Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Apresentamos um estudo preliminar da produção difrativa de mésons utilizando dados obtidos da colisão próton-próton, a energias de centro de massa de 7 TeV, com o experimento CMS-LHC. O trabalho inclui o desenvolvimento do algoritmo de reconstrução dos mésons D* através do canal de decaimento D*->D0 + pion (lento) ->K+pion, a medida da eficiência de detecção e reconstrução, e uma análise do comportamento de variáveis cinemáticas na produção difrativa dessas partículas, particularmente, das lacunas de rapidez. Para isso, foi utilizada uma luminosidade integrada de 3,171pb^(-1) de dados coletados no ano de 2010. As análises com os dados experimentais foram comparadas com os resultados obtidos com geradores de Monte Carlo PYTHIA6, PYTHIA8 e POMPYT. / In this work we present a very preliminary study of the diffractive production of mesons D* from proton-proton collisions, at center of mass energy of 7 TeV, with the CMS-LHC experiment. The decay channel where D*->D0 + pion (slow) ->K+pion was reconstructed and the efficiency was computed. An analysis of the dependence of the kinematical variables,particularly of the pseudo rapidity gap Δη, on the meson production was done. A total luminosity of 3.171pb^(-1) of data collected in the year of 2010 was analyzed, and the reconstructed data were compared to the ones obtained with PYTHIA6, PYTHIA8 and POMPYT generators.

This thesis will present results on the measurement of Z boson production in the electron channel associated with b-jets in proton-proton collision at 13 TeV, a measurement of fundamental interest in precision measurements and physics searches. This measurement represents important precision tests of perturbative QCD and provides information related to the b-quark inside of the proton. This measurement also represents one of the main sources of background in top quark production studies, Higgs precision measurements and the search for supersymmetric particles. The results on cross section measurements and kinematic distributions presented in this work have been unfolded to particle level and are compared to the four and five flavor schemes in Monte Carlo generators, showing that the predictions are consistent within the experimental uncertainties. In this thesis it will be also shown results of the development of the new event selection system proposed for high luminosity measurements. This system will be implemented during the second LHC long shutdown (2019-2020), which involves studies on the reconstruction of electrons using the concept of supercells, where the fine granularity of the cells of the ATLAS Liquid Argon detector is exploited to mitigate the problems to be found in high luminosity conditions. One of the problems is the increase of pile-up, caused by secondary collisions of protons in the same event, generating a large number of low pT jets that can be erroneously identified as electrons. The studies in this work introduce new discriminants based on the electromagnetic shower shape, showing that is possible to further reduce the rate of low pT jets maintaining a good performance on electron reconstruction. / Esta tese apresentará resultados da medida da produção de bósons Z no canal de elétrons associado com jatos b em colisões próton-próton a 13 TeV, uma medida de fundamental interesse em medidas de precisão e buscas por nova física. Essa medida representa importantes testes de precisão da QCD perturbativa e prove informações relacionadas ao quark b dentro do próton. Essa medida também representa uma das principais fontes de background na produção do quark top, medidas de precisão do Higgs e na busca de partículas supersimétricas. Os resultados na medida da seção de choque e distribuições cinemáticas apresentadas neste trabalho são comparados com os esquemas de quatro e cinco sabores nos geradores Monte Carlo, mostrando que as predições são consistentes dentro das incertezas experimentais. Nesta tese também serão apresentados estudos do desenvolvimento de um sistema de seleção de eventos proposto para medidas em alta luminosidade. Esse sistema será implementado durante o segundo LHC long shutdown (2019-2020), envolvendo estudos na reconstrução de elétrons usando o conceito de supercélulas, onde a fina granularidade das células do detector de Argônio Líquido do ATLAS será aproveitada para mitigar as dificuldades que se terão em condições de alta luminosidade. Um dos problemas é o aumento do empilhamento (pile-up), causado por colisões secundárias de prótons no mesmo evento, gerando uma grande quantidade de jatos de baixo pT que podem ser erroneamente identificados como elétrons. Os estudos neste trabalho apresentam novos discriminantes com base na forma da cascata eletromagnética, mostrando que é possível reduzir ainda mais a taxa de jatos de baixo pT mantendo uma boa reconstrução de elétrons.

