Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Several pathophysiological mechanisms are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM), such as glucotoxicity, insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which can result in DNA strand breakage and changes in the nitrogenous bases. In this manner, DNA damage biomarkers may be useful in elucidating the pathophysiology of diabetes, as well as serving as an alternative to better evaluate its chronic complications. However, a great number of pathophysiological mechanisms related to increased DNA damage in diabetes need to be clarified. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate DNA damage in type 2 diabetes and its association with inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, resistance towards insulin and the occurrence of chronic microvascular complications. The DNA damage was evaluated through the comet assay and the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) urinary, the inflammatory process through the serum levels of interleukin (IL) 1, 6 and 10 and the alpha tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), protein oxidation through plasma levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), endothelial dysfunction by serum levels of NOx (nitrite/nitrate) and urinary albumin and insulin resistance through the index HOMA-IR. The present study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, 32 patients with type 2 DM and 30 healthy individuals (control) were investigated. In the second phase, 54 patients with type 2 DM and 22 healthy individuals (control) were recruited from the University Hospital of Santa Maria (HUSM). This study found that patients with type 2 diabetes showed increased DNA fragmentation, assessed by comet assay, and increased oxidative DNA damage, assessed by 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) urinary levels, compared to healthy control subjects. Additionally, increased DNA damage was observed in the type 2 DM group with inadequate glycemic control. When the areas obtained under the ROC curve were analyzed, 8-OHdG urinary presented higher diagnostic ability in identifying microvascular chronic complications compared with urinary albumin in the type 2 DM group. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that type 2 diabetic patients with microvascular complications had higher levels of oxidative DNA damage compared to patients without such complications. Interestingly enough, it was observed that type 2 diabetic patients with increased DNA damage had higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, and a decrease in IL-10 levels, which is considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine. An association between increased DNA damage in type 2 diabetes and the index HOMA-IR, AOPPs levels and NOx levels and urinary albumin was also verified. Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibited factors that can directly contribute to the increase of DNA damage, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and increased generation of reactive species. / Diversos mecanismos fisiopatológicos estão associados ao Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2, como glicotoxicidade, resistência à insulina, inflamação, estresse oxidativo e disfunção endotelial, podendo resultar em quebras nos filamentos de DNA e modificações nas bases nitrogenadas. Desta maneira, biomarcadores de dano ao DNA podem ser úteis na elucidação da fisiopatologia do DM, bem como uma alternativa para a melhor avaliação de suas complicações crônicas. No entanto, muitos destes mecanismos fisiopatológicos relacionados ao aumento do dano ao DNA no diabetes precisam ser esclarecidos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o dano ao DNA no DM tipo 2 e sua associação com inflamação, oxidação proteica, disfunção endotelial, resistência à insulina e à ocorrência de complicações crônicas microvasculares. O dano ao DNA foi avaliado através do ensaio cometa e dos níveis de 8-hidroxi-2'-desoxiguanosina (8-OHdG) urinário, o processo inflamatório através dos níveis séricos das interleucinas (IL) 1, 6 e 10 e do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) , a oxidação proteica através dos níveis plasmáticos dos produtos proteicos de oxidação avançada (AOPPs), a disfunção endotelial através dos níveis séricos de NOx (nitrito/nitrato) e albumina urinária e a resistência insulínica através do índice HOMA-IR. O presente estudo foi conduzido em duas fases. Na primeira fase 32 pacientes com DM tipo 2 e 30 controles saudáveis foram investigados. Na segunda fase 54 pacientes com DM tipo 2 e 22 indivíduos controle foram recrutados no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM). Neste estudo, foi verificado que os pacientes com DM tipo 2 apresentaram aumento na fragmentação do DNA, avaliado pelo ensaio cometa, e um maior dano oxidativo ao DNA, avaliado pelos níveis urinários de 8-OHdG, comparados com indivíduos controles saudáveis. Também foi verificado no grupo DM tipo 2 com controle glicêmico inadequado um maior dano ao DNA. Quando foram analisadas as áreas sob a curva ROC obtidas, verificamos que o 8-OHdG urinário apresentou uma maior capacidade diagnóstica em identificar as complicações crônicas microvasculares, quando comparada com a albumina urinária no grupo DM tipo 2. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 com complicações microvasculares apresentaram maiores níveis de dano oxidativo ao DNA, comparado aos pacientes que não apresentavam estas complicações. Interessantemente, foi observado que os pacientes DM tipo 2 com maior dano ao DNA apresentaram maiores níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como IL-1, IL-6 e TNF-α, além de um decréscimo nos níveis de IL-10, considerada um citocina anti-inflamatória. Também foi verificada uma associação entre o aumento do dano ao DNA no DM tipo 2 e o índice HOMA-IR, os níveis de AOPPs e os níveis de NOx e albumina urinária. Desta forma, nós especulamos que os pacientes com DM tipo 2 apresentaram uma cascata de eventos como, resistência à insulina, processo inflamatório, disfunção endotelial e aumento da geração de espécies reativas, fatores que podem contribuir diretamente para o aumento do dano ao DNA.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / During the chicken slaughter line, some steps are considered critical, due to the possibility of cross-contamination among carcasses, which directly influence in the shelf-life of the carcasses. New technologies that reduce the microbial counts, leading to an increase of the quality and shelf-life are very welcome. The ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation appears as an alternative, because is a non-thermal method, of low cost and of easy implementation, which has already proved to be lethal to many microorganisms in food surfaces. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the use of doses of UV-C radiation of 5,4 and 9,46 kJ/m2, applied at two temperatures near the slaughter steps (5 and 25 °C), on the physicochemical parameters (color, pH, conjugated dienes content, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fatty acid profile) and microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic, yeasts and molds) of chicken drumsticks. The analyses were performed immediately after the doses were applied (zero day) and every 3 days, during 12 days of storage at 5 °C, but the fatty acid profile was analyzed after the doses were applied, and on sixth and twelfth days. The number of colonies of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria had significant reductions (p < 0,05) on the third, sixth and ninth days of storage, at both temperatures of application and after the doses were applied (zero day) for the application at 25 °C. Regarding the total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, application of UV-C radiation at 5 °C, provided shelf-life of carcasses of 9 days of storage, whereas at 25 °C, the shelf-life was 6 days. The number of colonies of psychrotrophic bacteria had significant decreases (p < 0,05) in all days of storage when applied the dose of 9,46 kJ/m2 at 5 °C, and only on the third and on the twelfth days when applied at 25 °C. At the sixth day, the number of colonies of psychrotrophic bacteria was characteristic of deterioration, regardless the treatment applied. The molds and yeasts were not affected by UV-C radiation. Generally, in a same temperature of application, the UV-C radiation doses didn t cause significant changes (p > 0,05) compared to the samples from the control group (without irradiation) in any of the physicochemical parameters, independent of the day of storage. The application of UV-C radiation at 25 °C compared to 5 °C, promoted higher formation of conjugated dienes and lower amount of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, the UV-C radiation could be applied in industry after the step of cooling carcass (at 5 °C) due to the non-acceleration of initiation of lipid