A presente dissertação evidencia os desafios enfrentados pelo Brasil e pela Venezuela diante dos problemas fronteiriços ao demarcar áreas protegidas em faixa de fronteira, analisando as ações e políticas públicas implementadas nos espaços fronteiriços, especificamente a Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol e Parque Nacional de Canaima. Independentemente dos acordos bilaterais em vigor entre o Brasil – Venezuela, no tocante ao meio ambiente e a segurança, e os acordos entre o Estado de Roraima-Brasil e Bolívar-Venezuela, a proteção de espaços protegidos na zona de fronteira desses espaços, habitados por população indígena ou não, assim com o espaço aéreo sobre estas regiões permanecem no aguardo de medidas mais efetivas por parte de ambos os Estados Nacionais. Pois, as faixas contíguas dos países fronteiriços, Brasil e Venezuela, apresentam vantagens comparativas para provocar o fortalecimento regional, a partir de características políticas e propósitos comuns. Contudo, requer-se de ambos os Estados Nacionais uma coordenação e formulação específica de políticas e ações efetivas para os espaços transfronteiriços. Entende-se que os resultados obtidos podem contribuir para tal formulação, ressaltando que o objetivo desta Dissertação não é a elaboração teórica da análise comparativa das populações estudadas. No entanto, compreende-se que os resultados conseguidos podem colaborar para a organização de práticas de ação social nessas áreas. / This dissertation highlights the challenges faced by Brazil and Venezuela before the border problems to demarcate protected areas in the border line, examining the actions and policies implemented in the border areas, specifically in the Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Land and Canaima National Park. Regardless of the existing bilateral agreements between Brazil and Venezuela, about environment and security, and agreements between the State of Roraima - Brazil and the State of Bolivar - Venezuela, the protection of protected areas in the border area of those spaces, inhabited by people indigenous or not, as well as the airspace above these regions remain on hold for more effective measures by both National States. Yeah, the tracks of the contiguous border countries, Brazil and Venezuela, have comparative advantages to bring the regional strength, the characteristics of common policies and purposes. Though, it requires to both of the National States coordination and formulation of specific policies and effective actions to border spaces. It is understood that the results may contribute to this formulation, emphasizing that the objective of this dissertation is not the theoretical development of comparative analysis of the populations studied. However, it is understood that the results achieved can contribute to the organization of practices of social action in these areas.

A presente dissertação evidencia os desafios enfrentados pelo Brasil e pela Venezuela diante dos problemas fronteiriços ao demarcar áreas protegidas em faixa de fronteira, analisando as ações e políticas públicas implementadas nos espaços fronteiriços, especificamente a Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol e Parque Nacional de Canaima. Independentemente dos acordos bilaterais em vigor entre o Brasil – Venezuela, no tocante ao meio ambiente e a segurança, e os acordos entre o Estado de Roraima-Brasil e Bolívar-Venezuela, a proteção de espaços protegidos na zona de fronteira desses espaços, habitados por população indígena ou não, assim com o espaço aéreo sobre estas regiões permanecem no aguardo de medidas mais efetivas por parte de ambos os Estados Nacionais. Pois, as faixas contíguas dos países fronteiriços, Brasil e Venezuela, apresentam vantagens comparativas para provocar o fortalecimento regional, a partir de características políticas e propósitos comuns. Contudo, requer-se de ambos os Estados Nacionais uma coordenação e formulação específica de políticas e ações efetivas para os espaços transfronteiriços. Entende-se que os resultados obtidos podem contribuir para tal formulação, ressaltando que o objetivo desta Dissertação não é a elaboração teórica da análise comparativa das populações estudadas. No entanto, compreende-se que os resultados conseguidos podem colaborar para a organização de práticas de ação social nessas áreas. / This dissertation highlights the challenges faced by Brazil and Venezuela before the border problems to demarcate protected areas in the border line, examining the actions and policies implemented in the border areas, specifically in the Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Land and Canaima National Park. Regardless of the existing bilateral agreements between Brazil and Venezuela, about environment and security, and agreements between the State of Roraima - Brazil and the State of Bolivar - Venezuela, the protection of protected areas in the border area of those spaces, inhabited by people indigenous or not, as well as the airspace above these regions remain on hold for more effective measures by both National States. Yeah, the tracks of the contiguous border countries, Brazil and Venezuela, have comparative advantages to bring the regional strength, the characteristics of common policies and purposes. Though, it requires to both of the National States coordination and formulation of specific policies and effective actions to border spaces. It is understood that the results may contribute to this formulation, emphasizing that the objective of this dissertation is not the theoretical development of comparative analysis of the populations studied. However, it is understood that the results achieved can contribute to the organization of practices of social action in these areas.

A presente dissertação evidencia os desafios enfrentados pelo Brasil e pela Venezuela diante dos problemas fronteiriços ao demarcar áreas protegidas em faixa de fronteira, analisando as ações e políticas públicas implementadas nos espaços fronteiriços, especificamente a Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol e Parque Nacional de Canaima. Independentemente dos acordos bilaterais em vigor entre o Brasil – Venezuela, no tocante ao meio ambiente e a segurança, e os acordos entre o Estado de Roraima-Brasil e Bolívar-Venezuela, a proteção de espaços protegidos na zona de fronteira desses espaços, habitados por população indígena ou não, assim com o espaço aéreo sobre estas regiões permanecem no aguardo de medidas mais efetivas por parte de ambos os Estados Nacionais. Pois, as faixas contíguas dos países fronteiriços, Brasil e Venezuela, apresentam vantagens comparativas para provocar o fortalecimento regional, a partir de características políticas e propósitos comuns. Contudo, requer-se de ambos os Estados Nacionais uma coordenação e formulação específica de políticas e ações efetivas para os espaços transfronteiriços. Entende-se que os resultados obtidos podem contribuir para tal formulação, ressaltando que o objetivo desta Dissertação não é a elaboração teórica da análise comparativa das populações estudadas. No entanto, compreende-se que os resultados conseguidos podem colaborar para a organização de práticas de ação social nessas áreas. / This dissertation highlights the challenges faced by Brazil and Venezuela before the border problems to demarcate protected areas in the border line, examining the actions and policies implemented in the border areas, specifically in the Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Land and Canaima National Park. Regardless of the existing bilateral agreements between Brazil and Venezuela, about environment and security, and agreements between the State of Roraima - Brazil and the State of Bolivar - Venezuela, the protection of protected areas in the border area of those spaces, inhabited by people indigenous or not, as well as the airspace above these regions remain on hold for more effective measures by both National States. Yeah, the tracks of the contiguous border countries, Brazil and Venezuela, have comparative advantages to bring the regional strength, the characteristics of common policies and purposes. Though, it requires to both of the National States coordination and formulation of specific policies and effective actions to border spaces. It is understood that the results may contribute to this formulation, emphasizing that the objective of this dissertation is not the theoretical development of comparative analysis of the populations studied. However, it is understood that the results achieved can contribute to the organization of practices of social action in these areas.

Otryggheten i Sverige har ökat markant under de senaste åren. Bara i Stockholm har den i helhet ökat med 2 % från 2014 till 2017. Den gruppen som är mest utsatt för otrygghet är kvinnor, hela 36% av kvinnorna i Sverige är oroliga över att utsättas för brott. Det framgår som en självklarhet i studien att kvinnor behöver kunna känna sig fria i det offentliga rummet. Anledningen till varför just kvinnor är begränsade i rörelsemönster är på grund av oron över att utsättas för brott. Det finns en tydlig skillnad mellan upplevd risk och faktisk risk. Problematiken uppstår när den upplevda risken stoppar människor från att vistas i det offentliga rummet. Stadsplanerarens ansvar är att möjliggöra så många möten och aktiviteter som möjligt på ett sånt sätt så att ingen individ ska behöva avstå från att gå ut på grund av oro. Det går inte att kontrollera vilka människor som vistas i alla stadsrum, men genom fysisk planering kan staden utformas för att motverka brott och öka tryggheten. Den här studien redovisar flera välbeprövade metoder för att förebygga brott genom digitala metoder såsom kameraövervakning och portkoder. Arbetets fokusområde handlar dock mer om vad en planerare kan göra utifrån den fysiska utformningen för att förhindra brott och främja tryggheten. Standardiserade åtgärder som belysning och god skötsel visade sig vara framstående trygghetsbidragande faktorer. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur människor upplever trygghet i det offentliga rummet. Sedan kommer faktorerna som bidrar till trygghet respektive otrygghet kartläggas och användas som underlag för att definiera vad ett skyddat rum är och ge förslag på hur det kan konstrueras. I studien görs en enkätundersökning med 105 kvinnor som bor i Stockholmsområdet samt tre intervjuer. Enkäten och intervjuerna används som underlag och kompletteras med en litteraturstudie. Slutsatsen som dras av denna studie är att ett skyddat rum är är en blandning av social och fysisk trygghet. Det skyddade rummet är en plats där du kan känna dig trygg, möta andra människor, känna gemenskap, tillhörighet och inkluderande samt inte känna oro och titta dig bakom axeln för att inte hamna i en oönskad situation. Studien har visat att ett skyddat rum inte går att skapa genom stadsplanering eftersom att människors beteende inte går att planera, förutse eller styra. Det som istället är möjligt att genomföra med stadsplanering är skapa förutsättningar för trygghet. / Insecurity in Sweden has recently increased significantly. In Stockholm, the overall increase amounts 2% from 2014 to 2017. The group most exposed to insecurity is women, up to 36% of women in Sweden are worried about being exposed to crime. In this study it goes without saying that women need to be able to feel free in the public space. The reason why women are limited in mobility is the concern of being exposed to crime. There is a clear difference between perceived risk and actual risk. The problem arises when the perceived risk stops people from staying in the public space. The city planner's responsibility is to enable as many meetings and activities as possible in such a way that no individual should have to avoid leaving home due to concern. Since it is not possible to control which people are staying in public spaces, through urban planning public spaces can help prevent crime. This study presents several tested methods for preventing crime with digital methods such as camera surveillance and gate codes. However, the focus of this study is focused on what an urban planner can do based on environmental design to prevent crime and promote security. Standardized measures such as lighting and maintenance proved to be prominent contributors to safety. The purpose of the study is to investigate how people experience security in public spaces. Then, the factors that contribute to security and safety will be identified and used as a basis for defining what a protected spaced is as well as give suggestions on how it can be constructed. In the study, a survey is held with 105 women living in the Stockholm area and three interviews. The survey and interviews are used as a basis and is completed by a literature study. The conclusion drawn from this study is that a protected space is a mixture of social and physical security. The protected space is a place where you can feel safe, meet other people, feel included, community and belonging, not be anxious and look behind your shoulder to not end up in an unwanted situation. The study has shown that a protected space cannot be created through urban planning because people's behavior cannot be planned, anticipated or controlled. What is instead possible to implement with urban planning is measures to create the possibilities of security.

Feministische Mädchenarbeit fungiert als selbstkritisches, pädagogisch-politisches Angebot, das der Jugendarbeit zugeordnet wird und aus historischer Perspektive einen starken Bezug zur Frauenbewegung aufweist. Ursprünglich als geschlechtshomogener Schutzraum gedacht, hat sich feministische Mädchenarbeit seit ihrer Entstehung Ende der 1970er Jahr durch die Rezeption (queer-)feministischer und rassismuskritischer Theorien bzw. Konzepte weiterentwickelt: entstanden sind Trans*-Räume und Empowermenträume sowie das Konzept der heteronormativitätskritischen Mädchen_arbeit.