The proton, one of the basic constituents of atoms, was discovered around 1920. Its structure has been intensively studied since that time mainly with the help of proton- proton collision experiments. Main progress has started when corresponding experiments at the world's first hadron collider ISR at CERN which ran from 1971 to 1984 were performed. The understanding of the structure and interactions of this subatomic particle protons has been, however, rather incomplete. Only some very general models have been available especially in the case of higher collision energies when very different kinds of collisions have existed. Some very simplifying assumptions of unclear physical meaning have been then involved in models concerning elastic processes. The influence of these assumptions on physical interpretation has started to be studied and some progress has been made when the eikonal model has been proposed, i.e., the dependence of elastic collisions on corresponding impact parameter values has been taken into account from the beginning. However, even if some new results have been obtained many unanswered questions have remained. For example, the collision process has been denoted generally as probabilistic but corresponding probabilities have not been sufficiently defined and determined. The given thesis contains,...

For many centuries, the study of the Sun has been an important testbed for understanding stars that are further away. One of the first astronomical observations Galileo Galilei made in 1612 with the newly invented telescope concerned the sunspots, and in 1814, Joseph von Fraunhofer employed his new spectroscope to discover the absorption lines in the solar spectrum that are now named after him. Even though more refined and new modes of observation are now available than in the days of Galileo and Fraunhofer, the study of the Sun is still high on the agenda of contemporary science, due to three guiding interests. The first is connected to the ages-old human striving to understand the structure of the larger world surrounding us. Modern telescopes, some of them even based outside the Earth’s atmosphere in space, have succeeded in observing astronomical objects that are billions of light- years away. However, for practical reasons precision data that are important for understanding stars can still only be gained from the Sun. In a sense, the observations of far-away astronomical objects thus call for a more precise study of the closeby, of the Sun, for their interpretation. The second interest stems from the human desire to understand the essence of the world, in particular the elementary particles of which it consists. Large accelerators have been constructed to produce and collide these particles. However, man-made machines can never be as luminous as the Sun when it comes to producing particles. Solar neutrinos have thus served not only as an astronomical tool to understand the Sun’s inner workings, but their behavior on the way from the Sun to the Earth is also being studied with the aim to understand their nature and interactions. The third interest is strictly connected to life on Earth. A multitude of research has shown that even relatively slight changes in the Earth’s climate may strongly affect the living conditions in a number of densely populated areas, mainly near the ocean shore and in arid regions. Thus, great effort is expended on the study of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. Also the Sun, via the solar irradiance and via the effects of the so-called solar wind of magnetic particles on the Earth’s atmosphere, may affect the climate. There is no proof linking solar effects to short-term changes in the Earth’s climate. However, such effects cannot be excluded, either, making it necessary to study the Sun. The experiments summarized in the present work contribute to the present-day study of our Sun by repeating, in the laboratory, some of the nuclear processes that take place in the core of the Sun. They aim to improve the precision of the nuclear cross section data that lay the foundation of the model of the nuclear reactions generating energy and producing neutrinos in the Sun. In order to reach this goal, low-energy nuclear physics experiments are performed. Wherever possible, the data are taken in a low-background, underground environment. There is only one underground accelerator facility in the world, the Laboratory Underground for Nuclear Astro- physics (LUNA) 0.4 MV accelerator in the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy. Much of the research described here is based on experiments at LUNA. Background and feasibility studies shown here lay the base for future, higher-energy underground accelerators. Finally, it is shown that such a device can even be placed in a shallow-underground facility such as the Dresden Felsenkeller without great loss of sensitivity.

