Decisions to interfere with the natural path of lava are constrained by geological, engineering and logistical factors; and legal, environmental and socio-cultural considerations. Lava flows erupted from several volcanoes around the world have threatened people and their property, motivating them to take actions to prevent or slow its advance by diverting the flow direction using channels, berms and explosives or obstructing the lava by quenching with water or armoring. Property to be protected has included government, public, commercial and private property ranging from cities and harbors to personal property. The earliest known attempt to influence the path of lava occurred in 1669 on Mount Etna, Italy, but more recent experience there occurred in the 1980s-90s. Several eruptions at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawai‘i also provided abundant experience (1881, 1935, 1942, 1955, 1960 and several times during the on-going 1983- present eruption of Kīlauea). Additional experience relates to experimental tests and an untested berm on Mauna Loa. Most recently though, local businessmen on Kīlauea constructed earthen berms to protect their property and the local utility authority constructed novel protective structures around electric utility poles. Decisions to use mitigation strategies may be based on expert scientific opinion, but public opposition has been reported to alone be able to prevent lava mitigation. In 2014, public opinions about the use of traditional mitigation strategies (diversion by berms or bombing) to protect commercial and residential areas of Puna were mixed among residents, but there appeared to be no opposition to a new mitigation strategy that protected key areas of the electrical infrastructure and supply of electricity. To help understand public opinion about this and various mitigation strategies and people’s acceptance of additional risk to personal property to help protect important elements of their community, we conductied questionnaire surveys among residents on Kīlauea and Mauna Loa as part of a multi-university NSF Hazards SEES project. We evaluated crisis experience, hazard zonation, and community bondedness, in addition to socio-demographic and cultural factors, with beliefs concerning mitigation, including effectiveness of mitigation strategies for lava flows and others hazards; financial and legal considerations; and requirements for specialized knowledge, skills and cooperation.

Consequences of refusing to participate in the criminal investigation or protective measures A quantitative study within a group of women assessed for risk of future intimate partner violence victimization Josefin Niit and Lisa Norrbin Abstract Intimate partner violence [IPV] is a global issue and IPV towards women have received increased attention during the last decades. The police perform a vital task in supporting victims of IPV and providing protective measures to prevent further violence. Some victims refuse to participate in the criminal investigation or protective measures, which can have consequences for the judicial process or the risk of future victimization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the consequences of refusing to participate in the criminal investigation or protective measures within a group of women assessed for risk of future IPV victimization. A quantitative approach was applied to compare women who refused to participate against women who participated. The sample consisted of 207 cases which were assessed with SARA:SV in the police county of Södertörn. The results demonstrated that when women refused to participate in the criminal investigation the cases were 6.2 times less likely prosecuted. Women who refused to participate in the protective measures were repeatedly victimized to the same amount, even though they in comparison were a lower risk group. However, these women were 4 times more likely victims of assault when repeatedly victimized. Findings from the current study provide useful knowledge about consequences for women who refuse to participate in the criminal investigation or protective measures and enables practical solutions for agents of the judicial system to further help these women. Keywords: Intimate partner violence, participation, criminal investigation, protective measures, SARA:SV / <p>2013-06-11</p>

This thesis deals with sanctions and protective measures. The thesis primarily discusses types of sanctions and protective measures that may be imposed for administrative delicts; it also addresses circumstances to be considered in imposing sanctions. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the current law of sanctions and protective measures concerning administrative delicts. Various legal and practical problems and inadequately solved questions surrounding the imposition of sanctions are emphasized. Parts of the thesis, especially its conclusion, address a reform of administrative punishment and future legislative measures regarding this important function of organs of public administration. Chapter I focuses on sanctions for violations. The introduction to this chapter is rather theoretical and is devoted to definitions of basic concepts of administrative penalization. This part further defines the terms of "sanction" and "administrative punishment". The conclusion of this chapter then analyzes the purpose of sanctions and includes their list and a summary of past legal enactments. The second part of Chapter I contains an analysis of types of sanctions governed by the current statute of administrative delicts as well as other statutes. This part describes a reprimand, fine,...

Background: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococcus which are resistant to penicillin preparations. This makes MRSA infections hard to treat and a global threat to healthcare environments and society. Previous studies show that MRSA can lead to the patient feeling stigmatized. Numerous studies focus on the prevalence, treatment and management of MRSA but only a few studies focus on the patient’s experiences and how life is affected by being an MRSA carrier. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients’ experiences of living with MRSA. Method: The method of this study was a literature review based on analysis of qualitative and quantitative research. A total of 11 studies were analyzed and processed to identify themes. Results: The study resulted in two themes and a total of five subthemes. The theme Being cared for with MRSA includes the three subthemes Experiencing lack of knowledge, competence and information in healthcare professionals, Wanting to know more and Exposedto protective measures. The theme A changed life situation includes the two subthemes To be affected emotionally and Changing the way of life. Conclusion: A person who lives with MRSA is at risk of feeling violated in healthcare, private life and working life which could deteriorate the patient's health.

