destinados principalmente aos professores de outros níveis da Educação. Além desta pesquisa investigar a EA na EI, também mostra-se pertinente pelo fato de tal investigação ocorrer na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Campinas SP, de importância significativa para a região. Diante destes fatores, esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: identificar as concepções de EA dos professores de Educação Infantil da APA de Campinas no processo de desenvolvimento de atividades consideradas como de EA; identificar as concepções de APA destes professores e que significados atribuem ao desenvolvimento de atividades consideradas como sendo de EA dentro desta área; identificar as características que estão presentes nas atividades de EA desenvolvidas por estes professores no que se refere aos objetivos, à temática, aos conteúdos, aos procedimentos pedagógicos, aos recursos didáticos, e à avaliação; caracterizar os aspectos que os professores destacam dentro da relação entre a EA e a EI, identificar se há aspectos positivos e dificuldades dentro desta relação, e caso haja, caracterizá-los. A análise foi realizada a partir dos dados coletados nas entrevistas, nas observações e nos documentos. Constatamos que as professoras de EI da APA... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / In the present, the environmental issue revealed as an important concern of different institutions, as companies, Non-Governamental Organizations and schools. However, there is few information and researches about how Environmental Education has been developed in childhood education, despite many teachers affirm that they realize activities considered as an EE activity by them. The Nacional Reference Curricular does not present the EE's elements, goals and purposes. The environmental theme is hardly present in the preschool education teachers's formation, besides the continuated formation courses of studies are designated especially to teachers of other education's levels. Besides this research investigates EE in preschool, it also is pertinent by the fact of such investigation happens in the Ambiental Protected Area of Campinas-SP, that has significantly importance to the region. Before these factors, this research aims: identify the EE conceptions of preschool teachers in the development process of activities considerated as EE; identify the teacher's concept of APA, and what meanings do they attribute to the development of activities considerated as being of EE in this area; identify the characteristics present in the EE actives developed by these teachers referring to its aims, to the theme, to the contents, pedagogic proceeding, didactic resources and the valuation; characterize the aspects that the teachers accentuate in EE and relationship EE-Preschool Education; identify if there are positive aspects and difficulties in this relationship, and if it has, identify the characteristics. The analysis was done by the informations collected in the interviews, by the observations and by documents. We found out that in relation to EE concept, the teachers are emphatic in relation to individual and comportamental action... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thirty high-producing multiparous Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized block design to compare a lysine deficient total mixed ration, which was sufficient in methionine, to the same diet supplemented with a rumen protected lysine product. The CPM-Dairy prediction model was used to estimate the nutrient requirements and adequacy or deficiency of amino acids. During the 21-day prepartum transition period, cows were fed 4 kg (dry basis) of the lysine deficient diet plus Eragrostis curvula hay ad lib. After calving, cows were fed the lysine deficient diet for the first three weeks and were then blocked according to the average production from day 19-21. Fifteen cows were allocated to each treatment and blocked into 15 groups of two each. Data on production parameters were analyzed for all cows and also separately for cows in the 10 highest production blocks. The experimental period was from day 22 to 120 postpartum. Lysine supplementation resulted in an optimal dietary lysine : methionine ratio in metabolisable protein of 7.2 : 2.4. Lysine supplementation did not affect dry matter intake, milk production, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, milk urea nitrogen, body weight or body condition score; but decreased the non-casein nitrogen and whey content of milk. Furthermore, milk casein, which is the milk nitrogen fraction most sensitive towards increased duodenal supply of lysine and methionine, was not affected. The rumen protected lysine product evaluated did not improve cow productivity, probably because the product was either unprotected from rumen degradation, or overprotected to the extent that the lysine was not available for absorption in the small intestine; or absorbed but could not be metabolised. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Ecotourism has emerged as one of the fastest- growing sectors of the tourism market, influenced primarily by public demand for more environmentally responsible tourism. When planned properly, it has been asserted that ecotourism can integrate conservation of biodiversity with socio-economic development of local communities. For this reason, many governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are eager to develop ecotourism in protected areas in order to maximize these benefits. However, ecotourism can have significant negative impacts when poorly planned and managed including severe environmental degradation, negative cultural changes and decreased welfare of individuals or communities. Ecotourism should not be regarded as a panacea for harmonizing rural development with environmental conservation until the industryâ s influence on developing countries has been thoroughly analyzed. This paper shall explore whether ecotourism has proven to be an effective tool for integrating conservation and development. Through the examination of existing literature pertaining to ecotourism, I investigate the environmental, economic and social impacts of 14 ecotourism development projects in seven developing countries: Belize, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Indonesia, Nepal and Peru. The case study analysis reveals that local communities adjacent to protected areas are often not fully involved in the tourism development planning process. Ecotourism as a mechanism for achieving local conservation and development goals is more successful when projects prioritize local involvement and control. Through the identification of trends emerging from the case studies, this paper contributes to the ongoing discussion of ecotourism as a development strategy and suggests that local participation should be encouraged in ecotourism development. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning