University, Diss., 2005--Würzburg.

The genetics of species differences is an outstanding question in evolutionary biology. How do species evolve to become phenotypically distinct and how is the genetic architecture organized that underlie species differences? Phenotypic diverged traits are supposed to be frequently involved in prezygotic isolation, i.e. they prevent the formation of hybrids, whereas postzygotic isolation occurs when hybrids experience a fitness reduction. The parasitic wasp genus Nasonia represents an appropriate model system to investigate the genetics of species differences as well as the genetics of postzygotic isolation. The genus consists of three species N. vitripennis, N. longicornis and N. giraulti that differ particularly in male traits that are assumed to posses an adaptive significance: courtship behaviour and wing size differences. The courtship behaviour consists of cyclically repeated series of head nods that are separated by pauses. The stereotypic performance allowed to split up the display into distinct courtship components. Males of N. vitripennis bear vestigial forewings and are incapable of flight, whereas N. longicornis wear intermediate sized wings and N. giraulti is fully capable of flying. Nasonia species can produce interspecific hybrids after removing Wolbachia bacteria induced hybrid incompatibilities with antibiotics. Postzygotic isolation occurs to different extent and is asymmetric among reciprocal crosses, e.g. inviability is stronger in the N. vitripennis (♀) x N. longicornis (♂) cross than in the N. longicornis (♀) x N. vitripennis (♂) cross. The formation of hybrids allow to study the genetic of species differences in QTL (quantitative trait locus) analyses as well as the genetics of postzygotic isolation causing hybrid inviability. The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic architecture of differences in courtship behaviour and wing size between N. vitripennis and N. longicornis and to assess the genetics of postzygotic isolation to gain clues about the evolutionary processes underlying trait divergence and establishment of reproductive isolation between taxa. In a QTL analysis based on 94 F2-hybrid individuals of an LV cross only few QTL for wing size differences have been found with relatively large effects, although a large proportion of the phenotypic variance remained unexplained. The QTL on courtship behaviour analysis based on 94-F2 hybrid males revealed a complex genetic architecture of courtship behaviour with QTL of large phenotypic effects that explained more than 40 % of the phenotypic variance in one case. Additionally, an epistatic analysis (non-additive interlocus interaction) of courtship QTL revealed frequent genetic interchromsomal relations leading in some instances to hybrid specific effects, e.g. reversion of phenotypic effects or the transgression of phenotypes. A QTL analysis based on a threefold sample size revealed, however, an overestimation of QTL effects in the analysis based on smaller sample size pointing towards a genetic architecture of many loci with small effects governing the phenotypic differences in courtship behaviour. Furthermore, the the study comprised the analysis of postzygotic isolation in the reciprocal crosses N. vitripennis (♀) x N. longicornis (♂) versus N. longicornis (♀) x N. vitripennis (♂) located several loci distributed over different chromosomes that are involved in hybrid incompatibility. The mapping of hybrid incompatibility regions reproduced for the first time the observed asymmetries in the strength of postzygotic isolation in reciprocal crosses of between the more distant related taxa within the genus Nasonia. Stronger postzygotic incompatibilities in the VL cross are supposed to result from the superposition of nuclear-nuclear incompatibilities with nuclear-cytoplasmic incompatibilities, whereas the coincidences of these to types of incompatibilities were found to be much weaker in the reciprocal LV cross. / Die Genetik von Artunterschieden ist einer der herausragenden Fragen der Evolutionsbiologie. Auf welche Weise entwickeln sich Arten phänotypisch auseinander? Divergierende Merkmale sind häufig an präzygoter Isolation beteilgt, das heißt, die Verhinderung von Hybridpaarungen, wohingegen die postzygote Isolation auftritt, wenn Hybride einen Fitnessverlust erleiden. Die parasitische Wespengattung Nasonia stellt ein hervorragendes Modellsystem zur Untersuchung der Genetik von Artunterschieden und der Genetik von postzygoter Isolation dar. Die Gattung besteht aus den drei Arten N. vitripennis, N. longicornis und N. giraulti, die sich in wahrscheinlich adaptiven Merkmalen der Männchen unterscheiden: Paarungsverhalten und Unterschiede in der Vorderflügelgröße. Das Paarungsverhalten besteht aus wiederkehrenden Kopfstoßserien, die durch Pausen getrennt sind. Aufgrund der stereotypen Ausbildung kann das Paarungsverhalten in distinkte Verhaltenskomponenten aufgeteilt werden. Männchen von N. vitripennis weisen verkleinerte Vorderflügel auf und sind flugunfähig. N. longicornis weist intermediäre Flügel auf und Männchen von N. giraulti besitzen voll ausgebildete Flügel und sind flugfähig. Nasonia Arten sind in der Lage interspezifische Hybride zu bilden, unter vorheriger Eliminierung von Wolbachia induzierten Hybridinkompatibilitäten durch Behandlung mit Antibiotika. Postzygote Isolation tritt in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß auf und ist asymmetrisch zwischen reziproken Kreuzungen, z.B. ist die Lebensunfähigkeit von Hybriden stärker in der Kreuzung N. vitripennis (♀) x N. longicornis (♂) als in der reziproken Kreuzung N. longicornis (♀) x N. vitripennis (♂) ausgeprägt. Die Bildung von interspezifischen Hybriden erlaubt die Untersuchung der genetischen Architektur von Artunterschieden in der QTL (quantitative trait locus) Analyse als auch die Untersuchung der postzygoten Isolation, die Hybridzusammenbruch verursacht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Genetik von Unterschieden im Paarungsverhalten und Flügelgröße zwischen N. vitripennis und N. longicornis und die Genetik der postzygoten Isolation zu untersuchen, um Hinweise auf die evolutionären Prozesse zu gewinnen, die zur Divergenz von Artunterschieden und zur Etablierung von reproduktiver Isolation geführt haben. In einer QTL Analyse, die auf einer Kartierungspopulation von 94 F2-Hybriden einer LV Kreuzung basierte, konnten nur wenige QTL für Unterschiede in der Flügelgröße detektiert werden, die jedoch einen großen phänotypischen Effekt aufwiesen. Die QTL Analyse, die ebenfalls auf 94 LV-Hybriden basierte, ergab eine komplexe genetische Architektur des Paarungsverhaltens mit QTL, die einem Fall über 40 % der phänotypischen Varianz erklären konnten. Zusätzlich ergab eine Analyse von epistatischen (nichtadditive Interaktion zwischen Loci) viele interchromosomale Ineraktionen, die in einigen Fällen zu Hybrideffekten wie die Umkehrung von allelischen Effekten oder Transgression von Phänotypen führten. Eine QTL Analyse, die auf einer dreifachen Stichprobengröße beruhte, deutete allerdings auf eine starke Überschätzung phänotypischer Effekte bei der QTL Analyse mit kleinerer Stichprobe hin. Vielmehr scheinen die Unterschiede im Paarungsverhalten auf einer genetischen Architektur von vielen Faktoren mit kleineren phänotypischen Effekten zu beruhen. Die Analyse der postzygoten Isolation in den reziproken Kreuzungen N. vitripennis (♀) x N. longicornis (♂) und N. longicornis (♀) x N. vitripennis (♂) lokalisierte eine Reihe von Loci auf verschiedenen Chromosome, die am Hybridzusammenbruch beteiligt sind. Mit der Kartierung von Incompatibilitätsloci konnten zum ersten Mal die beobachtete Asymmetrie der postzygoten Isolation zwischen weiter entferntverwandten Taxa in der Gattung Nasonia genetisch nachvollzogen werden. Die stärker ausgeprägte Hybridinkompatibilität in der VL Kreuzung scheint von der Überlagerung von nukleär-nukleärer Inkompatibilität und nukleär-zytoplasmatischer Inkompatibilität zu resulieren. Die Überlagerung dieser beiden beiden Formen der Hybridinkompatibilität ist in der reziproken LV Kreuzung wesentlich schwächer ausgeprägt.