Thesis (MPhil (Old and New Testament))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This paper attempts an exploration and description of a hermeneutic of learned helplessness. Drawing on insights from both psychology and theology, it problematises the interaction that an individual believer can develop with the Bible and living a life of faith. Attempts to account for this situation involve biblical interpretation, the church and the pastoral care context. The body of the paper consists of four chapters, describing the four pillars supporting a hermeneutic of learned helplessness. The first chapter highlights certain of the difficulties that develop when the authority of the Bible is abused. The second chapter looks at the vocation of the pastor, and notes how lack of accountability and limited self-awareness can result in inadequate and harmful biblical interpretation. The third chapter highlights the negative effects of the neglect of emotion on individual faith and interaction with the biblical text, referring specifically to women. Finally, the fourth chapter identifies the tendency to regard morality as expressed primarily through behaviour, and to use the Bible as a book of rules. The combination of these four factors generates an environment in which a hermeneutic of learned helplessness can quickly develop in a Christian believer. This paper is an attempt to more clearly define my observations following work in the context of pastoral care and counselling. It is hoped that by clarifying the nature of the problem, this will prove to be the first step toward finding possible solutions.

This paper outlines a model of human development to help guide contemplative practice in parenting and facilitate prayerful understanding of parent-child development with a focus upon one's own parent-child relationship. The model draws from the tree of life symbolism represented by the cross and the spiral and further elaborated through symbolic interpretations of the seed, root, stem, branch, leaf, and fruit. Contemplative prayer is seen as a path of self-development that allows parents to respond to children with goodness, love, wisdom, and justice. / Graduation date: 1992

Thesis (doctoral)--Hannover, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 247-261).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Luzern, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 417-446).

D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology) / Research shows a consistent increase in substance abuse. Research further states that recovery is a long-term process and that relapse rates are high. Substance abuse has a devastating effect on all dimensions of an abuser's life. Substance abuse research primarily focuses on primary care intervention. This study focuses on secondary phase treatment because of the long-term nature of the disease. Research indicates that a holistic integrated treatment, using a bio-psychosocial spiritual approach, may yield the best treatment outcome. Many treatment models acknowledge the spiritual aspect of substance abuse, but overlook the value of focusing on the spiritual aspect to effect holistic improvement. This study proposes that such a focus, when part of an integrated treatment model, may augment treatment outcome. The researcher set out to develop and evaluate an integrated Christian psychological secondary phase treatment model for substance abusers. The theoretical framework of this study integrates aspects of contemporary models, existing models and a Christian treatment model. Integrative psychotherapy produces treatment models that are more complete and result in more effective treatment. Five treatment components were systematically integrated to form a meta model. These components comprised: contemporary psychological models, professionally developed models, a Christian model, the psychology of religion and Christian psychology. The Christian belief of the study participants was included as the fifth component. This resulted in the development of a Christian-based psychological model that was applied and evaluated for its potential to promote recovery, prevent relapse and maintain abstinence. The developed model consisted of three phases: assessment, intervention and evaluation...

Building on social psychological theories of identity, social networks, and religion, I developed and empirically tested a social network framework of civic and religious identity development among Muslim adolescents. In Chapter 2, I explore the social networks of Muslim high school students in the classroom in four European countries, finding that Muslim adolescents’ network centrality in the classroom erodes over time, which has an impact on academic outcomes. In Chapter 3, I explore social relationships in an identity-boosting after-school program to understand how Muslim adolescents develop their social connections with other Muslim peers. I found that participation in the event has an overall main effect of increasing civic intentions, enhancing affiliation and communion language, and developing a larger trust radius in a network of other Muslims. I also determined that Muslim girls and boys experience civic engagement differentially and discovered that meta stereotypes about their religious identity and centrality within a civic social network predict greater civic outcomes among Muslim girls. In Chapter 4, I build on the findings from Chapters 2 and 3 to develop a social network framework of religious and civic identity development among Muslim adolescents. In Chapter 5, I take a broader look at existing literature within social psychology studying Muslim populations through a content analysis. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of this work for social and cultural psychology, network science, and intervention science.