A study of the usage of ALICEs time of flight (TOF), time projection chamber (TPC), and electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal), aiming at detecting and separating electrons and positrons (e±) originated from different sources, was carried out. To accomplish the objectives of the research, data gathered from the 2012 proton-proton (pp) collision experiment were used. At a center of mass energy of sqrt(s)=8TeV, the collision of the proton beams liberates heavy quarks, charm and bottom, with approximate lifetimes of approximately 10^13s and 10^12s, respectively. The e± generated through weak semileptonic heavy flavor decays are of interest for studying quarks, therefore it served solely as motivation and incentive for the research carried out and described herein. The introduction of carefully selected cuts, with the purpose of separating partial data collected in the three detectors, permitted the understanding of their effect on the results. Furthermore, due to the fact that the TOFs design was not meant to separate e± from the other heavier particles, only the general effects of introducing a simple cut in the beta=v/c values were analyzed. The more specific cuts were only used for the data generated by the events detected by the TPC and the EMCal. A combination of cuts based on the particles energy loss as a function of traveled distance (dE/dx), with the ratio of energy to momentum (E/p) of the particle, was adopted to enable the separation process, thus allowing for the isolation of e± from the other particles, namely pi±, K±, and p/p. The analysis was performed for values of total particle momentum in the range 0<=p<=6GeV/c. A comparison of the raw data with the results obtained by applying this procedure, indicated a substantial increase in the e± yield and efficiency, reaching average values above 90% over the entire momentum range. / Um estudo do uso dos detetores de tempo de voo (TDV), câmara de projeção de tempo (CPT), e calorímetro eletromagnético (CalEM) do ALICE, visando detectar elétrons e pósitrons (e±) originados por diferentes fontes, foi realizado. Para atingir os objetivos da pesquisa, dados coletados durante o experimento de colisões próton-próton em 2012 foram utilizados. Com um nível de enegia do centro de mass igual a raiz(s)=8TeV, a colisão dos feixes de prótons libera quarks pesados, charm e bottom, com tempo de vida de aproximadamente 10^13s e 10^12s, respectivamente. Os e± gerados pelo decaimento fraco semileptônico de sabores pesados é de interesse para o estudo dos quarks, portanto, o conceito serviu somente como motivação e incentivo para a pesquisa realizada e descrita nesta dissertação. A introdução de cortes específicos, com a finalidade de parcialmente separar dados coletados nos três detectores, permitiu adquirir entendimento sobre os efeitos do cortes nos resultados. Adicionalmente, em virtude do projeto do TDV não ter sido feito visando separar e± oriundos do decaimento dos sabores pesados das demais partículas mais massivas, somente os efeitos gerais de introduzir um corte simples nos valores de beta=v/c, foram analisados. Os cortes mais específicos foram somente nos dados detectados pelo CPT e pelo CalEM. Uma combinação de cortes baseados na perda de energia da partícula em função da distância percorrida (dE/dx), com a razão entre a energia e o momento da partícula (E/p), foi adotada para viabilizar o processo de separação, desta forma permitindo a separação dos e± das demais partículas, ou seja, dos pi±, K±, and p/p. A análise foi realizada para valores de momento total das partículas na faixa 0<=p<=6GeV/c. Uma comparação dos dados originais com os resultados obtidos pela aplicação do procedimento, indicou um aumento substancial do rendimento e eficiência dos e±, atingindo valores médios acima de 90% na faixa inteira de momento.

Les quarks étranges constituent une sonde importante pour la compréhension de la chromodynamique quantique. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans cette perspective ; il porte sur l'étude des baryons multi-étranges Ξ- (dss) et Ω- (sss) dans les collisions proton-proton (pp) au LHC. Les analyses sont menées auprès de l'expérience ALICE et concernent les rapidités centrales (y ≈ 0) et basses impulsions transverses (pT < 8,5 GeV/c). Les taux de production par événement de ces baryons sont établis à partir de la mesure de spectres différentiels fonction de l'impulsion des hypérons, d²N/dpTdy = f(pT). À √s = 0.9 TeV, la production des (Ξ- + Ξ+) dans les interactions inélastiques pp est extraite à partir d'une faible statistique d'événements. À √s = 7 TeV, la grande statistique de données permet la mesure des taux de production pour chacune des quatre espèces : Ξ-, Ξ+, Ω- et Ω+. Aux deux énergies, les spectres des données réelles sont comparés avec les spectres générés par différents modèles phénoménologiques de référence (PYTHIA et PHOJET). La comparaison montre une sous-estimation univoque des spectres par les générateurs Monte Carlo (jusqu'à un facteur ~4 pour les Ξ, ~15 pour les Ω). Une analyse de corrélations azimutales (Ξ± - h±) est par ailleurs conduite aux pT intermédiaires (2 < pT < 5 GeV/c) dans les données pp à √s = 7 TeV. Ces corrélations montrent que, lorsque l'impulsion des Ξ± augmente, l'émission de ceux-ci se fait préférentiellement en corrélation avec des jets.