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- PROTECTIVE THERAPY AND PREVENTIVE DETENTION This paper is concerning two types of protective measures in Czech criminal law - protective therapy and preventive detention. The goal was to introduce and then deeply analyze these two legal institutes. I particularly focused on preventive detention as it was only recently put in force in the Czech republic. In the introductory chapter, I briefly described the nature of protective measures as a whole. I also outlined some major differences between protective measures and penalties, gave some insight into the history of protective measures in Czech lands and explained a few important terms, e.g. insanity or drug addiction, which are widely used in this area of law. The following chapter deals with protective therapy and its key features, namely its imposing, execution and duration. The next one summarizes basic elements of preventive detention, which are in many ways similar to those in the previous chapter. I tried to point out the grounds on which preventive detention was embraced by Czech law and also to analyze the differences between both these protective measures. In this thesis I included some major court decisions with paramount importance and I also have done a short comparison of statutes governing preventive detention in a few foreign...

The primary aim of this work is to summarize and evaluate the current legislation for institutions providing compulsory treatment and preventive detention, and if possible to also provide a comprehensive overview of the development of these institutions, ordering and discharging them, with respect to the relevant decisions of the court. This work consists of six chapters, with each one dealing with individual aspects of these institutions, and the introductory chapter mainly explains the circumstances behind the choice of this theme and their impact on the assignment and goal of this work. Another chapter is devoted to the historical development of compulsory treatment and preventive detention. It is demonstrated here how these institutions developed in Europe, as well as the development of protective measures before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia, namely until the adoption of the Safe Detention Act and embedding compulsory treatment and preventive detention in the new Criminal Code. The third chapter is devoted to protective measures as a whole. It describes what is actually meant by protective measures, which parts of these institutions belong to this category, and in particular it shows major differences between punishment and protective measures. Special attention is also given...

Protective Treatment and Security Detention Abstract This diploma thesis summarizes information about the institutes of involuntary commitment, especially involuntary treatment and security detention. A goal is to describe their development, imposition and their program. The next goal is to examine the influence of physical activity on patients and perpetrators who had been subjected to involuntary treatment or security detention. And finally to describe the opportunities for physical activity in psychiatric hospitals and detention institutes. This diploma thesis also surveys the opinions of the staff working in these facilities on the above stated issues. The first part introduces basic information concerning this topic. Next comes a part describing types of punishments and preventive measures. In the subsequent part, I describe measures imposed on juveniles and children under the age of 15 with an emphasis on protective education. Next, I explain important concepts and terms connected with this topic. I pay attention primarily to insanity, diminished sanity, mental illnesses and abuse of addictive substances. The thesis describes protective treatment in general as well as the types of protective treatments and the way they are carried out. The imposition of protective treatment is the topic of the next...

Waterhammer is an unsteady hydraulic problem which is commonly found in closed conduits of hydropower plants, water distribution networks and liquid pipeline systems. Due to either a malfunction of the system or inadequate operation conditions, pipeline may collapse or burst erratically resulting in substantial damages, and human losses in some cases. In this thesis, time dependent flow situations in the penstocks of small hydropower plants are investigated. A software, HAMMER, that utilizes method of characteristics for solving nonlinear differential equations of transient flow is used in the study. In two case studies, various operation conditions such as load rejection, load acceptance and instant load rejection are studied. The parameters and situations affecting pressure and turbine speed rises are investigated. Computed and available measured values are found to be very close. Also, differences between waterhammer responses of the Francis and Pelton turbines are revealed. Finally, specific protective measures are suggested to either diminish and/or avoid the harmful effects of waterhammer problems in small hydropower plants.

Protective treatment and security detention Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is two protective measures - protective treatment and security detention. This is a criminal sanction which is legal consequences crime or other offense. Their function is treatment, rectification of the perpetrator and protection of the company against dangerous persons. Due to the number of recent cases when mentally ill offenders commit serious acts of violence after release or escape from protective treatment, is a topical topic. The aim of this thesis is the characterization of protective measures in general and a detailed analysis of the individual aspects of protective treatment and security detention, their storage, performance, duration, change and termination. In the case of protective treatment, I also characterize its forms and types. By analyzing effective regulation, I will evaluate these safeguards in terms of de lege lata and also propose possible measures de lege ferenda. In the introductory chapters I characterize the concept and purpose of the protective measures and also compare them with punishments. I briefly describe the prevention of the matter, the prevention of part of the property and the protective education. I then define the important concepts with which the protective measures work, such as...