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Partout, des millions d'immigrants doivent apprendre à interagir avec une nouvelle culture (acculturation) et à s’y identifier (identification). Toutefois, il existe un débat important sur la relation entre l’acculturation et l’identification. Certains chercheurs les considèrent comme étant des concepts identiques; d’autres argumentent qu'un lien directionnel unit ces concepts (c.-à-d. l'identification mène à l'acculturation, ou l'acculturation mène à l'identification). Toutefois, aucune étude n'a pas investigué la nature et la direction de leur relation. Afin de clarifier ces questions, trois modèles théoriques testeront la relation entre l’acculturation et l’identification et deux variables centrales à l’immigration, soit être forcé à immigrer et l’incohérence des valeurs. Dans le premier modèle, les variables d'immigration prédirent simultanément l'acculturation et l'identification. Le second modèle avance que les variables d'immigration mènent à l'identification, qui mène à l'acculturation. Le troisième modèle précis plutôt que les variables d'immigration prédisent l'acculturation, qui prédit l'identification. Le premier modèle propose que l'acculturation et l'identification sont le même concept, tandis que les second et troisième stipulent qu'ils sont différents (ainsi que la direction de leur relation). Ces modèles seront comparés afin d’examiner l'existence et la direction du lien qui unit l'acculturation et l'identification. Lors de la première étude, 146 immigrants latino-américains ont répondu à un questionnaire. Les analyses des pistes causales appuient le troisième modèle stipulant que l'acculturation mène à l'identification et, donc, qu'ils sont des concepts distincts. Les résultats ont été confirmés à l’aide d’une deuxième étude où 15 immigrants latino-américains ont passé une entrevue semi-structurée. Les implications théoriques et pratiques seront discutées. / At present, millions of immigrants are learning to participate (acculturation) and identify to a new culture (identification). In acculturation research, there is considerable debate about the relationship between acculturation and identification. While some researchers consider them as identical concepts, other researchers argue that they are distinct. In addition, it is unclear which variable is at the origin of the other one. The aim of our research is to clarify the distinction and relationship of the variables. To this end, three theoretical models will be tested; they will differ on how acculturation and identification relate to two important immigration variables (coerciveness to immigrate and value incongruence). The first model states that the immigration variables simultaneously predict acculturation and identification. The second model affirms that the immigration variables predict identification, which then predicts acculturation. The third model is similar but instead acculturation predicts identification. Thus, if acculturation and identification have the same relationship to the two immigration variables (first model), they represent a single construct. However, if identification leads to acculturation (second model), they must be different concepts, identification prompting acculturation. Nonetheless, if acculturation leads to identification (third model), then these variables are not only different but acculturation influences identification. In the first study, 146 Latin American immigrants responded to a questionnaire. Path analyses support the third model, suggesting that acculturation leads to identification. The results were confirmed in a second study, where the semi-structured interviews of 15 Latin American immigrants were analyzed. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Most efforts to identify juror bias rely on explicit measures, which have been subject to criticisms concerning validity. The following studies attempt to better understand juror bias through the use of an indirect measure, the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). The goal of these studies was to investigate whether jurors have implicit biases regarding the guilt or innocence of a defendant, even before trial begins. Also, to investigate whether this bias varies as a result of extra-legal factors, such as defendant race and juror race. A final goal was to investigate the predictive validity of the indirect measure of guilt bias, with regard to juror decision-making and verdicts. Results from the following studies demonstrate that participants do have significant implicit guilt biases before a trial, and these biases vary based on participant race and defendant race. Furthermore, pre-trial implicit bias is a good predictor of juror decision-making. The implications of implicit biases on the legal system and ideas for future research are discussed. / Psychology

Today’s second-generation immigrants who are mostly of Hispanic, Afro-Caribbean, and Asian descent face new challenges that prevent them from replicating the high levels of intergenerational upward mobility that were achieved by most European immigrants and their offspring in earlier periods. Segmented assimilation theory argues that the persistent racial and ethnic discrimination against nonwhite children of immigrants constitutes a major barrier to their incorporation into the middle class as such experiences foster a reactive mindset that is detrimental to socioeconomic incorporation. To test this claim, I analyze whether perceived discrimination (PD) has a negative impact on the educational and occupational outlooks, and ultimately on the socioeconomic status attainment of second-generation immigrants. Further, I examine how socioeconomic background and contextual factors influence the risk of PD on the one hand, and its short- and long-term consequences on the other. Drawing from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS), which was conducted in three waves when respondents were on average fourteen, seventeen, and twenty-four years old, I include individual-level and school-level data and use school random effects logistic and linear regression modeling to examine the effects of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination on second-generation immigrant incorporation. I find very little evidence for the notion that PD has a negative impact on future outlooks or status attainment; only youth who come of age in relatively privileged socioeconomic circumstances are more likely to have higher educational aspirations than expectations, but this mechanism does not translate into lower status attainment. I discuss possible explanations for the lack of support of segmented assimilation theory’s claims as well as the theoretical and methodological implications of my study. / Sociology

Anger is considered a basic emotion, evoked typically by something that interferes with the person's execution of plans or attainment of goals, as well as the perception of harm and unfair circumstances or behavior (Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O'Connor, 1987). Research examining anger is largely focused on negative individual and organizational outcomes, such as raised blood pressure and heart disease, decreased productivity, reduced job satisfaction and increased job stress, and aggressive responses (Geddes & Callister, 2007; Gibson, Schweitzer, Callister, & Gray, 2009). However, the paradoxical nature of anger--having the capacity of both negative and positive consequences--is increasingly acknowledged by influential scholars (Geddes & Callister, 2007; Gibson & Callister, 2010; Miron-Spektor & Rafaeli, 2009). For instance, both theory and data point out that anger expression can have important adaptive functions such as signaling that goals are blocked, communicating to others that their actions are viewed as threatening, and mobilizing protective actions when dealing with a perceived threat (Averill, 1983; Izard, 1993; Tafrate, Kassinove, & Dundin, 2002). In addition, most research on consequences of anger expression in the workplace focuses on individuals' characteristics and the intensity of the expression of anger. This focus, however, doesn't capture the significant social components of emotions including how their expression shapes the emotions, thoughts and behaviors of others (Hareli & Rafaeli, 2008; Parkinson, Fischer, & Manstead, 2005). The goal of this dissertation is to advance understanding of the complexity of workplace anger expression, focusing specifically on outcomes and social components of emotions. To do this, the dissertation proposes a Model of Workplace Anger Response Cycles (WARC). The model shows that the outcomes of anger expression are influenced by the interaction of the expresser and a social partner and the context where this interaction occurs--e.g. organizational culture, emotional climate, and anger expression tolerance. In addition, the model proposes that these interactions form emotional cycles and identifies factors that affect the association of anger expression and its positive or negative outcomes, namely, intensity of the message, characteristics of the individuals involved and their relationship. Given the complexity and number of variables included in the WARC model, only some were studied empirically for this dissertation. The empirical study reported here involved collection of data from full and part time employees (n=177) through on-line surveys, which were analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show the salience of relationship quality, observer response, power, and gender in the explanation of outcomes of anger expression in the workplace. In particular, results support existing evidence that female expressions of anger are negatively judged compared to those by male (e.g., Brescoll & Uhlmann, 2008; Gibson, Schweitzer, Callister, & Gray, 2009; Lewis, 2000). Furthermore, findings indicate that even in organizations where anger expressions are more accepted, in general, expressions of anger by females are less welcome than those from males. Additionally, this study provides further evidence that when anger is expressed to a lower power individual, results are more positive--i.e., anger feelings are reduced and problematic situations improve--than when anger is expressed to a higher power individual (Fitness, 2000; Kuppens, Van Mechelen, & Meulders, 2004; Van Kleef & Côté, 2007). Finally, findings of this study show that relationship quality among the interactants is critical to explain the outcomes of anger expression. Furthermore, results show that relationship quality effects are partially mediated by observer response, and moderated by zone of anger tolerance. Thus, results confirm the underlying general hypothesis of this work, that emotional experiences and consequent related interactions are strongly tied to context characteristics. Therefore, to truly understand this type of phenomena and be able to predict results, consideration of multi-level variables must be integrated to the analysis. / Business Administration/Human Resource Management

Stay at home fathers are a growing group in American society. However, most research has focused on the quality of care provided by stay at home fathers, rather than the decision making which determines which parent stays home. We sought to investigate this by attempting to put a price tag on maternal care versus paternal care while examining the potential effects of nationality and social support on that price tag. We collected data from 240 participants in the United States and 250 from Norway via online survey. Participants were asked how much a mother needs to earn to allow her husband to stay at home to provide childcare and how much a father needs to earn to allow his wife to stay at home and provide childcare, in addition to items to assess gender roles attitudes. No effect of social support was found, but Norwegians were slightly more likely than Americans to place a heavier earning burden on the husband. There were few differences in gender role attitudes by nationality. The impact of public policy and social desirability on the results are discussed. / Psychology

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No description available.