A study of the usage of ALICEs time of flight (TOF), time projection chamber (TPC), and electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal), aiming at detecting and separating electrons and positrons (e±) originated from different sources, was carried out. To accomplish the objectives of the research, data gathered from the 2012 proton-proton (pp) collision experiment were used. At a center of mass energy of sqrt(s)=8TeV, the collision of the proton beams liberates heavy quarks, charm and bottom, with approximate lifetimes of approximately 10^13s and 10^12s, respectively. The e± generated through weak semileptonic heavy flavor decays are of interest for studying quarks, therefore it served solely as motivation and incentive for the research carried out and described herein. The introduction of carefully selected cuts, with the purpose of separating partial data collected in the three detectors, permitted the understanding of their effect on the results. Furthermore, due to the fact that the TOFs design was not meant to separate e± from the other heavier particles, only the general effects of introducing a simple cut in the beta=v/c values were analyzed. The more specific cuts were only used for the data generated by the events detected by the TPC and the EMCal. A combination of cuts based on the particles energy loss as a function of traveled distance (dE/dx), with the ratio of energy to momentum (E/p) of the particle, was adopted to enable the separation process, thus allowing for the isolation of e± from the other particles, namely pi±, K±, and p/p. The analysis was performed for values of total particle momentum in the range 0<=p<=6GeV/c. A comparison of the raw data with the results obtained by applying this procedure, indicated a substantial increase in the e± yield and efficiency, reaching average values above 90% over the entire momentum range. / Um estudo do uso dos detetores de tempo de voo (TDV), câmara de projeção de tempo (CPT), e calorímetro eletromagnético (CalEM) do ALICE, visando detectar elétrons e pósitrons (e±) originados por diferentes fontes, foi realizado. Para atingir os objetivos da pesquisa, dados coletados durante o experimento de colisões próton-próton em 2012 foram utilizados. Com um nível de enegia do centro de mass igual a raiz(s)=8TeV, a colisão dos feixes de prótons libera quarks pesados, charm e bottom, com tempo de vida de aproximadamente 10^13s e 10^12s, respectivamente. Os e± gerados pelo decaimento fraco semileptônico de sabores pesados é de interesse para o estudo dos quarks, portanto, o conceito serviu somente como motivação e incentivo para a pesquisa realizada e descrita nesta dissertação. A introdução de cortes específicos, com a finalidade de parcialmente separar dados coletados nos três detectores, permitiu adquirir entendimento sobre os efeitos do cortes nos resultados. Adicionalmente, em virtude do projeto do TDV não ter sido feito visando separar e± oriundos do decaimento dos sabores pesados das demais partículas mais massivas, somente os efeitos gerais de introduzir um corte simples nos valores de beta=v/c, foram analisados. Os cortes mais específicos foram somente nos dados detectados pelo CPT e pelo CalEM. Uma combinação de cortes baseados na perda de energia da partícula em função da distância percorrida (dE/dx), com a razão entre a energia e o momento da partícula (E/p), foi adotada para viabilizar o processo de separação, desta forma permitindo a separação dos e± das demais partículas, ou seja, dos pi±, K±, and p/p. A análise foi realizada para valores de momento total das partículas na faixa 0<=p<=6GeV/c. Uma comparação dos dados originais com os resultados obtidos pela aplicação do procedimento, indicou um aumento substancial do rendimento e eficiência dos e±, atingindo valores médios acima de 90% na faixa inteira de momento.

Under the influence of standardly used (however, very simplified) description of Coulomb-hadronic interference proposed by West and Yennie (1968) the protons have been interpreted as "transparent" objects; elastic collisions have been interpreted as more central than inelastic ones. This property may be hardly put in agreement with the fact that in the majority of hadronic collisions many different particles have been created at high energies. Using the more general eikonal model it will be shown that the protons may be interpreted in agreement with usual conception; elastic processes being more peripheral than inelastic ones. The contemporary TOTEM experiment at the LHC accelerator in CERN devoted to measurement of elastic pp scattering and diffractive processes at the highest ever reached energies will be described. The eikonal model will be explained to greater details, generalized and applied to experimental data of elastic pp collisions under different assumptions at 52.8 GeV (older ISR data measured at CERN) and also at much higher energy of 8 TeV (new TOTEM data). The impact of different assumptions on determination of several quantities specifying hadron interaction will be studied. Mainly the assumptions influencing behaviour of elastic collisions in dependence on impact parameter of colliding...