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In view of the unfavorable panorama of actual energy supply practices, alternative sustainable energy sources and conversion approaches have acquired noteworthy significance in recent years. Among these, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are being considered as a pivotal building block in the transition towards a sustainable energy economy. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a vital component, as well as a performance-limiting factor, of the PEMFC. Consequently, the development of high performance PEM materials is of upmost importance for the advance of the PEMFC field. In this work, alternative PEM materials based on semi-interpenetrated networks from blends of poly(vinyledene fluoride) (PVDF) and sulfonated crosslinked acrylic polyelectrolytes (PE), as well as tri-phase PVDF/PE/zirconium-based composites, are studied. To alleviate the burden resulting from the vast number of possible combinations of the different precursors utilized in the preparation of the membranes, custom high throughput screening systems have been developed for their characterization. By coupling the data spaces obtained via these systems with the appropriate statistical and data analysis tools it was found that, despite not being directly involved in the proton transport process, the inert PVDF phase plays a major role on proton conductivity. Particularly, a univocal inverse correlation between the PVDF crystalline characteristics (i.e., crystallinity and crystallite size) and melt viscosity, and membrane proton conductivity was discovered. Membranes based on highly crystalline and viscous PVDF homopolymers exhibited reduced proton conductivity due to precluded segmental motion of the PE chains during crosslinking. In addition, a maximum effective amount of PE (55-60wt%) beneficial for proton conductivity was revealed. In the case of composite membranes, despite the fact that nanoparticle dispersion was thermodynamically limited, a general improvement in proton conductivity was evidenced at low to medium nanoparticle loadings (0.5 to 1wt%) in comparison to non-hybrid PVDF/PE references. This beneficial effect was particularly noticeable in membranes based on PVDF homopolymers (7% to 14.3% increment), where the nanoparticles induced a "healing" effect by providing proton-conducting paths between non-crosslinked PE channels separated by dense PVDF areas resulting from large PVDF crystallites. In general, the results presented herein are promising for the development of new cost-effective alternative PEMs.

Στην παρούσα εργασία, η αποθήκευση υδρογόνου σε νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα εξετάστηκε με τη βοήθεια δύο πειραματικών τεχνικών: ρόφηση υδρογόνου και θερμοπρογραμματιζόμενη εκρόφηση υδρογόνου. Τα δείγματα που εξετάστηκαν για αποθήκευση υδρογόνου περιελάμβαναν MWCNTs, thinMWCNTs και SWCNTs. Τα πειράματα ρόφησης υδρογόνου πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε θερμοκρασία 298 Κ και σε εύρος πίεσης 0-1000 Torr και τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν είναι, 0.12-0.17 wt.%, 0.22 wt.% καιι 0.30-0.36 wt.% αντίστοιχα. Τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από τους υπολογισμούς της ενέργειας ενεργοποίησης εκρόφησης (~20 kJ/mol) των TPD πειραμάτων οδήγησαν στο συμπέρασμα ότι η αποθηκευτική ικανότητα Η2 των CNTs δεν είναι αποτέλεσμα μόνο φυσικής ρόφησης, αλλά και φαινόμενα χημικής ρόφησης λαμβάνουν χώρα και ότι η διαθέσιμη προς ρόφηση Η2 επιφάνεια των CNTs είναι ομοιόμορφη, αφού η ποσότητα Η2 που ροφήθηκε στους CNTs στους 298 Κ, εκροφήθηκε από αυτούς στην ίδια θερμοκρασία. Η ενίσχυση της ικανότητας ρόφησης Η2 ενός υλικού, λαμβάνει χώρα μέσω του φαινομένου spillover. Pt εναποτέθηκε στους CNTs μέσω υγρού εμποτισμού ή μέσω ανάμιξης στη συσκευή υπερήχων του αιωρήματος των CNTs στο διάλυμα της πρόδρομης ένωσης. Στους CNTs που εξετάστηκαν, η παρουσία Pt στην επιφάνεια τους, σχεδόν διπλασίασε την αποθηκευτική τους ικανότητα σε Η2. Οι εμπλουτισμένοι με αλκάλια CNTs εμφανίζουν μεγαλύτερα ποσοστά αποθήκευσης Η2 από τους μη εμπλουτισμένους. Η συμπεριφορά αυτή έχει αποδοθεί στη δημιουργία δίπολου πάνω στο μόριο του Η2, λόγω της ύπαρξης σημειακών φορτίων στα αλκάλια. Το μέγιστο ποσοστό αποθήκευσης που επιτεύχθηκε στην παρούσα εργασία είναι το 0.7 wt.%, στους 298 Κ, για το υλικό 0.5% Pt/ Li(5%)-SWCNTs-85%. Στα κελιά καυσίμου ΡΕΜ, το μεγάλο κόστος λόγω της παρουσίας του καταλύτη Pt στα ηλεκτρόδια τους, αποτελεί τον κυριότερο περιορισμό για την εμπορευματοποίηση τους. Ως εκ τούτου, στόχος είναι η αποδοτικότερη χρήση του καταλύτη Pt με ταυτόχρονη μείωση της ποσότητας του. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκαν, μέσω ηλεκτροχημικών πειραμάτων, οι καταλύτες Pt/SWCNTs, Pt/MWCNTs και Pt/Vulcan-XC72. Η εναπόθεση της Pt έλαβε χώρα με τις προαναφερθείσες μεθόδους, και τα αποτελέσματα των πειραμάτων έδειξαν ότι τόσο η μέθοδος εναπόθεσης Pt, όσο και το είδος των CNTs, επηρεάζουν τα ηλεκτροχημικά χαρακτηριστικά των ηλεκτροδίων. Μέγιστη παραγόμενη ισχύς της τάξης των 0.21 W/cm2, επιτεύχθηκε με τους καταλύτες Pt/SWCNTs με χρήση τους ως ηλεκτρόδιων ανόδου. / In this study, hydrogen storage on carbon nanotubes was studied via two main methods: hydrogen adsorption and temperature programmed desorption. CNTs (multi-walled, thin multi-walled and single walled) of variable purity were tested for their hydrogen adsorption capacity at 298 in the pressure range of 0 to 1000 Torr. Maximum adsorption capacity per unit mass of the solid was observed over SWCNTs (0.30-0.36 wt.%), followed by thinMWCNTs (0.22 wt.%) and MWCNTs (0.12-0.17 wt.%). Temperature programmed desorption revealed that the adsorption sites on the CNTs surface are relatively uniform, due to the fact that the quantity of hydrogen desorbed is very close to the quantity of hydrogen adsorbed. The calculated values of desorption activation energy (~20 kJ/mol) revealed that adsorption on CNTs is not purely physical in nature but it also involves weak chemisorption bonds. One potential way to enhance hydrogen storage on carbon nanotubes is spillover effect. Pt was deposited on CNTs via wet impregnation (method A) or mixture of the suspension of carbon nanotubes in the solution of the precursor under sonication (method B). Both, hydrogen adsorption experiments at 298 K and temperature programmed desorption measurements revealed that hydrogen storage capacity observed over CNTs was almost double. Experimental and theoretical researches have shown that alkali doped CNTs presented higher values of hydrogen storage capacity, compared to non alkali doped CNTs. This behavior has been attributed to the creation of bipolar forces in the hydrogen molecule, due to the charge transfer in alkalis. The highest storage capacity presented in this work was 0.7 wt.%, for Li doped CNTs when Pt was deposited on them via method B. The use of CNTs as platinum support for proton exchange membrane fuel cells has been investigated as a way to reduce the cost of fuel cells through an increased utilization of platinum. This work presents results with Pt catalysts supported on CNTs and also on commonly used carbon powder, Vulcan XC-72, prepared via methods mentioned above. The results indicate electrochemical characteristics which depend strongly on the nature of the support and the Pt deposition method. Power density of 0.21 W/cm2 at 80 0C was achieved with Pt/SWCNTs fed with H2 and the activity of the anodes followed the sequence: Pt/SWCNTs > Pt/MWCNTs > Pt/Vulcan XC-72.

Fuel cells have the potential to change the energy paradigm by allowing more efficient use of energy. In particular, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are interesting because they are low temperature devices. However, there are still numerous challenges limiting their widespread use including operating temperature, types of permissible fuels and optimal use of expensive catalysts. The first two problems are related mainly to the ionomer electrolyte, which largely determines the operating temperature and fuel type. While new ionomer membranes have been proposed to address some of these issues, there is still a lack of fundamental knowledge to guide ionomer design for PEMFC. This work is a computational study of the effect of temperature and water content on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and the effect of acidity on sulfonated polystyrene to better understand how ionomer material properties differ. In particular we found that increased water content preferentially solvates the sulfonate groups and improves water and hydronium transport. However, we found that increasing an ionomer’s acid strength causes similar effects to increasing the water content. Finally, we used Density Functional Theory (DFT) to study platinum nano-clusters as used in PEMFCs. We developed a model using the atom’s coordination number to quickly compute the energy of a cluster and therefore predict which platinum atoms are most loosely held. Our model correctly predicted the energy of various clusters compared to DFT. Also, we studied the interaction between the various moieties of the electrolyte including the catalyst particle and developed a force field. The coordination model can be used in a molecular dynamics simulation of the three phase region of a PEMFC to generate unbiased initial clusters. The force field developed can be used to describe the interaction between this generated cluster and the electrolyte.