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Angelo Pires do Prado / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade de Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T08:08:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monteiro_MarisaRossi_D.pdf: 1560514 bytes, checksum: 886474cc5ae8e5774d97e207ed4b175d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) observar a capacidade reprodutiva do parasitóide Muscidifurax sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) frente as diferentes densidades de hospedeiro e tempo de disponibilidade de recursos; 2) construir tabelas de vidas e de fertilidade para Muscidifurax sp. Utilizando-se o cálculo aproximado proposto por BIRCH (1948), o cálculo interativo proposto por MAIA et al. (2000) e o método de estimativa de Jackknife, comparando as diferentes metodologias propostas; 3) verificar a destruição efetuada pelo parasitóide no hospedeiro Musca domestica (Díptera: Muscidae). O material para o presente estudo foi obtido por meio de coletas periódicas em esterco e com puçá em granja de aves poedeiras localizada no município de Santa Cruz da Conceição, SP. Os testes foram realizados no Departamento de Parasitologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas ¿ UNICAMP, sendo que todos os parasitóides foram mantidos em câmaras climáticas com temperatura controlada em 25±1°C, umidade relativa de 70±10% e fotoperíodo de 12h, sendo oferecido a eles mel e água. Os parasitóides parentais (P) que emergiram das pupas coletadas nas amostras de esterco foram agrupados por dia de emergência. No mínimo 25 pupas frescas (ou congeladas, na ausência destas) com 24h de idade eram oferecidas aos (P) por dia e, quando retiradas depois de 2 a 10 dias, eram individualizadas em cápsulas de gelatina, para posterior emergência dos adultos. Assim foram obtidos os exemplares de primeira geração (F1) com os quais seguiram-se todos os experimentos expondo-os a diferentes densidades e tempo de disponibilidade de recursos variável. Desse modo, tabelas de vida e de fertilidade foram construídas para fêmeas de Muscidifurax sp. e os seguintes resultados foram observados: (1) parâmetros da tabela de vida, como tempo de geração (T) e tempo de duplicação da população (TD) quando obtidos pelo cálculo interativo apresentam-se mais próximos dos valores da estimativa de Jackknife do que dos valores obtidos pelo cálculo aproximado; (2) o cálculo iterativo apresenta também a habilidade para estimar rm de forma rápida e confiável caracterizando-o como o método mais apropriado para os cálculos dos parâmetros da tabela de vida dos diferentes organismos; (3) pode-se observar uma relação diretamente proporcional entre o número de descendentes de Muscidifurax sp. e a densidade de pupas de mosca doméstica oferecidas, tendo as fêmeas mantido maior proporção em relação aos machos; (4) parâmetros como taxa reprodutiva (R0), taxa intrínseca de crescimento (rm) e taxa finita de crescimento (l) das fêmeas de Muscidifurax sp. apresentaram valores maiores conforme ocorre o aumento das densidades de pupas oferecidas (1, 2 e 4 pupas); (5) com alusão à destruição hospedeira, fatores como moscas emergentes, pupas secas, comprimento da pupa e largura da pupa foram estatisticamente significativos apresentando diferentes respostas conforme as densidades de pupas oferecidas / Abstract: This study aimed to: 1) observe reproductive capacity of Muscidifurax sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in different the resource availability and densities of host; 2) to elaborate life and fertility tables for Muscidifurax sp. using approximate estimate method proposed by Birch (1948), interactive estimate method proposed by Maia et al. (2000) and the Jackknife estimate method, were estimates are compared; 3) to verify the destruction causaded by the parasite on pupae of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Periodic samples of manure and of houseflies present on the manure were collected with a net in a poultry facility located at Santa Cruz of Conceição municipality, SP, Brazil. All experiments were done in the Parasitology Department of the State University of Campinas UNICAMP. Parasites were kept in growth chambers at 25±1°C, at 70±10% relative humidity and at 12 hours photophase, being reared with honey and water. The parental parasites (P) that emerged of the pupae collected in the manure were grouped by day of emergence. At least 25 fresh pupae or frozen (in the absence of the first ones) 24 hours old were offered to P a day and removed after 2 to 10 days, they were individualized in jelly capsules, until adult emergence. The males and females of Muscidifurax sp. of the first generation (F1) were grouped and exposed to different densities and time of resourse availability. The life and fertility tables were elaborated for females of Muscidifurax sp. and the following results were observed: (1) Parameters of the life table such as generation time (T) and duplication time of the population (TD) when obtained by the interactive estimate show up closer of the values of the Jackknife estimate than of the values obtained by the approximate estimate; (2) The interactive estimate also presents the ability to estimate rm in a fast and reliable way characterizing it as the most appropriate method for the calculations of the parameters of the life table of the different organisms; (3) A relationship directly proportional among the number of Muscidifurax sp. offspring and the density of housefly pupae offered could be observed, and it tend the females maintained larger proportion than to the males; (4) Parameters as reproductive rate (R0), growth intrinsic rate (rm) and growth finite rate (l) of Muscidifurax sp. females presented larger values as it happens the increase of the densities of offered pupae (1, 2 and 4 pupae); (5) With allusion to the destruction host, factors as emergence flies, dry pupae, length and width of the pupae were significant statistically presenting different ways according to the densities of offered pupae / Doutorado / Doutor em Parasitologia

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009. / Includes abstract. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 16, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

The seasonal abundance of the imported cabbageworm, <i>Artogeia rapae</i> (L.)), cabbage looper <i>Trichoplusia ni</i> (Hubner)) and diamondback moth (<i>Plutella xylostella</i> (L.)) was determined in 1982 to 1984 on cabbage in southwest Virginia. The imported cabbageworm was the most important pest. It had one and a partial second generation in 1982 and 1983, and two and a partial third generation in 1984. Market Prize and Green Winter varieties had lower <i>A. rapae</i> infestations than Abbott & Cobb #5 or Rio Verde. Two generations of the diamondback moth, which preferentially fed on cabbage leaves versus heads, were seen in 1983 and 1984. <i>Diadegma insularis</i> (Meus.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitized 46% and 69% of the diamondback moth in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Higher parasitization of <i>P. xylostella</i> was found in pupae collected from Abbott & Cobb #5. Two generations of the cabbage looper were seen in 1983 and a single generation in 1984. <i>Pteromalus puparum</i> (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitized 64.1% and 32.5% of imported cabbageworm pupae in 1983 and 1984; parasitism was most pronounced in the latter part of the season. High percentages of parasites successfully emerged as adults, indicating efficient host utilization. Most parasite mortality within the host occurred in the larval stage; mean adult parasite emergence per host for 1983 and 1984 was 52.3 with a 1:1 sex ratio. <i>P. puparum</i> parasitized either host sex, producing equal proportions of male and female parasites. Adult female <i>P. puparum</i> were not adversely affected by residues of methomyl (Lannate®), permethrin (Pounce®) and fenvalarate (Pydrin®), but males showed significantly higher mortality than controls following exposure to methomyl after 12 h, and methomyl and permethrin after six days. <P. puparum</i> adults were successfully refrigerated for up to 15 days at 3°C in individual gelatin capsules. Survival beyond 15 days was better at l5°C and 23°C. <i>A. rapae</i> larvae could be reared at densities of 30 to 60 larvae per 70±10 g on a high wheat germ artificial diet. Pupae from the lowest density were larger in length and weight than those reared at the two higher densities, and all laboratory-reared pupae were smaller than either normal or parasitized field pupae. / Ph. D.

No description available.