oxidation, the non-diminishing of essential fatty acids and being effective on the reduction of aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria. / Durante a linha de abate de frangos, algumas etapas são consideradas críticas, devido à possibilidade de contaminação cruzada entre as carcaças, o que influencia diretamente na vida útil das mesmas. Novas tecnologias que venham a reduzir as contagens microbianas, levando ao aumento da qualidade e vida útil das carcaças são muito bem-vindas. A radiação ultravioleta-C (UV-C) aparece como uma alternativa, pois é um método não térmico, de baixo custo e de fácil aplicação, que já se mostrou letal para vários micro-organismos em superfícies de alimentos. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de doses de radiação UV-C de 5,4 e 9,46 kJ/m2, aplicadas em duas temperaturas próximas as de etapas do abate (5 e 25 °C), sobre os parâmetros físico-químicos (cor, pH, teor de dienos conjugados, índice de peróxidos, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico e perfil de ácidos graxos) e microbiológicos (bactérias mesófilas aeróbias totais, psicrotróficas e bolores e leveduras) em sobrecoxas de frangos. As análises foram realizadas logo depois de aplicadas as doses (zero dia) e de 3 em 3 dias, durante 12 dias de armazenamento a 5 °C, sendo que o perfil de ácidos graxos foi analisado logo depois de aplicadas as doses e no 6º e 12º dias. O número de colônias das bactérias mesófilas aeróbias totais teve reduções significativas (p < 0,05) no 3º, 6º e 9º dias de armazenamento, em ambas as temperaturas de aplicação e logo depois de aplicadas as doses (zero dia) para a aplicação a 25 °C. Em relação às bactérias mesófilas aeróbias totais, a aplicação da radiação UV-C a 5 °C proporcionou tempo de vida útil das carcaças de 9 dias de armazenamento, enquanto que na aplicação a 25 °C, o tempo de vida útil foi de 6 dias. O número de colônias de bactérias psicrotróficas teve reduções significativas (p < 0,05) em todos os dias de armazenamento quando aplicada a dose de 9,46 kJ/m2 a 5 °C, e somente no 3° e 12° dias, quando aplicada a 25 °C. A partir do 6° dia de armazenamento, o número de colônias de bactérias psicrotróficas foi característico de deterioração, independente do tratamento aplicado. Os bolores e leveduras não foram afetados pela radiação UV-C. De maneira geral, em uma mesma temperatura de aplicação, as doses de radiação UV-C não causaram modificações significativas (p > 0,05) em relação às amostras pertencentes ao grupo controle (sem irradiação) em nenhum dos parâmetros físico-químicos, independente do dia de armazenamento. A aplicação da radiação UV-C a 25 °C em relação a 5 °C, promoveu maior formação de dienos conjugados e um menor teor de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-6 e ômega-3. Dessa forma, a radiação UV-C poderia ser aplicada na indústria após a etapa de resfriamento das carcaças (a 5 °C), devido a não acelerar o início da oxidação lipídica, não diminuir os teores dos ácidos graxos essenciais, e sim apresentar eficiência na redução de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias e psicrotróficas.

No description available.

Beneath glycation, oxidation reactions may take place at cereal proteins during production of malt. The extent of oxidative chemical changes at malt proteins has not yet been studied. In the present short communication, malt protein was characterized by the determination of free thiol groups and degree of methionine oxidation as well as the sites that are reactive to covalent modification by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH, “protein carbonylation”). Protein carbonylation in pale malts was around 1.5 nmol/mg protein and increased with increasing malt colour. Investigations on the protein pellet isolated for determination of carbonylation revealed that solubility and colour may disturb the quantification of carbonyl sites in roasted malts. Free thiols decreased with increasing malt colour already in pale malts (EBC < 10). The formation of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) was intensified with increasing malt colour. An amount of 7–20% of methionine was converted to MetSO in pale and dark malt, whereas nearly 60% of methionine was oxidized to MetSO in roasted malts. The formation of methionine sulfone was negligible. This study shows that malt proteins suffer from oxidation during kilning, and future studies will have to show whether this supports the pro- or antioxidant activity of malt.

Peptide-bound methionine may transfer oxidative damage from the thioether side chain to the peptide backbone, catalyzing decomposition in general and α-amidation in particular. In the present study, we focused on the reactivity and reaction pathways of peptides. We synthesized model peptides comprising methionine or not and investigated their overall tendency towards decomposition and formation of specific products under conditions mimicking the cooking process at 100°C in buffered solution (pH 6.0) in the presence of redox-active substances such as transition metal ions and reductones. Peptides containing methionine were more susceptible to α-amidation under all oxidative conditions, and the products of N-terminus-directed α-amidation were quantified. Exemplarily, after incubation in the presence of cupric sulfate, about 2.0 mol-% of the overall decomposition of Z-glycylmethionylglycine accounted for the formation of Z-glycinamide, whereas it was below 0.1 mol-% for Z-glycylalanylglycine. Surprisingly and different from previous observations, C-terminus-directed α-amidation was observed for the first time. From Z-glycylmethionylglycine, the respective products were formed in higher amounts than the N-terminus-directed α-amidation product Z-glycinamide under all applied oxidation conditions. The preference of electron transfer from the amino nitrogen bound in the peptide bond directed to the C-terminus may be ascribed to a sterically less demanding hexagonal 3-electron-2-center intermediate during methionine-catalyzed α-amidation.

De nombreuses études ont montré que l'exposition de cultures cellulaires à des particules α conduit à des changements biologiques importants autant dans les cellules irradiées que dans les cellules bystander non-irradiées. L'étude des réponses biologiques non-ciblées dans des cultures cellulaires exposées à de faibles fluences d’ions lourds permet d’estimer les risques pour la santé du rayonnement spatial et de la radiothérapie. Nous avons caractérisé les mécanismes sous-jacents de l'induction d'effets stressants dans des cultures confluentes de fibroblastes normaux humains exposés à de faibles fluences d’ions fer de 1000 MeV/u (transfert d'énergie linéique (TEL) ~151 keV/µm), d’ions silicium de 600 MeV/u (TEL ~50 keV/µm) ou d’ions carbone de 290 MeV/u (TEL ~13 keV/µm). Nous avons comparé ces résultats avec ceux obtenus dans des cultures cellulaires exposées, en parallèle, à de faibles fluences de particules α de 0,92 MeV/u (TEL ~109 keV/µm). L'induction de dommages à l'ADN, les changements dans l'expression des gènes, la carbonylation des protéines et la peroxydation lipidique durant les 24 h suivant l'exposition de cultures confluentes à de faibles doses (0,2 cGy et plus) d’ions fer ou d'ions silicium ont très largement contribué à la propagation d’effets stressants des cellules irradiées aux cellules bystander non-irradiées. Pour une dose moyenne de 0,2 cGy, seules ~1 et 3 % des cellules seraient irradiées dans le noyau par un ion, respectivement, fer ou silicium. Les immunoblots ont révélés des augmentations significatives des niveaux de phospho-TP53 (sérine 15), p21Waf1 (CDKN1A), HDM2, phospho-ERK1/2, de carbonylation des protéines et de peroxydation lipidique dans les 24 h suivant l’exposition. L'ampleur de ces réponses suggère la participation de cellules non ciblées dans les effets observés. De plus, lorsque les populations cellulaires irradiées ont été ré-ensemencées dans un milieu de culture frais peu après l'irradiation, les niveaux de ces marqueurs ont aussi augmentés durant 24 h. Ensemble, ces résultats montrent un effet rapidement propagé et persistant. Des analyses in situ réalisées dans des cultures cellulaires confluentes ont montré que la formation de foyers de la protéine 53BP1, marqueur de dommages à l'ADN, touchait un nombre de cellules plus important que celui auguré par la fraction de cellules traversées dans le noyau par un ion fer ou silicium. Cet effet est exprimé dès 15 min suivant l'exposition, atteint son maximum 1 h après l’exposition puis diminue jusqu’à 24 h. Une tendance similaire s'est produite après exposition à une dose moyenne absorbée de 0,2 cGy de particules α de 3,7 MeV, mais non après 0,2 cGy d’ions carbone de 290 MeV/u.Des analyses utilisant des puits de cultures intégrant une fine épaisseur de CR-39, détecteur solide de traces nucléaires, et permettant ainsi l’identification des cellules