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are being studied for use as high efficiency power plants in alternative fuel vehicles. To maintain high efficiency the operating temperatures of the membranes in these fuel cells must be closely monitored and controlled. However, the environment inside of the fuel cell is not favorable for traditional temperature sensing, so a new optical-fiber-based, distributed temperature sensor was proposed to address this need. This thesis investigates the properties of neodymium-doped optical fiber for use as a distributed temperature sensor for PEM fuel cells. The optical absorption spectrum was measured to identify the energy band structure and determine upconversion excitation schemes. The temperature coefficient of the Nd³⁺-doped silica fiber fluorescence decay time was measured for several bands of emission. Finally, two-photon upconversion was attempted from the lower excited states of Nd:YAG and Nd:silica. / Graduation date: 2012

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

L'un des principaux freins au développement des piles à combustible de type PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) est lié aux phénomènes de dégradation des performances qui les pénalisent encore en termes de durée de vie. L'étude de ces phénomènes au niveau des composants de l’AME est un thème abordé aujourd'hui par de nombreuses équipes de recherche, mais une étude à une échelle d’un stack est nécessaire pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes en jeu. En effet, dans un stack les conditions de fonctionnement ne sont pas homogènes comme dans les cellules de laboratoire, notamment au niveau thermique. Ceci est particulièrement exacerbé dans les piles pour application automobile, dont la compacité contraint fortement la conception du circuit de refroidissement. De plus, les exigences en termes de démarrage à froid sont à prendre en compte, avec notamment la limitation de l'inertie thermique de l'empilement ou l'apparition d'hétérogénéités plus fortes pendant les phases transitoires.Ce travail de thèse se propose d'étudier l'effet d'hétérogénéités de température sur la performance d'une pile en application automobile et sa dégradation. L'étude est menée dans différentes conditions de fonctionnement: fonctionnement nominal, cyclage thermique et cyclage NEDC (New European Driving Cycles).Cette étude comporte une partie expérimentale, centrée sur des essais de vieillissement en pile et un travail sur le diagnostic électrochimique global et local. Elle est complétée par des expertises post-mortem des assemblages membrane-électrodes et des plaques testées. En parallèle, un travail de modélisation est mené pour relier les constatations expérimentales à une description des phénomènes en présence. L'influence du design des canaux de réactifs et de caloporteur sur le fonctionnement des piles est étudiée. Enfin, l’effet de la gestion thermique sur la dégradation des performances et sur la détérioration des composants de la pile est étudié. / One of the main challenges for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells development is the performance loss, which largely limits the durability. The study of the degradation phenomena of the different MEA components is a challenge addressed by many researchers, but a study at a stack scale is needed in order to better understand the ageing mechanisms. Indeed, in an industrial fuel cell the operating conditions are not homogeneous as for laboratory fuel cells, especially as regards thermal aspects. The heterogeneities are particularly emphasized for automotive fuel cells, because of the compactness constraint of the cooling circuit. Moreover, the requirements of cold start should be considered, as well as the inertial effects of the stacks and the increased heterogeneities during the driving cycles.In this work, the effects of the temperature heterogeneities and hot spots on the automotive fuel cell performances and degradations are investigated. The study is conducted in different conditions: nominal conditions, load/thermal cycling and New European Driving Cycles (NEDC).The work is composed of an experimental study, which consists of ageing tests on fuel cells and on-line diagnosis at both global and local scales. At the end of the tests, post-mortem analyses of the aged components are conducted. In parallel, a physic-based model is developed in order to predict the local temperature and humidity in the different components of the cell. Then, the impact of the reactive gases and cooling flow fields design on the thermal and water management of the cell is investigated. Finally, the experimental and modeling results are coupled in order to investigate the correlation between heat management, water management and degradations.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP