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The current study aims to increase understanding of influences on and consequences of self-regulation in adolescence. Previous work has shown that higher levels of self-regulation are associated with greater social competence and lower levels problem behaviors. Past studies have posited that parenting and interparental conflict are linked to self-regulation and adjustment in childhood and adolescence. However, the mechanism underlying the potential effects of specific parental behaviors and interparental conflict on self-regulation and their unique effects on adjustment have been largely unexamined. It was hypothesized that parental psychological and behavioral control and interparental conflict would be indirectly associated with adolescent outcomes via self-regulation abilities. Besides, differential impacts of parental controlling behaviors on self-regulation were also explored. The study involved a sample of 300 students in the 6th and 7th grades and their mothers. Students completed self-report questionnaires on parental control behaviors, self-regulation abilities, and academic self-concept. Furthermore, mothers completed questionnaires including parental control, interparental conflict, self-regulation abilities of adolescents, and adolescent adjustment (i.e., hyperactivation/inattention, emotional, and prosocial behaviors). The mediational hypothesis was largely supported. Results suggested that perceived parental psychological control and interparental conflict predicted low levels of self-regulation and in turn, this predicted adolescent adjustment. Parental behavioral control predicted self-regulation abilities in adolescent-reported model only. As predicted, different parental psychological control dimensions had divergent impact on adolescent outcomes. Specifically, love withdrawal/irrespective parenting was associated with the highest adolescent adjustment. Results also showed that the interplay between paternal guilt induction/erratic emotional behaviors and monitoring was significant in predicting prosocial behaviors and perseverance of adolescents. Similarly, the significant interaction between maternal love withdrawal/irrespective and knowledge suggested that high maternal withdrawal combined with high parental knowledge may result in hyperactivation/inattention problems among early adolescents. Finally, two U-shaped curvilinear relationships were found between psychological control and adjustment variables. Accordingly, the relationship between paternal guilt induction/erratic emotional behaviors and low perseverance/monitoring / and maternal love withdrawal/irrespective and Turkish academic self-concept had curvilinear relationship. Theoretical, methodological, cultural, and practical implications of the findings were discussed considering previous literature.

This study examined the interplay between parenting behaviors and self-regulatory focus in a sample of 320 university freshmen. Considering the theoretical assumptions and cultural differences, it is expected that specific parenting behaviors predict prevention and/or promotion self-regulatory focus. Especially, the dimensions of parental psychological control were expected to predict prevention focus. Participants completed multiple measures of parenting behaviors and self-regulatory focus. Self-regulatory focus was measured using both direct and indirect measures (i.e., value domains) considering the theoretical formulations underlying the indirect measures. The measures of specific parenting behaviors included parental support, behavioral control, psychological control, and overprotection. Results suggested that psychological control mainly predicts prevention focus. Whereas parental blaming and love withdrawal predicted prevention focus, guilt induction predicted promotion focus under certain conditions. Besides, parental overprotection was related with higher levels of both promotion and prevention self-regulatory focuses. As expected, parental behavioral control was associated with lower levels of prevention focus and parental support was associated with higher levels of promotion focus. Examination of the relationships between both types of self-regulatory focuses and the subscales of indirect measure comprised of value domains yielded results contradictory to the original formulations. For instance, contrary to the theoretical expectations, value domain of security was strongly associated with promotion focus rather than prevention focus, signifying a potential cultural difference. Finally, results have suggested that direct and indirect measures of self-regulatory focuses do not consistently overlap and they may measure different constructs. Results were discussed on the basis of the previous work in this area and further exploration was suggested to clarify the link between direct and indirect measures of self-regulatory focus and their links to parenting behaviors.