irradiées aux ions fer ou silicium, confirment la participation de cellules bystander dans la réponse au stress. Des études mécanistiques ont, de plus, indiqué que les jonctions gap permettant la communication intercellulaire, certaines voies de la réparation de l’ADN, ainsi que le métabolisme oxydatif participent à la propagation des effets non ciblés induit par des radiations de haut TEL. Nous avons également examiné la contribution possible des particules secondaires produites le long des traces d’ions primaires dans les réponses biologiques. Les simulations réalisées avec le code de transport de particules FLUKA ont révélé que la dose due aux produits de fragmentation, autres que les électrons, est inférieure à 1 % de la dose absorbée dans les cultures cellulaires exposées à des ions lourds. De plus, la dose radiale des ions lourds secondaires est limitée à ~10-20 µm autour de l’ion primaire. Ainsi, ces derniers sont peu susceptibles de contribuer de manière significative à la réponse biologique observée dans des cellules non ciblées par des ions lourds primaires / Widespread evidence indicates that exposure of cell cultures to α particles results in significant biological changes in both the irradiated and non-irradiated bystander cells in the population. The induction of non-targeted biological responses in cell cultures exposed to low fluences of high charge (Z) and high energy (E) particles is relevant to estimates of the health risks of space radiation and to radiotherapy. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the induction of stressful effects in confluent normal human fibroblast cultures exposed to low fluences of 1000 MeV/u iron ions (linear energy transfer (LET) ~151 keV/µm), 600 MeV/u silicon ions (LET ~50 keV/µm) or 290 MeV/u carbon ions (LET ~13 keV/µm). We compared the results with those obtained in cell cultures exposed, in parallel, to low fluences of 0.92 MeV/u α particles (LET ~109 keV/µm).Induction of DNA damage, changes in gene expression, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation during 24 h after exposure of confluent cultures to mean doses as low as 0.2 cGy of iron or silicon ions strongly supported the propagation of stressful effects from irradiated to bystander cells. At a mean dose of 0.2 cGy, only ~1 and 3 % of the cells would be targeted through the nucleus by an iron or silicon ion, respectively. Within 24 h post-irradiation, immunoblot analyses revealed significant increases in the levels of phospho-TP53 (serine 15), p21Waf1 (also known as CDKN1A), HDM2, phospho-ERK1/2, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation. The magnitude of the responses suggested participation of non-targeted cells in the response. Furthermore, when the irradiated cell populations were subcultured in fresh medium shortly after irradiation, greater than expected increases in the levels of these markers were also observed during 24 h. Together, the results imply a rapidly propagated and persistent bystander effect. In situ analyses in confluent cultures showed 53BP1 foci formation, a marker of DNA damage, in more cells than expected based on the fraction of cells traversed through the nucleus by an iron or silicon ion. The effect was expressed as early as 15 min after exposure, peaked at 1 h and decreased by 24 h. A similar tendency occurred after exposure to a mean absorbed dose of 0.2 cGy of 3.7 MeV α particles, but not after 0.2 cGy of 290 MeV/u carbon ions.Analyses in dishes that incorporate a CR-39 solid state nuclear track detector bottom identified the cells irradiated with iron or silicon ions and further supported the participation of bystander cells in the stress response. Mechanistic studies indicated that gap junction intercellular communication, DNA repair, and oxidative metabolism participate in the propagation of the induced effects.We also considered the possible contribution of secondary particles produced along the primary particle tracks to the biological responses. Simulations with the FLUKA multi-particle transport code revealed that fragmentation products, other than electrons, in cells cultures exposed to HZE particles comprise <1 % of the absorbed dose. Further, the radial spread of dose due to secondary heavy ion fragments is confined to approximately 10-20 µm Thus, the latter are unlikely to significantly contribute to the stressful effects in cells not targeted by primary HZE particles.