Young people are currently affected in the realm of self-esteem, identity development and relational behaviour amidst advancing technology. There is the need for research in this area. Obstacles include fragmented homes, distance job–location and back-log parental education. There is the need for spiritual direction and for the formation of Christian spiritual principles. This is evident in the attraction of young people to cults and the influences of the New Age. The study will explore the complexity of relationships, identity and behaviour in young people. The empirical research will be obtained with permission from a school in the Eastern Cape; the focus group of this study is ages 11 – 18 years. The aim of this study will be to explore interventions which can help facilitate better personal, family and peer relationships in adolescents. The aim will further be to help bring about better integration in their personalities, relationships and communication. / Practical Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Thesis (MTh) -- Stellenbosch University, 1996. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grief pastorate often has the shortcoming where the ministry strategy focuses more on short term involvement than a long term accompaniment. The minister's involvement necessarily focuses on the crisis around the initial shock phase. The duration of the grief process is hardly predictable. The pastor must therefore follow a long term approach. This long term approach must set about in earnest with the interdependence of the grief process on the one hand and on the other hand a growth process. Such an approach can be characterised as a pastoral growth model where Clinebell's growth model is used as the basis. The aim of this pastoral growth model is the development of spirituality. Spirituality is understood as the total human life in communion with God and that includes the following aspects: Identity, intimacy, sinfulness, lordship, mortality, holiness and commitment. Through the holistic character of spirituality the mourner is addressed in totality- in his or her total humanness. This eliminates the danger where the pastorate is guilty, on the one hand of emphasis of the spiritual aspect, on the other hand the human aspect of man. A pastoral growth model for the development of spirituality during grief is a comprehensive, well-grounded pastoral model which could be made use of successfully during grief pastorate. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Rousmartpastoraat het dikwels die tekortkoming dat die bedieningstrategie meer op korttemyn betrokkenheid ingestel is as op 'n langtermyn begeleidingsproses. Die predikant se betrokkenheid fokus hoofsaaklik op die krisis random die aanvanklike skokfase. Die duur van die rouproses is moeilik voorspelbaar. Die pastor moet daarom 'n langtermyn benadering volg. Hierdie langtermyn benadering moet erns maak met die interafhanklikheid van enersyds die rouproses en andersyds 'n groeiproses. So 'n benadering kan tipeer word as 'n pastorale groeimodel waar Clinebell se groeimodel as basis gebruik word. Die doelstelling van hierdie pastorale groeimodel is die ontwikkeling van spiritualiteit. Spiritualiteit word verstaan as die totale menslike lewe in gemeenskap met God en dit sluit die volgende aspekte in: ldentiteit, intimiteit, sondigheid, heerskappy, sterflikheid, heiligheid en verbondenheid. Vanweë die holistiese karakter van spiritualiteit word die treurende in geheel aangespreek- in sy of haar totale menswees. Dit skakel die gevaar uit dat die pastoraat skuldig kan wees aan ‘n beklemtoning van enersyds die geestelike aspek of andersyds die menslike aspek van die mens. 'n Pastorale groeimodel vir die ontwikkeling van spiritualiteit tydens rousmart is 'n omvattende, begronde pastorale model wat met groot vrug gebruik kan word tydens rousmartpastoraat.

中国基督徒的身份问题一直是中国基督宗教研究领域的热点问题。做一个基督徒与做一个中国人，两种身份如何统一？怎样协调中国文化与基督教之间的张力？这是每一个中国基督徒都会面对的难题。 / 中国现代著名作家林语堂（1895-1976）以跨文化双语写作蜚声海内外，他以英文写就的《吾国吾民》、《生活的艺术》等著作畅销全世界，使其成为20 世纪享有最高国际知名度的中国现代作家。鲜为人知的是，林语堂是一个有着特殊信仰经历的基督徒。他生于闽南一个基督教家庭，父亲是长老会牧师。他从小接受基督教教育，曾就读于著名教会学校上海圣约翰大学，青年时期却宣布离基督教，自称为“异教徒，到晚年又宣布重回基督教怀抱。这既是一条追寻上帝的信仰之旅，也见证了林语堂作为一个中国基督徒对自我身份的努力寻索。 / 本文将林语堂的一生划分为六个时期，通过分析他在不同时期与基督教的关系来研究他如何面对与解决中国基督徒的身份认同问题。方法论上本文借鉴了心理学家埃里克森的身份认同理论以及当代文化研究关于文化身份的学说。研究资料除了林语堂大量的中英文作品，还包括他的信件、手稿、相关档案等第一手资料。 / 本研究发现，林语堂之离基督教是出于身份危机，在做中国人与做基督徒之间产生矛盾的情况下他选择做中国人。尽管长达三十多年以“异教徒自居，并不意味着他放弃信仰。对他笔下的“异教徒一词需审慎辨析。尽管对基督教有公开批判，林语堂并不是反基督教作家。自童年时期形成的基督教价值观一直影响着他，他从来没有停止过信仰上帝，只是出于各种原因与基督教保持距离，直到他找到适合自己的信仰方式，融合基督教与中国文化，形成具有中国人文主义色彩的基督教思想，建立起既是中国人又是基督徒的身份认同。 / The identity problem of Chinese Christians has always been a hot issue in the studies of Chinese Christianity. Chinese Christians are generally caught at the horn of a dilemma as how to unify their Chinese identity and Christian identity, and how to handle the tensions between Chinese culture and Christianity. / Lin Yutang (1895-1976), one of the most influential modern Chinese writers, was renowned for his extensive writings in both Chinese and English. His best-sellers in English, including My Country and My People and The Importance of Living, earned him highest international fame among modern Chinese writers. A less-known but momentous facet of him is his special encounter with Christianity. Lin Yutang was born into a Christian family in a poor mountain village in Southern China, his father being a Presbyterian minister in a local church. He received secondary education at Talmage College, and tertiary education at St.John’s University, both of which were missionary schools. However, Lin renounced Christianity in his twenties and claimed to be a pagan for over thirty years until declaring his return to Christianity in his sixties. Lin’s journey of faith witnessed his lifelong search for the identity as a Chinese Christian, which was constantly undergoing transformation and construction. / In addition to the general introduction and conclusion, this thesis consists of six main chapters, each of which elaborates Lin’s relationship to Christianity during the different stages of his life, focusing on the ways in which he encountered and solved the identity problem of being a Chinese Christian. This thesis adopts E.H. Erikson’s theory on identity as an overall framework, while also referring to theories on cultural identity proposed by some scholars of cultural studies like Stuart Hall. This research makes extensive use of primary materials including Lin’s letters, manuscripts, and other relevant archives apart from his published works. / According to the findings of this research, Lin renounced Christianity in the midst of his identity crisis when he was compelled to choose between being a Chinese and being a Christian. He had described himself a “pagan for more than thirty years, but it doesn’t mean that he forsook his Christian faith. Lin’s particular use of “pagan necessitates careful interpretation and scrutiny. Lin should not be regarded as an anti-Christian writer in spite of his open criticisms of Christianity. It can be seen that Christianity had always been a major contributing factor in shaping Lin’s values and morality since his childhood. In fact, Lin Yutang had never ceased in his faith in God, even though he deliberately kept some distance from Christianity until he found his own way of worshipping God. When he returned to Christianity, he personally merged Christianity and Chinese culture, and established his Christian thoughts characterized with Chinese humanism, and hence reconstructed his identity as a unique Chinese Christian. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 楊柳. / "2013年7月". / "2013 nian 7 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-191). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Yang Liu. / 中文摘要 --- p.I / Abstract --- p.III / 致谢 --- p.IV / Chapter 绪论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 选题意义 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究现状 --- p.3 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究资料、研究方法与论文框架 --- p.7 / Chapter 第一章、 --- 基督教的保护壳（1895-1911） --- p.18 / Chapter 一、 --- 永远的典范：牧师父亲 --- p.19 / Chapter 二、 --- 宗教体验：山地的孩子 --- p.23 / Chapter 三、 --- 另一种福音：与西方文明的初次接触 --- p.28 / Chapter 四、 --- 正统与孤立：寻源中学的宗教教育 --- p.30 / Chapter 五、 --- 小结 --- p.33 / Chapter 第二章、 --- 身份的焦虑：基督教保护壳的延续（1911-1916） --- p.35 / Chapter 一、 --- 西化中的民族身份：半个洋人VS中国人 --- p.37 / Chapter 二、 --- 宗教身份的动摇：基督教教义VS现代性 --- p.39 / Chapter 三、 --- 《约翰声》上的三篇英文短篇小说 --- p.42 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.50 / Chapter 第三章、 --- 身份的危机：从基督徒到“异教徒（1916-1919） --- p.52 / Chapter 一、 --- 边缘者的叩问：在中国做一个基督徒有什么意义？ --- p.53 / Chapter 二、 --- 逆流而上：新文化运动的“非典型影响 --- p.58 / Chapter 三、 --- 政治与文化的双重民族主义 --- p.62 / Chapter 四、 --- 现代性的挑战 --- p.66 / Chapter 五、 --- 最后的一击：从神本到人本 --- p.67 / Chapter 六、 --- 小结 --- p.69 / Chapter 第四章、 --- 身份的暧昧：徘徊在“自我与“他者之间（1919-1935） --- p.70 / Chapter 一、 --- 心系文学革命：白话文运动的海外支持者 --- p.71 / Chapter 二、 --- 取法西洋、整理国故：短暂的语言学家生涯 --- p.76 / Chapter 三、 --- 自我东方主义：“根本败类的民族VS“爽爽快快讲欧化 --- p.82 / Chapter 四、 --- 在基督教青年会工作：为欧战华工服务 --- p.87 / Chapter 五、 --- 论基督教与文化侵略 --- p.90 / Chapter 六、 --- 声援赛珍珠：批判基督教在华传教事业 --- p.92 / Chapter 七、 --- 小结 --- p.98 / Chapter 第五章、 --- 离散（Diaspora）：身处中、西话语的边缘（1936-1957） --- p.99 / Chapter 一、 --- 前奏：30年代“大转向--谁是西崽？ --- p.101 / Chapter 二、 --- 被别人表述：“西洋传教士的眼睛 --- p.107 / Chapter 三、 --- 戴着脚镣的自我表述：补足式的叙事策略与被他者化 --- p.112 / Chapter 四、 --- 边缘者的宣告：我是异教徒 --- p.120 / Chapter 五、 --- 小结 --- p.124 / Chapter 第六章、 --- 回家：文化融合与身份重建（1957-1976） --- p.126 / Chapter 一、 --- 返台背后的政治认同与文化认同 --- p.127 / Chapter 二、 --- 反共与返教：现代社会宗教信仰之必要性 --- p.131 / Chapter 三、 --- 文化的差异与融合：“趋向于全人类的共同遗产 --- p.133 / Chapter 四、 --- 道不远人：林语堂的“近情基督教思想 --- p.138 / Chapter 五、 --- 以耶释道：一个中国基督徒对《道德经》的解读 --- p.149 / Chapter 六、 --- 叠合的身份认同（adhesive identities）与包容的宗教观 --- p.153 / Chapter 七、 --- 小结 --- p.155 / 结论与反思 --- p.157 / Chapter 一、 --- 对林语堂与基督教关系的新诠释 --- p.157 / Chapter 二、 --- 引发的争议 --- p.160 / Chapter 三、 --- 历史意义 --- p.165 / 参考书目 --- p.168