Young adulthood is a critical period during which advances in educational, occupational, and financial adjustment set the stage for lifelong economic capital, health, and well-being. Greater understanding of the factors that contribute to positive and negative adjustment in young adulthood is warranted. This longitudinal study highlights the important role of parents by investigating (1) changes in the emotional quality of parent-youth relationships during adolescence and the transition to adulthood, (2) whether such changes relate to young adults’ adjustment outcomes in three age-salient domains, and (3) whether the effects of changes in parental relationships are associated with young adults’ adjustment outcomes through the intervening effects of mental health symptoms. Specifically, I examined direct and indirect associations between changes in mother and father emotional support (ES) and psychological control (PC) and young adults’ educational, occupational, and financial outcomes through youths’ depressive and anxiety symptoms. Sex and SES group differences were also examined. Participants were 545 youth from a medium-sized Canadian city. They were assessed at four time points over a six-year period. All analyses were conducted separately by two developmental transition groups: The young adult transition group included 240 participants who were initially 18 to 21 years old, and the adolescent transition group included 305 participants who were 14 to 17 years old at the initial assessment. Measures of parental ES and PC, youth’s mental health symptoms, and youth’s adjustment were obtained through self-reports. Multi-level modeling analyses showed that mother and father ES increased over time for both transition groups. Declines in mother and father PC were significantly greater for the young adult transition group. Results from latent growth curve mediation analyses revealed that parental ES was linked to positive and negative youth adjustment directly and indirectly through depressive symptoms. Findings also highlight the negative effects of parental PC on youth’s adjustment outcomes directly and also indirectly through changes in youth’s depressive and anxiety symptoms. Differences for mothers and fathers, males and females, and lower and higher SES groups are discussed. Overall, the quality of parent-youth relationships changes during the transition to adulthood, and such changes are important factors in understanding young adults’ educational, occupational, and financial adjustment. / Graduate / 0620

Negativa hemförhållanden har tidigare visats bidra till depressivasymptom. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka: 1) omförhållanden som oro och katastroftänkande är mediatorer mellannegativa hemförhållanden och depressiva symptom, 2) om det finnsnågra könsskillnader i detta avseende. Studien baserades påinsamlade data från ett pågående projekt vid Örebro universitet. Enenkätundersökning utfördes på 18 högstadieskolor i tre mellansvenskastäder med totalt 2749 elever i årskurs 7 och 8. Resultaten visade enpositiv korrelation mellan negativa hemförhållanden och depressivasymptom, samt att båda faktorerna oro och katastroftänkande partielltmedierade mellan negativa hemförhållanden och depressiva symptom.Det fanns könsskillnader som visade att flickor som blev utsatta förpsykologisk kontroll speciellt hade ett katastroftänkande, somkorrelerade högt med depressiva symptom. Slutsatsen är attförhållanden hos människor, som uttalad oro och katastroftänkande,till väsentlig grad förklarar varför negativa hemförhållanden har såkraftig effekt på ungdomars depressiva symptom. / Negative home conditions have previously been shown to contributeto depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examinewhether the conditions worry and catastrophic thinking are mediatorsbetween negative home conditions and depressive symptoms. Thedata was selected from an existing survey conducted among studentsin grades 7-8 at secondary schools in three Swedish cities. A total of2749 secondary school students participated in this cross-sectionalstudy. The results showed a positive correlation between negativehome conditions and depressive symptoms, and both factors worryand catastrophic thinking partially mediated between negative homeconditions and depressive symptoms. The conclusion is thatconditions in humans, such as pronounced worry and catastrophicthinking, to a substantial degreee explains why negative homeconditions have so powerful effects on young people’s depressivesymptoms.

Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-37).

Studiens syfte var att undersöka relationen mellan upplevd beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll och social ångest hos ungdomar, för att se om det fanns skillnader i ungdomars sociala ångest avseende deltagarens och förälderns kön, samt grad av beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll. Data samlades in via det pågående forskningsprojektet Trestadsstudien genom enkätundersökning våren 2015. Beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll mättes med subskalan för DPC i DAPCS, och social ångest mättes med SPSQ-C. Totalt deltog 2958 elever i åttonde och nionde klass från tolv svenska skolor i undersökningen. Data analyserades via korrelationer, t-test och ANOVA. Resultatet visade på signifikanta positiva korrelationer mellan upplevd beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll och social ångest, och signifikanta huvudeffekter i form av deltagarens kön och grad av upplevd beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll avseende social ångest. Vidare påvisades det att pojkar i högre utsträckning än flickor upplevde beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll från fadern, samt att flickor hade en högre grad av social ångest. Slutsatser som drogs utifrån resultatet var att upplevd beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll tycks vara en bidragande orsak till utvecklandet av social ångest hos ungdomar, men att bakomliggande variabler med stor sannolikhet bidrar till ångesten, och då främst hos flickor. Vidare lyftes andra områden av intresse för eventuell fortsatt forskning kring de båda fenomenen utifrån studiens resultat. Avslutningsvis nämndes även praktiska förslag på vad som skulle kunna göras i skolor för att uppmärksamma fenomenen och hjälpa de ungdomar som lider av social ångest och utsätts för beroendefokuserad psykologisk kontroll. / The purpose of the study was to examine the relation between experienced dependency-oriented psychological control and social anxiety in adolescents, and if there were any differences in adolescents’ social anxiety depending on the participant’s and the parent’s gender, as well as degree of experienced dependency-oriented psychological control. Data was collected via the ongoing project Trestadsstudien through a survey conducted during the spring of 2015. Dependency-oriented psychological control was measured with the subscale for DPC in DAPCS, and social anxiety with SPSQ-C. 2958 students in eight and ninth grade from twelve Swedish schools participated. Data was analyzed via correlations, t-tests and ANOVA. Results showed significant positive correlations between experienced dependency-oriented psychological control and social anxiety, as well as significant main effects in the form of the participant’s gender and degree of experienced dependency-oriented psychological control regarding social anxiety. Results also showed that boys to a higher extent experienced dependency-oriented psychological control from their fathers, and that girls experienced more social anxiety. It was concluded that experienced dependency-oriented psychological control seems like a contributing factor to the development of social anxiety, but that other underlying variables likely contribute to the anxiety, and mostly in girls. Other areas of interest for future research concerning both phenomena were pointed out based on the results. Lastly some practical suggestions were made regarding what could be done in schools to note the phenomena and help the adolescents who suffer from social anxiety and are subjected to dependency-oriented psychological control.

Elevated social anxiety is a well-documented risk factor for developing problematic alcohol use behaviors. Adolescents with high social anxiety often report drinking for coping-related reasons, and drinking to cope has been linked to both acute and chronic alcohol use problems. Research further suggests that parenting is a primary socialization domain in terms of adolescent alcohol use onset and trajectory; however, no work has yet examined the role of parenting factors in the relation between social anxiety and coping motives for drinking. The current study investigated the role of two parenting dimensions, rejection/warmth and psychological control, on the link between social anxiety and problematic drinking motives. Drawing from an ongoing assessment of an inpatient program, the sample consisted of 94 girls and boys (ages 11-17 years). Regression analyses evaluated main effects of social anxiety, rejection, psychological control, the interactive effects of the parenting dimensions, and the three-way interaction of both parenting dimensions with social anxiety on coping motives for alcohol use. As expected, social anxiety was positively and statistically significantly related to coping motives when examined via raw scores, proportional values, and in the final model. Further, zero-order correlations indicated a positive, statistically significant relation between proportional coping motives and both rejection and psychological control; however, no other hypothesis was supported. Collectively, this body of work underscores the potential benefit of integrating social stress and anxiety management in problematic alcohol use intervention efforts, as well as drinking motive education in efforts targeting social anxiety.

This study examined the impact of perceived economic hardship on family processes and children's socially withdrawn (reticent) behaviors in Romania. The sample consisted of 121 Romanian mothers and fathers of 4-5 year old children, as well as children's kindergarten teachers. Drawing on Conger and colleagues' family stress model of economic hardship, the associations among mothers' and fathers' ratings of economic hardship, depression, marital conflict, psychologically controlling parenting, and teacher ratings of child social withdrawal were analyzed. Structural equation modeling using AMOS 7.0 was used to test the model. Findings generally support earlier studies with European American families, as well as research with families outside of the U.S. Results indicate that higher perceptions of economic hardship related to increases in marital conflict. Mothers' and fathers' depression also associated positively with marital conflict. Marital conflict related to psychologically controlling parenting and mediated the effects of parents' depression on psychological control. Psychological control, in turn, associated positively with children's socially withdrawn (reticent) behaviors. Multiple group analysis indicated that the models for boys (N = 61) and girls (N = 60) were significantly different. Further analyses indicated that for boys, psychologically controlling parenting did not predict reticence. For girls, only fathers' psychological control predicted reticence. Significant links were additionally found for girls between economic hardship and fathers' depression, and between fathers' depression and psychologically controlling parenting.