The current study examines the effect of religious orientation, social dominance orientation, right wing authoritarianism, and group socialization on the degree to which covert prejudice beliefs are endorsed. This study is novel in that individual and intergroup factors are simultaneously considered. Unlike much of the existing research, the study measures all six types of religious orientation for a nuanced examination of the different approaches to religion and the effect this has on attitude formation and maintenance. The study also demonstrates higher levels of generalizability in that questionnaires were distributed to a diverse sample and also considered many forms of discrimination (racism, sexism, classism, and heterosexism). Additionally, relevant prejudice measures that better represent covert, modern day prejudice are used in the current study. Social dominance orientation (SDO) was strongly and positively correlated with all four types of subtle prejudice. In hierarchical regression modeling, right wing authoritarianism was the strongest predictor variable for all prejudice outcome variables. SDO was the second strongest predictor for all variables except for benevolent sexism. Demographic and religious orientation predictors varied by prejudice outcome variable. Only immanence and intrinsic emerged as significant religious orientations predictors. Multiple regression models with only religious orientation predictors were also conducted to examine the relationship of each religious orientation to each prejudice when the other religious orientations were held constant. Different trends for different prejudice attitudes were found for intrinsic and immanence orientations. Quest orientation was negatively correlated with prejudice and extrinsic religious orientation was positively correlated with prejudice for all prejudice outcome variables. Increasing intolerance with more indiscriminately pro- or anti-religious responding was not elicited. Instead a pattern of increasing pro-religiosity was related to higher prejudice scores. Progressive congregational factors correlated with lower colorblind racial attitudes, benevolent sexism, classism, and homonegativity among congregants.